scholarly journals Marine Sulfated Polysaccharides: Preventive and Therapeutic Effects on Metabolic Syndrome: A Review

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 608
Author(s):  
Ying Li ◽  
Juan Qin ◽  
Yinghui Cheng ◽  
Dong Lv ◽  
Meng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Sulfated Polysaccharides ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Sulfation Pattern

Metabolic syndrome is the pathological basis of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. With the prevalence of modern lifestyles, the incidence of metabolic syndrome has risen rapidly. In recent years, marine sulfate polysaccharides (MSPs) have shown positive effects in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome, and they mainly come from seaweeds and marine animals. MSPs are rich in sulfate and have stronger biological activity compared with terrestrial polysaccharides. MSPs can alleviate metabolic syndrome by regulating glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism. In addition, MSPs prevent and treat metabolic syndrome by interacting with gut microbiota. MSPs can be degraded by gut microbes to produce metabolites such as short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and free sulfate and affect the composition of gut microbiota. The difference between MSPs and other polysaccharides lies in the sulfation pattern and sulfate content, therefore, which is very important for anti-metabolic syndrome activity of MSPs. This review summarizes the latest findings on effects of MSPs on metabolic syndrome, mechanisms of MSPs in treatment/prevention of metabolic syndrome, interactions between MSPs and gut microbiota, and the role of sulfate group and sulfation pattern in MSPs activity. However, more clinical trials are needed to confirm the potential preventive and therapeutic effects on human body. It may be a better choice to develop new functional foods containing MSPs for dietary intervention in metabolic syndrome.

scholarly journals The Prebiotic Inulin Beneficially Alters the Gut Microbiome and Associated Metabolites in an APOE4 Mouse Model (P08-133-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucille Yanckello ◽  
Jared Hoffman ◽  
Ishita Parikh ◽  
Jessie Hoffman ◽  
Stefan Green ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Apoe4 Allele ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Tryptophan Metabolites ◽  
Host Metabolism ◽  
Microbiota Diversity

Abstract Objectives The APOE4 allele is a genetic risk factor for certain diseases, due in part to alterations in lipid and glucose metabolism. The gut microbiota is also known to impact metabolic and can be beneficially modulated by prebiotics. Prebiotics are fermented into metabolites by the gut microbiota. These metabolites act as gut-brain axis components. However, the interaction of the APOE4 allele, gut microbiota, and prebiotics are unknown. The goal of the study was to use prebiotic diet to restore the gut microbiome of mice with human APOE4 (E4FAD) genes. We hypothesized that the microbial compositions of E4 mice fed inulin, compared to control fed, will correlate to metabolites being produced by the microbiome that confer benefit to host metabolism. Methods At 3 months of age the E4FAD mice were fed for 4 months with either control or inulin diet. We used 16S rRNA sequencing to determine gut microbiota diversity and species variations; non-targeted UPLC-MS/MS and GC-MS analysis was used to determine metabolic profiles of blood. Results The inulin fed mice showed a more beneficial microbial taxa profile than those mice that were control fed. Control mice showed higher levels of dimethylglycine, choline, creatine and the polyamine spermine. Higher levels of spermine, specifically, correlate to higher levels of the Proteobacteria which has been implicated in GI disorders. E4 inulin fed mice showed higher levels of bile acids, short chain fatty acids and metabolites involved in energy, increased levels of tryptophan metabolites and robust increases in sphingomyelins. Specifically in E4 inulin fed mice we saw increases in certain genera of bacteria, all of which have been implicated in being beneficial to the composition of the microbiome and producing one or more of the above mentioned metabolites. Conclusions We believe the disparities of microbial metabolite production between E4 inulin fed mice and E4 control fed mice can be attributed to differences in certain taxa that produce these metabolites, and that higher levels of these taxa are due to the dietary intervention of inulin. Despite the APOE4 allele increasing one's risk for certain diseases, we believe that beneficially modulating the gut microbiota may be one way to enhance host metabolism and decrease disease risk over time. Funding Sources NIH/NIDDK T323048107792, NIH/NIA R01AG054459, NIEHS/NIH P42ES007380. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

The importance of prebiotics in the regulation of metabolic syndrome disorders

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. S. Nyankovska ◽  
S. L. Nyankovskyy ◽  
M. S. Yatsula ◽  
M. I. Horodylovska
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Interleukin 22 ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Normal Microflora ◽  
Good Nutrition

