scholarly journals Ethical Framework for Designing Autonomous Intelligent Systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaana Leikas ◽  
Raija Koivisto ◽  
Nadezhda Gotcheva
Keyword(s):  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Ethical Principles ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
Concept Design ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Ethical Thought ◽  
Multidisciplinary Perspective ◽  
Fundamental Values

To gain the potential benefit of autonomous intelligent systems, their design and development need to be aligned with fundamental values and ethical principles. We need new design approaches, methodologies and processes to deploy ethical thought and action in the contexts of autonomous intelligent systems. To open this discussion, this article presents a review of ethical principles in the context of artificial intelligence design, and introduces an ethical framework for designing autonomous intelligent systems. The framework is based on an iterative, multidisciplinary perspective yet a systematic discussion during an Autonomous Intelligent Systems (AIS) design process, and on relevant ethical principles for the concept design of autonomous systems. We propose using scenarios as a tool to capture the essential user’s or stakeholder’s specific qualitative information, which is needed for a systematic analysis of ethical issues in the specific design case.

scholarly journals An Ethical Framework for the Design, Development, Implementation, and Assessment of Drones Used in Public Healthcare

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 2867-2891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dylan Cawthorne ◽  
Aimee Robbins-van Wynsberghe
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Applied Ethics ◽  
Human Values ◽  
Ethical Principles ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
Social Experiment ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Ethical Guidelines

Abstract The use of drones in public healthcare is suggested as a means to improve efficiency under constrained resources and personnel. This paper begins by framing drones in healthcare as a social experiment where ethical guidelines are needed to protect those impacted while fully realizing the benefits the technology offers. Then we propose an ethical framework to facilitate the design, development, implementation, and assessment of drones used in public healthcare. Given the healthcare context, we structure the framework according to the four bioethics principles: beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice, plus a fifth principle from artificial intelligence ethics: explicability. These principles are abstract which makes operationalization a challenge; therefore, we suggest an approach of translation according to a values hierarchy whereby the top-level ethical principles are translated into relevant human values within the domain. The resulting framework is an applied ethics tool that facilitates awareness of relevant ethical issues during the design, development, implementation, and assessment of drones in public healthcare.

Ethical Considerations in Neurogenetic Testing

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (05) ◽  
pp. 505-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaowei Su ◽  
Zachary Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Testing ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Ethical Principles ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Neurologic Diseases ◽  
Variants Of Unknown Significance ◽  
Unknown Significance ◽  
The One

AbstractRecent advances in the genetics of neurologic diseases coupled with improvements in sensitivity and specificity are making genetic testing an increasingly important part of diagnosis and management for neurologists. However, the complex nature of genetic testing, the nuances of multiple result types, and the short- and long-term consequences of genetic diagnoses raise important ethical issues for the clinician. Neurologists must balance the ethical principles of beneficence and nonmaleficence, on the one hand, with patient autonomy on the other hand, when ordering such tests by facilitating shared decision making, carrying out their fiduciary responsibilities to patients, and ensuring that patients have adequate counseling to make informed decisions. This review summarizes ethical issues related to genetic testing for neurologic diseases, with a focus on clinical practice. Informed consent for genetic testing of patients and asymptomatic at-risk family members is discussed. The roles and responsibilities of physicians as genetic counselors are reviewed, including the framing of incidental findings and variants of unknown significance that impact individuals' decisions about whether to pursue genetic testing and what results they wish to know. Disclosure and its consequences for the patient are placed within an ethical framework to permit a better understanding of why genetic testing is different from most other diagnostic testing ordered by physicians. The review ends with clinical vignettes that attempt to place ethical principles into familiar clinical settings involving physicians, patients and their families.

scholarly journals Roboethics principles and policies in Europe and North America

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofya Langman ◽  
Nicole Capicotto ◽  
Yaser Maddahi ◽  
Kourosh Zareinia
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Ethical Principles ◽  
International Regulation ◽  
Ethical Frameworks ◽  
Regulatory Policies ◽  
Ai Ethics

