Sustainable Silicon and High Purity Alumina Production from Secondary Silicon and Aluminium Raw Materials through the Innovative SisAl Technology

Calcium aluminate slag produced by the aluminothermic reduction of silica is tested as a candidate raw material for the hydrometallurgical production of pure aluminium chloride hexahydrate (ACH) through leaching with hydrochloric acid. The crystallization of ACH follows by sparging the pregnant liquor with hydrochloric gas. Almost total extraction of Al is achieved with the use of azeotropic HCl acid solution (5.9 M) at 80 °C and 1 h retention time. A pregnant liquor with approximately 20 wt% AlCl3 is produced as a base for ACH crystallization by sparging it with gaseous HCl. The ACH produced is re-dissolved and crystallized three to four times until high purity is achieved. High purity ACH acts as a precursor for producing High Purity Alumina (HPA), a high added value material used in LEDs and lithium-ion batteries and other niche applications.

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Taming the Hydra: Funding the Lithium Ion Supply Chain in an Era of Unprecedented Volatility

10.5772/intechopen.92891 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Chris Berry

Keyword(s):

Supply Chain ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Chemical Conversion ◽

Raw Material ◽

Battery Cell ◽

Exogenous Shocks ◽

China Trade ◽

The Us ◽

Difficult Challenge

The lithium ion supply chain is set to grow in both size and importance over the coming decade due to government-led efforts to decarbonize economies and declining costs of lithium ion batteries used in electronics and transportation. With forecasts of demand for lithium chemicals alone forecast to grow by three times later this decade, at least $10B USD is needed to flow into the upstream supply chain to ensure an efficient and timely build-out. Significant additional capital is needed for other portions of the supply chain such as other raw materials, cathode or anode production, and battery cell manufacturing. Recent exogenous shocks such as the US-China trade war and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have made securing adequate capital for the supply chain a difficult challenge. Without the steady stream of funding for new mine and chemical conversion capacity, widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) could be put at risk. This paper discusses the current structure of the lithium ion supply chain with a focus on raw material production and the need for and challenges associated with securing adequate capital in an industry that has, to date, not experienced such a robust growth profile.

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ADDED VALUE ANALYSIS ON FRIED ONION OF UD. SAFARI BAWANG GORENG IN KELURAHAN KEBUN TEBENG BENGKULU CITY

Jurnal Agroindustri ◽

10.31186/j.agroind.8.1.62-70 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 62-70

Author(s):

Zuhardi Perdana Putra ◽

Reswita Reswita Reswita ◽

Irnad Irnad Irnad

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Value Added ◽

Raw Material ◽

Added Value ◽

Value Analysis ◽

Horticultural Crops ◽

Processed Products ◽

A Company

ABSTRACTAgroindustry is an agriculture based industry that has an important role in economic growth in Indonesia. One of the agricultural subsector is horticultural crops, namely onion. The need for onion consumption in Indonesia has always increased. In the Bengkulu city there is a company engaged in the industry of fried onions are "UD. Safari Bawang Goreng". This research is done with consideration of the company has long standing, big enough company, and produce about 336 kg/day. Fried onions are processed products that are processed from the main source of raw material is onion. The processed onion comes from Brebes Java. To know the process can be done by the method of observation, and participation. Processed red onion products produce added value that can be analyzed by Hayami method. The process of onion processing into fried onions consists of several stages, namely the provision of raw materials, onion gaebage, sorting, slicing onion, affixing onion with flour, frying, pressing, packaging. The process of onion treatment into fried onions is called value added. The added value obtained in this study amounted to Rp 9549.65 / Kg BB.Keywords: Fried Onion, Hayami Method, Added Value.

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PENGEMBANGAN AGRIBISNIS DAN PENGOLAHAN MENDUKUNG PENSEJAHTERAAN PETANI CABE MERAH

MIMBAR AGRIBISNIS Jurnal Pemikiran Masyarakat Ilmiah Berwawasan Agribisnis ◽

10.25157/ma.v5i2.2413 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 413

Author(s):