The products of functional foods differ from other meals by their ability to improve health and well‑being or to reduce the risk of diseases and not only to provide the good nutrition. The composition of such products includes oligosaccharides of the fructan type such as inulin. Inulin is a soluble dietary fiber, consisting of a group of natural polysaccharides that are not digested in the intestine and instead fermented into short‑chain fatty acids associated with multiple metabolic processes, including glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance. Besides, inulin affects the lipid exchange regulation and improvement of lipid profile. Inulin is a mixture of linear fructose polymers or fructans with 2 — 60 units, each of them is connected by unique β (2‑1) bonds with a glucose unit. In contrary to typical carbohydrate, these β (2‑1) connections cannot be hydrolyzed by enzymes of saliva or pancreas, that’s why inulin has a reduced energetic value as well as dietary prebiotic effects.Functional food is an important component of the change in the lifestyle to control obesity and related risks for health. Obesity and dyslipidemia are important aspects of metabolic syndrome, associated with changes in the gut microbiome. The most important direction in the modern preventive and therapeutic medicine presents the use of prebiotics, that provide positive effects on the normal microflora and cause a whole cascade of secondary beneficial effects for humans (metabolic, anticarcinogenic, immunostimulating, antitoxic, etc.). Prebiotic Inulin promotes the restoration of intestinal microbiome by means of increasing production of intestinal epithelial cells and recovering interleukin‑22 expression.On the domestic market inulin presented as an Inulin‑NEO preparation, available in a form of tablets and sachet, which makes it easy to use.

scholarly journals Seaweed Components as Potential Modulators of the Gut Microbiota

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 358
Author(s):  
Emer Shannon ◽  
Michael Conlon ◽  
Maria Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Oral Bioaccessibility

Macroalgae, or seaweeds, are a rich source of components which may exert beneficial effects on the mammalian gut microbiota through the enhancement of bacterial diversity and abundance. An imbalance of gut bacteria has been linked to the development of disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease, immunodeficiency, hypertension, type-2-diabetes, obesity, and cancer. This review outlines current knowledge from in vitro and in vivo studies concerning the potential therapeutic application of seaweed-derived polysaccharides, polyphenols and peptides to modulate the gut microbiota through diet. Polysaccharides such as fucoidan, laminarin, alginate, ulvan and porphyran are unique to seaweeds. Several studies have shown their potential to act as prebiotics and to positively modulate the gut microbiota. Prebiotics enhance bacterial populations and often their production of short chain fatty acids, which are the energy source for gastrointestinal epithelial cells, provide protection against pathogens, influence immunomodulation, and induce apoptosis of colon cancer cells. The oral bioaccessibility and bioavailability of seaweed components is also discussed, including the advantages and limitations of static and dynamic in vitro gastrointestinal models versus ex vivo and in vivo methods. Seaweed bioactives show potential for use in prevention and, in some instances, treatment of human disease. However, it is also necessary to confirm these potential, therapeutic effects in large-scale clinical trials. Where possible, we have cited information concerning these trials.

scholarly journals Soy Protein Alleviates Malnutrition in Weaning Rats by Regulating Gut Microbiota Composition and Serum Metabolites

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuchen Wei ◽  
Nong Zhou ◽  
Liang Zou ◽  
Zhenxing Shi ◽  
Baoqing Dun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Soy Protein ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Protein Group ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Dietary intervention with plant protein is one of the main methods that is used to lessen the symptoms of malnutrition. Supplementary soy protein to undernourished weaning rats for 6 weeks significantly increased their body weight gain. After the intervention, the level of total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) was restored to 1,512.7 μg/g, while the level was only 637.1 μg/g in the 7% protein group. The amino acids (valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan) increased in the colon, and vitamin B6 metabolism was significantly influenced in undernourished rats. The tryptophan and glycine-serine-threonine pathways were elevated, leading to an increase in the level of tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) in the serum. In addition, the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Lactobacillus increased, while Enterococcus and Streptococcus decreased compared to undernourished rats. Overall, soy protein improved the growth of rats with malnutrition in early life by regulating gut microbiota and metabolites in the colon and serum.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota and SCFAs Play Key Roles in QingFei Yin Recipe Anti-Streptococcal Pneumonia Effects

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaozhou Sun ◽  
Dandan Wang ◽  
Lina Wei ◽  
Lizhong Ding ◽  
Yinan Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Pneumonia ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Gut Flora ◽  
Community Profiling ◽  
16S Rna ◽  
Tract Infections