AbstractRobotics and artificial intelligence (AI) are revolutionizing all spheres of human life. From industrial processes to graphic design, the implementation of automated intelligent systems is changing how industries work. The spread of robots and AI systems has triggered academic institutions to closely examine how these technologies may affect the humanity—this is how the fields of roboethics and AI ethics have been born. The identification of ethical issues for robotics and AI and creation of ethical frameworks were the first steps to creating a regulatory environment for these technologies. In this paper, we focus on regulatory efforts in Europe and North America to create enforceable regulation for AI and robotics. We describe and compare ethical principles, policies, and regulations that have been proposed by government organizations for the design and use of robots and AI. We also discuss proposed international regulation for robotics and AI. This paper tries to highlight the need for a comprehensive, enforceable, and agile policy to ethically regulate technology today and in the future. Through reviewing existing policies, we conclude that the European Unition currently leads the way in defining roboethics and AI ethical principles and implementing them into policy. Our findings suggest that governments in Europe and North America are aware of the ethical risks that robotics and AI pose, and are engaged in policymaking to create regulatory policies for these new technologies.

scholarly journals Understanding the principles of ethics in health care: a systematic analysis of qualitative information

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 822
Author(s):  
Vanishree M. Kemparaj ◽  
Umashankar G. Kadalur
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Health Professional ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ethical Principles ◽  
Qualitative Information ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Ethical Knowledge

Despite incorporating ethical teaching in medical curricula there is paucity in knowledge of ethics among our practitioners. To improve the ethical knowledge it is important to understand the ethical issues or challenges encountered in the present scenario. The issues encountered by the health professionals helps to understand how the ethical principles are in day to today practice. Empirical researches have shown that qualitative research brings research closer to decision making. Hence data obtained from peer-reviewed qualitative articles were used for assessing ethical principles in every day practice by health professional. The studies have shown that autonomy, beneficence, justices are some of the principles health professionals consider before taking the decisions in health care.

scholarly journals Robot Care Ethics Between Autonomy and Vulnerability: Coupling Principles and Practices in Autonomous Systems for Care

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Pirni ◽  
Maurizio Balistreri ◽  
Marianna Capasso ◽  
Steven Umbrello ◽  
Federica Merenda
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Elderly Care ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Care Ethics ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
Care Robots ◽  
Ethical Design ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Traditional Approaches

Technological developments involving robotics and artificial intelligence devices are being employed evermore in elderly care and the healthcare sector more generally, raising ethical issues and practical questions warranting closer considerations of what we mean by “care” and, subsequently, how to design such software coherently with the chosen definition. This paper starts by critically examining the existing approaches to the ethical design of care robots provided by Aimee van Wynsberghe, who relies on the work on the ethics of care by Joan Tronto. In doing so, it suggests an alternative to their non-principled approach, an alternative suited to tackling some of the issues raised by Tronto and van Wynsberghe, while allowing for the inclusion of two orientative principles. Our proposal centres on the principles of autonomy and vulnerability, whose joint adoption we deem able to constitute an original revision of a bottom-up approach in care ethics. Conclusively, the ethical framework introduced here integrates more traditional approaches in care ethics in view of enhancing the debate regarding the ethical design of care robots under a new lens.

scholarly journals Analysis of regulatory-ethical framework of clinical trials

2013 ◽  
Vol 141 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 659-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrijana Milosevic-Georgiev ◽  
Dusanka Krajnovic ◽  
Srdjan Milovanovic ◽  
Svetlana Ignjatovic ◽  
Dusan Djuric ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Ethical Principles ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
Moral Concern ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Ethical Criteria

Introduction. Every clinical trial has to meet all ethical criteria in addition to the scientific ones. The basic ethical principles in the clinical trials are the following: nonmaleficence, beneficence, respect for autonomy and the principle of justice. Objective. The aim of the study was to analyze clinical cases with the outcomes leading to the changes in regulatory?ethical framework related to the clinical trials, as well as the outcomes of key clinical trials that influenced the introduction of the ethical principles into clinical trials. Methods. This was a descriptive research (methods of analysis and documentation; desk analysis of the secondary data). Results. By analyzing the cases from the secondary sources as well as clinical and ethical outcomes, it may be noticed that the codes, declarations and regulations have been often preceded by certain events that caused their adoption. Moral concern and public awareness of the ethical issues have initiated not only the development of numerous guidelines, codes, and declarations, but also their incorporation into the legislative acts. Conclusion. It is desirable that ethical instruments become legally binding documents, because only in this way will be possible to control all phases of the clinical trials and prevent abuse of the respondents.