Rooganda Elizabeth

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Free Market ◽

Raw Material ◽

Added Value ◽

Processing Industry ◽

Partnership Development ◽

Farmer Groups ◽

Processed Products ◽

Development Perspective

The procurement of raw materials for the red chili processing industry, the majority still comes from traders / suppliers. Chili starts procurement, processing to obtain added value, until marketing should be able to anticipate the limitations of the rights of farmers / gapotan groups that are more burdened with obligations. This paper aims to examine and express the role and benefits of chilli in the processing of red chillies to the marketing of processed products, related to efforts to accelerate the development of processing and agribusiness industries to improve the welfare of red chilli farmers. The benefits of partnership for farmer groups are the existence of market certainty, and relatively stable profits. The benefit for partners is the certainty of obtaining raw materials in accordance with the required specifications. The partner still gives the opportunity to sell to the free market if the price is better. The partnership development perspective is still very open, among others due to: (a) both parties obtain mutually beneficial benefits; (b) demand for processed products increases along with population growth. processing business is the transfer of raw material into highly-processed processed products that are able to meet the high demands of quality and hygienic (GMP) processed product requirements, as well as closely related to the increase in income from the acquisition of product value that is expected to realize and prosper farmers and businessmen , able to create jobs and increase interest in young workers on agriculture. The importance of changing the old mindset and paradigm of agriculture through the empowerment and development of chillies in processing and red chili processed agribusiness products is expected to be able to power the development of industrialization and the economy in rural areas.

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Nilai Tambah Produk Olahan Jahe Merah pada UD. VisionBali Herbal Indonesia, Denpasar

Jurnal Agribisnis dan Agrowisata (Journal of Agribusiness and Agritourism) ◽

10.24843/jaa.2017.v06.i02.p11 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

ARIEF SETIAWAN ROSO ◽

I KETUT SUAMBA ◽

NI WAYAN PUTU ARTINI

Keyword(s):

Production Process ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Production Costs ◽

Raw Material ◽

Added Value ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Red Ginger ◽

The Cost ◽

Product Output

The Added Value of Processed Red Ginger Product at UD. VisionBali Herbal Indonesia, DenpasarThis research aimed to determine the added value of red ginger as an herbal drink in one production process and to determine the level of profits earned by the company in the red ginger processing in one production process. Determination of the study area was done purposively and the analytical methods used was the method of added value calculation, i.e. the product value is deducted by the value of raw materials and other supporting materials.It can be concluded from the result of the research that the added value of the red ginger processing business obtained in one production process is Rp. 84.600,00/kg. The added value is obtained from the deduction of the value of the product/output of Rp. 175.000,00/kg with the cost of raw material (input prices) Rp. 25.000,00/kg and the contribution of the cost of other inputs of Rp. 65.400,00/kg. It was also found that the profits gained by the manufacturer from the processed red ginger into herbal drink in one production process was Rp. 200.954,06. The suggestion that can be given to the company is to put more attention in the details of its production costs so as not to result in a low ratio of added value and further to improve the marketing of the products, so that people are interested in re-use of herbal medicine that is free of chemical components.

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Tackling xEV Battery Chemistry in View of Raw Material Supply Shortfalls

Frontiers in Energy Research ◽

10.3389/fenrg.2020.594857 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Duygu Karabelli ◽

Steffen Kiemel ◽

Soumya Singh ◽

Jan Koller ◽

Simone Ehrenberger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

End Of Life ◽

Electric Vehicle ◽

Circular Economy ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Raw Material ◽

Performance Expectations ◽

Potential Market ◽

Critical Materials ◽

The Impact

The growing number of Electric Vehicles poses a serious challenge at the end-of-life for battery manufacturers and recyclers. Manufacturers need access to strategic or critical materials for the production of a battery system. Recycling of end-of-life electric vehicle batteries may ensure a constant supply of critical materials, thereby closing the material cycle in the context of a circular economy. However, the resource-use per cell and thus its chemistry is constantly changing, due to supply disruption or sharply rising costs of certain raw materials along with higher performance expectations from electric vehicle-batteries. It is vital to further explore the nickel-rich cathodes, as they promise to overcome the resource and cost problems. With this study, we aim to analyze the expected development of dominant cell chemistries of Lithium-Ion Batteries until 2030, followed by an analysis of the raw materials availability. This is accomplished with the help of research studies and additional experts’ survey which defines the scenarios to estimate the battery chemistry evolution and the effect it has on a circular economy. In our results, we will discuss the annual demand for global e-mobility by 2030 and the impact of Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt based cathode chemistries on a sustainable economy. Estimations beyond 2030 are subject to high uncertainty due to the potential market penetration of innovative technologies that are currently under research (e.g. solid-state Lithium-Ion and/or sodium-based batteries).

