scholarly journals Viral Myocarditis—From Pathophysiology to Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (22) ◽  
pp. 5240
Author(s):  
Heinz-Peter Schultheiss ◽  
Christian Baumeier ◽  
Ganna Aleshcheva ◽  
C.-Thomas Bock ◽  
Felicitas Escher
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Viral Myocarditis ◽  
Severe Heart Failure ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Chronic Myocarditis ◽  
Significant Public Health

The diagnosis of acute and chronic myocarditis remains a challenge for clinicians. Characterization of this disease has been hampered by its diverse etiologies and heterogeneous clinical presentations. Most cases of myocarditis are caused by infectious agents. Despite successful research in the last few years, the pathophysiology of viral myocarditis and its sequelae leading to severe heart failure with a poor prognosis is not fully understood and represents a significant public health issue globally. Most likely, at a certain point, besides viral persistence, several etiological types merge into a common pathogenic autoimmune process leading to chronic inflammation and tissue remodeling, ultimately resulting in the clinical phenotype of dilated cardiomyopathy. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms is necessary to assess the prognosis of patients and is fundamental to appropriate specific and personalized therapeutic strategies. To reach this clinical prerequisite, there is the need for advanced diagnostic tools, including an endomyocardial biopsy and guidelines to optimize the management of this disease. The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has currently led to the worst pandemic in a century and has awakened a special sensitivity throughout the world to viral infections. This work aims to summarize the pathophysiology of viral myocarditis, advanced diagnostic methods and the current state of treatment options.

Genetic and Molecular Testing in Thrombosis and Hemostasis: Informing Surveillance, Treatment, and Prognosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (07) ◽  
pp. 720-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Crispin ◽  
Ray Mun Koo
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Molecular Testing ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Normal Hemostasis ◽  
Phenotypic Tests

AbstractThe understanding of molecular mechanisms brought about by the rapid expansion of gene sequencing has helped to characterize molecular interactions underpinning normal hemostasis and identify inherited and acquired risks for thrombosis and hemorrhage. The widespread availability of molecular testing may serve to replace some currently available investigations with more precise diagnostic tools and add to phenotypic tests. Molecular studies will increasingly enable prenatal diagnosis, confirm difficult diagnostic challenges, early intervention, and assist in prognostication. This approach facilitates specific individualization of treatment options, with personally targeted therapy expected to increase. There remain many challenges, however, in the clinic. Prior to any test there should be consideration of how the results may influence treatment, and also how they may affect the patient within their familial and social environments. Massive parallel sequencing has the capacity to produce results that create uncertainty that needs to be considered prior to testing. In this context, the potential benefits of adding phenotypic and genotypic personal data to large databases should be discussed with patients. There is a paradox in that personalized medicine is dependent on large datasets to interpret the significance of genetic variation. This review will provide an outline of specific current and emerging roles for molecular testing for the personalization of care in the practice of thrombosis and hemostasis and highlight principles that can be implemented as new opportunities inevitably arise with the rapid expansion of knowledge from genomics.

scholarly journals Echinococcosis: Advances in the 21st Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Wen ◽  
Lucine Vuitton ◽  
Tuerhongjiang Tuxun ◽  
Jun Li ◽  
Dominique A. Vuitton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Management Control ◽  
Western China ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Significant Public Health

SUMMARY Echinococcosis is a zoonosis caused by cestodes of the genus Echinococcus (family Taeniidae). This serious and near-cosmopolitan disease continues to be a significant public health issue, with western China being the area of highest endemicity for both the cystic (CE) and alveolar (AE) forms of echinococcosis. Considerable advances have been made in the 21st century on the genetics, genomics, and molecular epidemiology of the causative parasites, on diagnostic tools, and on treatment techniques and control strategies, including the development and deployment of vaccines. In terms of surgery, new procedures have superseded traditional techniques, and total cystectomy in CE, ex vivo resection with autotransplantation in AE, and percutaneous and perendoscopic procedures in both diseases have improved treatment efficacy and the quality of life of patients. In this review, we summarize recent progress on the biology, epidemiology, diagnosis, management, control, and prevention of CE and AE. Currently there is no alternative drug to albendazole to treat echinococcosis, and new compounds are required urgently. Recently acquired genomic and proteomic information can provide a platform for improving diagnosis and for finding new drug and vaccine targets, with direct impact in the future on the control of echinococcosis, which continues to be a global challenge.

scholarly journals Role of the Ubiquitin System in Chronic Pain

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiurong Cheng ◽  
Yingdong Deng ◽  
Jun Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Deubiquitinating Enzyme ◽  
Ubiquitin System ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Insight Into

As a significant public health issue, chronic pain, mainly neuropathic pain (NP) and inflammatory pain, has a severe impact. The underlying mechanisms of chronic pain are enigmatic at present. The roles of ubiquitin have been demonstrated in various physiological and pathological conditions and underscore its potential as therapeutic targets. The dysfunction of the component of the ubiquitin system that occurs during chronic pain is rapidly being discovered. These results provide insight into potential molecular mechanisms of chronic pain. Chronic pain is regulated by ubiquitination, SUMOylation, ubiquitin ligase, and deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB), etc. Insight into the mechanism of the ubiquitin system regulating chronic pain might contribute to relevant therapeutic targets and the development of novel analgesics.