THE CONCEPT OF AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS IN INDUSTRY 4.0

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-87
Author(s):  
György Kovács ◽  
Rabab Benotsmane ◽  
László Dudás
Keyword(s):  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Multi Agent Systems ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Intelligent Machines ◽  
Digital Network

Recent tendencies – such as the life-cycles of products are shorter while consumers require more complex and more unique final products – poses many challenges to the production. The industrial sector is going through a paradigm shift. The traditional centrally controlled production processes will be replaced by decentralized control, which is built on the self-regulating ability of intelligent machines, products and workpieces that communicate with each other continuously. This new paradigm known as Industry 4.0. This conception is the introduction of digital network-linked intelligent systems, in which machines and products will communicate to one another in order to establish smart factories in which self-regulating production will be established. In this article, at first the essence, main goals and basic elements of Industry 4.0 conception is described. After it the autonomous systems are introduced which are based on multi agent systems. These systems include the collaborating robots via artificial intelligence which is an essential element of Industry 4.0.

scholarly journals Ethical issues relating to qualitative research

2005 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Jelsma ◽  
S. Clow
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Health Research ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ethical Principles ◽  
Ethical Review ◽  
Paper Briefly ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Scientific Rigour ◽  
Hands On

Qualitative research or naturalistic research has moved from the sidelines into the mainstream of health research and an increasing number of qualitative research proposals are being presented for ethical review Qualitative research presents ethical problems that which are unique to the intensive hands-on paradigm which characterises naturalistic research. This paper briefly outlines the most common methodologies used in this research. The four ethical principles of benevolence, non-maleficence, autonomy and justice will be used as a framework to explore specific ethical issues related to this form of inquiry. The need for scientific rigour will also be explored as research that is scientifically unsound can never be ethical.

Ethical Issues in the Feeding of Patients Suffering from Dementia: a focus group study of hospital staff responses to conflicting principles

2002 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 599-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Wilmot ◽  
Lesley Legg ◽  
Janice Barratt
Keyword(s):  
Focus Groups ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Hospital Staff ◽  
Care Staff ◽  
Ethical Principles ◽  
Focus Group Study ◽  
Feeding Difficulties ◽  
National Health Service Trust ◽  
Feeding Methods ◽  
Personal Attitudes

Feeding difficulties in older patients who are suffering from dementia present problems with balancing conflicting ethical principles. They have been considered by several writers in recent years, and the views of nursing and care staff have been studied in different contexts. The present study used focus groups to explore the way in which nursing and care staff in a National Health Service trust deal with conflict between ethical principles in this area. Three focus groups were convened, one each from the staff of three wards caring for patients with dementia. Case histories were discussed and transcripts analysed. It emerged that staff were aware of making fine judgements of utility concerning the spectrum of feeding methods available. Informants gave some weight to the principle of autonomy, but sought to balance that against their commitment to care. In explaining their perspectives, informants gave more weight to personal attitudes and trust culture than to professional ethics

Ijtihad in Contemporary Shi`ism

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 24-52
Author(s):  
Hamid Mavani
Keyword(s):  
Legal Theory ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Ethical Principles ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
Cultural Issues ◽  
Unit Of Analysis ◽  
Personal Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Political Economic

The adoption of the Mu`tazili school of “rationalist” theology and the institution of ijtihad enabled Shi`i legal theory to exhibit vibrancy and made it adaptable to changing contingencies and circumstances. But because Shi`i jurists did not face the challenge of governing a state, their juridical focus and orientation remained fixated on resolving issues confronting the laity or their followers (muqallid) at a personal level and did not provide an ethical framework for the ijtihad process. The establishment of a Shi`i state in Iran in 1979, which forced them to tackle social, political, economic, educational, and cultural issues, demanded a change in orientation – away from the individual and toward society as the unit of analysis vis-à-vis ijtihad. They marshaled various methods, legal devices, and strategies to address contemporary social issues in order to provide pragmatic guidance to the citizens that would be in conformity with the moral and ethical principles laid out in the revelatory sources. This paper examines the writings of Ayatullahs Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr, Muhammad Mahdi Shamsuddin, Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Fadlullah, and Ruhullah Musavi al-Khomeini and studies this phenomenon of change from individual-oriented ijtihad to society-oriented ijtihad.

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