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Acid and Acid-Alkali Treatment Methods of Al-Chloride Solution Obtained by the Leaching of Coal Fly Ash to Produce Sandy Grade Alumina

Metals ◽

10.3390/met10050585 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 585 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Dmitry Valeev ◽

Andrei Shoppert ◽

Alexandra Mikhailova ◽

Alex Kondratiev

Keyword(s):

Fly Ash ◽

Chloride Solution ◽

Coal Fly Ash ◽

Bayer Process ◽

Production Costs ◽

Aluminium Chloride ◽

Aluminum Production ◽

Metallic Aluminum ◽

Alumina Production ◽

Chloride Hexahydrate

Sandy grade alumina is a valuable intermediate material that is mainly produced by the Bayer process and used for manufacturing primary metallic aluminum. Coal fly ash is generated in coal-fired power plants as a by-product of coal combustion that consists of submicron ash particles and is considered to be a potentially hazardous technogenic waste. The present paper demonstrates that the Al-chloride solution obtained by leaching coal fly ash can be further processed to obtain sandy grade alumina, which is essentially suitable for metallic aluminum production. The novel process developed in the present study involves the production of amorphous alumina via the calcination of aluminium chloride hexahydrate obtained by salting-out from acid Al-Cl liquor. Following this, alkaline treatment with further Al2O3 dissolution and recrystallization as Al(OH)3 particles is applied, and a final calcination step is employed to obtain sandy grade alumina with minimum impurities. The process does not require high-pressure equipment and reutilizes the alkaline liquor and gibbsite particles from the Bayer process, which allows the sandy grade alumina production costs to be to significantly reduced. The present article also discusses the main technological parameters of the acid treatment and the amounts of major impurities in the sandy grade alumina obtained by the different (acid and acid-alkali) methods.

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Design for Recycling Principles Applicable to Selected Clean Energy Technologies: Crystalline-Silicon Photovoltaic Modules, Electric Vehicle Batteries, and Wind Turbine Blades

Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy ◽

10.1007/s40831-020-00313-3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 761-774

Author(s):

Alex Norgren ◽

Alberta Carpenter ◽

Garvin Heath

Keyword(s):

Wind Turbine ◽

Crystalline Silicon ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Turbine Blades ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Clean Energy ◽

Raw Material ◽

Wind Turbine Blades ◽

Design For Recycling ◽

Pv Modules

Abstract The global growth of clean energy technology deployment will be followed by parallel growth in end-of-life (EOL) products, bringing both challenges and opportunities. Cumulatively, by 2050, estimates project 78 million tonnes of raw materials embodied in the mass of EOL photovoltaic (PV) modules, 12 billion tonnes of wind turbine blades, and by 2030, 11 million tonnes of lithium-ion batteries. Owing partly to concern that the projected growth of these technologies could become constrained by raw material availability, processes for recycling them at EOL continue to be developed. However, none of these technologies are typically designed with recycling in mind, and all of them present challenges to efficient recycling. This article synthesizes and extends design for recycling (DfR) principles based on a review of published industrial and academic best practices as well as consultation with experts in the field. Specific principles developed herein apply to crystalline-silicon PV modules, batteries like those used in electric vehicles, and wind turbine blades, while a set of broader principles applies to all three of these technologies and potentially others. These principles are meant to be useful for stakeholders—such as research and development managers, analysts, and policymakers—in informing and promoting decisions that facilitate DfR and, ultimately, increase recycling rates as a way to enhance the circularity of the clean energy economy. The article also discusses some commercial implications of DfR. Graphical Abstract

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PRODUK SAMPING TANAMAN UBIKAYU SEBAGAI POTENSI BIOEKONOMI UNTUK PERTANIAN MASA DEPAN

SOCA: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian ◽

10.24843/soca.2019.v13.i03.p12 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 433

Author(s):

Fahrur Rozi ◽

Quartina Pudjiastuti

Keyword(s):

Swot Analysis ◽

New Technologies ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Economic Value ◽

Development Strategies ◽

Raw Material ◽

Added Value ◽

Small Scale ◽

Integrated Agriculture ◽

By Products

Potential and opportunities for cassava development are still very broad along with development of companies in livestock, processed food, and other industries. Added value of cassava commodities resulting from development of downstream industries (processed products) is far higher than upstream industries (primary products), so that development paradigm in agriculture sector in future should be directed towards product expansion including its waste. This study aims to examine the economic value of cassava as a future crop from direct as well as by-products and their development strategies. Data was collected from small-scale tapioca flour farmers, ranchers and entrepreneurs. SWOT analysis was used to determine relevant development strategies. Analysis shows that cassava has an potential, especially as a raw material for food and feed industry. In short term, developing cassava strategy as an industrial raw material is to use new technologies i.e. varieties and cultivation techniques for planting arrangements. Cassava potential economic value is relatively high in terms of farming aspects, food raw materials, feed and industry. This potential, apart from main product, is also by-product that has been neglected at 29.7% of cassava main value. By-products potensial has not been used optimally and a bioeconomic value of biomass that can support integrated agriculture in the future.