scholarly journals Th2 Regulation of Viral Myocarditis in Mice: Different Roles for TLR3 versus TRIF in Progression to Chronic Disease

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric D. Abston ◽  
Michael J. Coronado ◽  
Adriana Bucek ◽  
Djahida Bedja ◽  
Jaewook Shin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Heart Function ◽  
Viral Myocarditis ◽  
Alternative Activation ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
T Helper ◽  
Chronic Myocarditis ◽  
First Time ◽  
Deficient Mice

Viral infections are able to induce autoimmune inflammation in the heart. Here, we investigated the role of virus-activated Toll-like receptor (TLR)3 and its adaptor TRIF on the development of autoimmune coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) myocarditis in mice. Although TLR3- or TRIF-deficient mice developed similarly worse acute CVB3 myocarditis and viral replication compared to control mice, disease was significantly worse in TRIF compared to TLR3-deficient mice. Interestingly, TLR3-deficient mice developed an interleukin (IL)-4-dominant T helper (Th)2 response during acute CVB3 myocarditis with elevated markers of alternative activation, while TRIF-deficient mice elevated the Th2-associated cytokine IL-33. Treatment of TLR3-deficient mice with recombinant IL-33 improved heart function indicating that elevated IL-33 in the context of a classic Th2-driven response protects against autoimmune heart disease. We show for the first time that TLR3 versus TRIF deficiency results in different Th2 responses that uniquely influence the progression to chronic myocarditis.

Advancement of Mechanisms of Coxsackie Virus B3-Induced Myocarditis Pathogenesis and the Potential Therapeutic Targets

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 1461-1473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tolessa Muleta Daba ◽  
Yue Zhao ◽  
Zhenwei Pan
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Dilated Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Viral Myocarditis ◽  
Micro Rna ◽  
Biological Molecules ◽  
Coxsackie Virus ◽  
Chronic Myocarditis ◽  
Coxsackie Virus B3

Viral myocarditis is a cardiac disease caused by Group B Coxsackie virus of Enterovirus genus in the Picorna viridae family. It causes heart failure in children, young and adults. Ten Percent (10%) of acute heart failure and 12% of sudden deaths in young and adults who are less than 40 years is due to this viral myocarditis. If treatment action is not taken earlier, the viral disease can develop into chronic myocarditis and Dilated Cardiomyopathy which lead to congestive heart failure. And these eventually result in a reduced cardiac function which finally brings the victim to death. The only treatment option of the disease is heart transplantation once the acute stage of disease develops to chronic and Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Currently, there is a limitation in daily clinical treatments and even some available treatment options are ineffective. Therefore, focusing on search for treatment options through investigation is imperative. Recent studies have reported that biological molecules show a promising role. But their mechanism of pathogenesis is still unclear. A detailed study on identifying the role of biological molecules involved in Coxsackie B3 virus induced myocarditis and their mechanisms of pathogenesis; compiling and disseminating the findings of the investigation to the scientific communities contribute one step forward to the solution. Therefore, this review is aimed at compiling information from findings of current studies on the potential therapeutic role of micro RNA, cytokines and chemokines on the mechanism of pathogenesis of Coxsackie virus B3- induced myocarditis to give brief information for scholars to conduct a detailed study in the area.

scholarly journals Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Therapeutic Regulation of Macrophage Functions

Nanomaterials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina S. Dukhinova ◽  
Artur. Y. Prilepskii ◽  
Alexander A. Shtil ◽  
Vladimir V. Vinogradov
Keyword(s):  
Metal Oxide ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Metal Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Cell Polarization ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Inflammatory Microenvironment ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Macrophages are components of the innate immune system that control a plethora of biological processes. Macrophages can be activated towards pro-inflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes depending on the cue; however, polarization may be altered in bacterial and viral infections, cancer, or autoimmune diseases. Metal (zinc, iron, titanium, copper, etc.) oxide nanoparticles are widely used in therapeutic applications as drugs, nanocarriers, and diagnostic tools. Macrophages can recognize and engulf nanoparticles, while the influence of macrophage-nanoparticle interaction on cell polarization remains unclear. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms that drive macrophage activation phenotypes and functions upon interaction with nanoparticles in an inflammatory microenvironment. The manifold effects of metal oxide nanoparticles on macrophages depend on the type of metal and the route of synthesis. While largely considered as drug transporters, metal oxide nanoparticles nevertheless have an immunotherapeutic potential, as they can evoke pro- or anti-inflammatory effects on macrophages and become essential for macrophage profiling in cancer, wound healing, infections, and autoimmunity.

scholarly journals Statins: unexpected help in COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 509-517
Author(s):  
D. F. Gareeva ◽  
T. I. Musin ◽  
V. N. Pavlov ◽  
P. A. Davtyan ◽  
V. Sh. Ishmetov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Observational Studies ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Viral Myocarditis ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Lipid Concentration ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Reductase Inhibitors ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
Coa Reductase