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ANALISIS KETERSEDIAAN BAHAN BAKU DAN NILAI TAMBAH PRODUK MANISAN PADA AGROINDUSTRI REZEKI MORO DI DESA PESUCEN KECAMATAN KALIPURO KABUPATEN BANYUWANGI

SEPA Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian dan Agribisnis ◽

10.20961/sepa.v15i2.27594 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 180

Author(s):

Inkatama Kharismawanti ◽

Djoko Soejono

Keyword(s):

Data Analysis ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Value Added ◽

Raw Material ◽

Added Value ◽

Optimal Time ◽

Processed Foods ◽

Stock Level ◽

A Value

Candied fruit is one of the processed foods which favored by many people. One of the sweets agro-industry that exists in Pesucen, Kalipuro, Banyuwangi is Rezeki Moro agro-industry. This study aimed to find out: 1) the stock level of raw materials of candid fruit in Rezeki Moro agro-industry, 2) the optimal time to reorder raw materials, and 3) the amount of added value of fruit after being processed into candied fruit. The data analysis used was the analysis of raw materials availability using EOQ and ROP methods and value-added. The result of the study showed that the need for raw material such as nutmeg was 30 kilograms, while the number of economical orders with the EOQ method was 73 kilograms. The need for tamarind was 25 kilograms, while the number of economical orders with the EOQ method was 32 kilograms, also the need for ceremai (Phyllantus acidus) was 50 kilograms while the number of economical orders with the EOQ method was 60 kilograms. The level of reordering of raw materials from all sweets product in Rezeki Moro agro-industry was efficient since the ROP point was smaller than the EOQ point. The processing of candied nutmeg provided an added value of Rp. 9,848.00 (39.39%). The added value of processing candied tamarind is Rp. 17,468.00 (46%). Furthermore, the processing of candied ceremai has added value Rp. 12,548.00 with a value-added ratio of 43.5%. Manisan buah adalah salah satu bentuk makanan olahan yang banyak disukai oleh masyarakat. Salah satu Agroindustri manisan yang ada di Desa Pesucen Kecamatan Kalipuro Kabupaten Banyuwangi adalah Agroindustri Rezeki Moro. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui (1) tingkat persediaan bahan baku manisan buah pada agroindustri manisan Rezeki Moro, (2) waktu optimal pemesanan kembali bahan baku (3) besarnya nilai tambah buah setelah dijadikan manisan buah. Analisis data menggunakan analisis ketersediaan bahan baku dengan metode EOQ dan ROP serta nilai tambah. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebutuhan bahan baku pala adalah sebesar 30 kilogram sedangkan jumlah pemesanan ekonomis dengan metode EOQ adalah sebesar 73 kilogram. Kebutuhan bahan baku asem adalah sebesar 25 kilogram sedangkan jumlah pemesanan ekonomis dengan metode EOQ adalah sebesar 32 kilogram, begitu juga dengan Kebutuhan bahan baku ceremai adalah sebesar 50 kilogram sedangkan jumlah pemesanan ekonomis dengan metode EOQ adalah sebesar 60 kilogram. Tingkat pemesanan kembali bahan baku dari semua produk manisan pada Agroindustri Manisan Buah Rezeki Moro adalah efisien, dikarenakan nilai ROP lebih kecil daripada nilai EOQ. Pengolahan manisan pala memberikan nilai tambah sebesar Rp. 98,48,00 (39,39%). Nilai tambah pengolahan manisan asem sebesar Rp. 17.468,00 (46%). Selain itu, pengolahan manisan ceremai memiliki nilai tambah sebesar Rp. 12.548,00 (43,5%).

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NILAI TAMBAH KEDELAI MENJADI TAHU KUNING DAN FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMENGARUHINYA

SEPA Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian dan Agribisnis ◽

10.20961/sepa.v18i1.47688 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 101

Author(s):

Dinda Yunita Yosifani ◽

Ratna Satriani ◽

Dindy Darmawati Putri

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Production Capacity ◽

Raw Material ◽

Added Value ◽

Labor Income ◽

Value Analysis ◽

Output Price ◽

For Profit ◽

June July ◽

Home Industries

One of the home industries for processing soybeans into tofu is located in Kalisari Village, which has been producing since 1965. This business serves as a diversification of the business that can increase household income. This study aims to 1) determine the added value of soybeans obtained by producers, 2) determine the distribution of the added value of soybeans to yellow tofu, and 3) determine the factors that affect the added value of soybean on yellow tofu production. The research was conducted on tofu producer in the Sari Delai Group in Kalisari Village, Cilongok Sub-district, Banyumas Regency in June-July 2020. Then added value analysis is carried out by using the method of Hayami and multiple linear regression. The results showed that 1 kg of soybean raw material used for yellow tofu will provide an added value of Rp. 11,628.00. The distribution of added value for labor income was 13.38 percent, other input contributions by 18.54 percent and for profit 68%. The production capacity, raw materials, labor, output price and other input contributions have significant effect on the added value of yellow tofu production. In contrast, labor wage and raw material prices have no effect on the added value of yellow tofu production.

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