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a huge impact on the health of millions of people around the world on an unprecedented scale. Unfortunately, the process of creating effective antiviral drugs and vaccines is being delayed. Therefore, drugs that are already available and may have an effect on COVID-19 are being investigated. Due to the fact that viral infection often affects the cardiovascular system, causing myocardial infarction, viral myocarditis, tachyarrhythmias and stress cardiomyopathies, a theory was put forward that HMG-CoA reductase (3-hydroxy-3methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitors (statins) can reduce the risk of cardiovascular complications in these patients. In recent years, this class of drugs has been proposed, including for viral infections, such as the influenza virus or MERS-CoV. The review discusses both the latest clinical data on the efficacy of statins in COVID-19 and the pleotropic mechanisms of statins that can limit the pathogenic effect of viruses. In particular, statins can act on lipid cell rafts (subdomains of the plasma membrane), decreasing their lipid concentration; limiting the interaction of the virus with the receptors of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 and CD-147. Statins have an antiinflammatory effect (blocking the molecular mechanisms of inflammation, including NF-κB and NLRP3), limit the development of a “cytokine storm” in severe patients with COVID-19; can inhibit SARS-CoV-2 basic protease; influence coagulation, limit sympathetic activity and have other effects. In two large cohort observational studies (n = 96032 and n = 13981), hospitalized patients with COVID-19 who were taking statins showed a decrease in hospital mortality and mortality 28 days after the admission to the hospital. Thus, statins can play a role in the treatment of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Cryo-EM Studies of Virus-Antibody Immune Complexes

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Na Li ◽  
Zhiqiang Li ◽  
Yan Fu ◽  
Sheng Cao
Keyword(s):  
Immune Complexes ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Virus Antibody ◽  
X Ray Crystallography ◽  
Road Map ◽  
Therapeutic Drugs ◽  
Viral Epitope

AbstractAntibodies play critical roles in neutralizing viral infections and are increasingly used as therapeutic drugs and diagnostic tools. Structural studies on virus-antibody immune complexes are important for better understanding the molecular mechanisms of antibody-mediated neutralization and also provide valuable information for structure-based vaccine design. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has recently matured as a powerful structural technique for studying bio-macromolecular complexes. When combined with X-ray crystallography, cryo-EM provides a routine approach for structurally characterizing the immune complexes formed between icosahedral viruses and their antibodies. In this review, recent advances in the structural understanding of virus-antibody interactions are outlined for whole virions with icosahedral T = pseudo 3 (picornaviruses) and T = 3 (flaviviruses) architectures, focusing on the dynamic nature of viral shells in different functional states. Glycoprotein complexes from pleomorphic enveloped viruses are also discussed as immune complex antigens. Improving our understanding of viral epitope structures using virus-based platforms would provide a fundamental road map for future vaccine development.

scholarly journals A Review Based Study of Diabetic Complications: Meta-Analysis in people with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-04
Author(s):  
Nasser Daghria
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Complications ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
International Diabetes Federation ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
End Stage

The prevalence of diabetes (DM) is constantly increasing worldwide at an alarming rate. According to the International Diabetes Federation in 2015, an estimated 415 million people globally were suffering from this condition. Complications of DM account for increased morbidity, disability, and mortality and represent a threat for the economies of all countries, especially the developing ones. The present special issue has been devoted to the recent progress in our understanding of diabetic complications, including the underlying molecular mechanisms, new diagnostic tools that facilitate early diagnosis, and novel treatment options. This special issue focuses on progress and challenges in basic and clinical research on these chronic complications of diabetes. The end-stage consequences of diabetic complications can include severe vision loss; end-stage renal disease necessitating dialysis or transplant; myocardial infarction and stroke; and amputations. Many of these life-threatening or disabling events can be preventable with proper “life-long” diabetes care and a healthy lifestyle.

scholarly journals Osteoporosis of the Jaws and its Diagnostic Methods: Review of the Literature

2019 ◽  
pp. 167-177
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Jovana Rocha Claros Mg
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Fracture Rate ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
High Fracture ◽  
Metabolic Bone ◽  
Minimal Trauma ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Oral Glucocorticoids

Osteoporosis is a chronic, silent, multifactorial and metabolic bone disease characterized by low bone mineral density and altered micro architecture, presenting a high fracture rate with minimal trauma or without trauma (hip, spine and forearms). Osteoporosis can occur in both sexes and in all ages; mainly considered a problem for postmenopausal women, with higher risk of fracture over 50 years old. This increases the morbidity, mortality and costs of the health system, considering it a significant public health issue. Healthy bone has equilibrium characteristics between bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts. In osteoporosis this balance is altered, showing a greater tendency to resorption. The most important risk factors for osteoporosis are age, sex, genetic factors, early menopause, inadequate calcium intake, lack of exercise, alcoholism, and smoking; it can also be associated with some endocrine diseases, such as hyperparathyroidism, kidney failure chronic, liver disease, malabsorption and drugs, including oral glucocorticoids. The objective of this bibliographic review is to provide updated and specific information about osteoporosis in the jaws and its diagnostic methods, which allow the dentist and radiologist to recognize, prevent and / or refer to the specialist indicated cases that may arise with this condition.

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