Emerging evidence has revealed the presence in animals of a bidirectional regulatory “lung-gut axis” that provides resistance to respiratory infections. Clues to the existence of this system stem from observations that respiratory infections are often accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms, whereby intestinal microbiota appear to play pivotal roles in combating pathogenic infections. Importantly, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by the gut microbiota appear to serve as the biological link between host immune defenses and gut flora. Streptococcus pneumoniae (S.pn), the main cause of lower respiratory tract infections, is involved in more than 1.189 million deaths per year. QingFei Yin (QFY) is known for its excellent therapeutic efficacy in combating bacterial lung infections. In this study, effects of S.pn infection on gut homeostasis were assessed using 16S RNA-based microbiota community profiling analysis. In addition, potential mechanisms underlying QFY recipe beneficial therapeutic effects against bacterial pneumonia were explored using S.pn-infected gut microbiota-depleted mice. Results of data analysis indicated that QFY treatment alleviated lung infection-associated pathogenic processes, while also promoting repair of disordered gut flora and counteracting S.pn infection-associated decreases in levels of SCFAs, particularly of acetate and butyrate. Mechanistically, QFY treatment suppressed inflammatory lung injury through inhibition of the host NF-κB-NLRP3 pathway. These results inspired us to identify precise QFY targets and mechanisms underlying QFY anti-inflammatory effects. In addition, we conducted an in-depth evaluation of QFY as a potential treatment for bacterial pneumonia.

scholarly journals The Potential Role of Gut Microbiota in the Prevention and Treatment of Lipid Metabolism Disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Yan-Jun He ◽  
Chong-Ge You
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Bile Salt Hydrolase ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Lipid Metabolism Disorders ◽  
Diabetes And Obesity ◽  
Metabolic Syndromes

Due to changes in lifestyle, diet structure, and aging worldwide, the incidence of metabolic syndromes such as hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity is increasing. Metabolic syndrome is considered to be closely related to cardiovascular disease and severely affects human health. In recent years, researchers have revealed that the gut microbiota, through its own or interacting metabolites, has a positive role in regulating metabolic syndrome. Therefore, the gut microbiota has been a new “organ” for the treatment of metabolic syndrome. The role has not been clarified, and more research is necessary to prove the specific role of specific strains. Probiotics are also believed to regulate metabolic syndromes by regulating the gut microbiota and are expected to become a new preparation for treating metabolic syndromes. This review focuses on the regulation of lipid metabolism disorders by the gut microbiota through the effects of bile acids (BA), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile salt hydrolase (BSH), and genes such as ABCG5 and ABCG8, FXR, NPC1L, and LDL-R.

scholarly journals Influence of a 3-months low-calorie Mediterranean diet vs. Vegetarian diet on human gut microbiota and SCFA: the CARDIVEG Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuditta Pagliai ◽  
Edda Russo ◽  
Elena Niccolai ◽  
Monica Dinu ◽  
Vincenzo Di Pilato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Major Change ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Vegetarian Diet ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Dietary Interventions

AbstractIntroductionThere is growing interest in understanding how diet can modulate the gut microbiota (GM), including its possible association with disease states. The aim of the present study is to compare in a group of subjects in primary prevention for cardiovascular disease (CVD) the effects of Mediterranean (MD) and Vegetarian (VD) dietary patterns on the GM composition and on the short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) production.Materials and MethodsTwenty-three clinically healthy subjects (16 F; mean age: 58.6 ± 9.8 years) were randomly assigned to isocaloric MD or VD diets lasting 3-months each and then crossed. Anthropometric measurements, body composition, blood and fecal samples were obtained from each participant at the beginning and at the end of each intervention phase. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) of 16S rRNA were performed to analyze the GM, while the SCFA were evaluated through the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry system.ResultsDietary interventions didn't produce significant diversity in the GM composition at higher ranks (family and above), neither between nor within MD and VD, but they did it at genus level. MD significantly changed the abundance of three genera (Enterohabdus, Lachnoclostridium and Parabacteroides), while VD significantly affected the abundance of four genera (Anaerostipes, Streptococcus, Clostridium sensu stricto and Odoribacter). Comparison of the mean variation of each SCFA between MD and VD showed an opposite and statistically significant trend for propionic acid (+ 10% vs -28%, respectively, p = 0.034). In addition, variations of SCFA resulted to be negatively correlated with changes of some inflammatory cytokines such as VEGF, MCP-1, IL-17, IP-10 and IL-12, only after MD. Finally, correlation analyses showed several associations between changes of genera, clinical and biochemical parameters, after both the dietary interventions.DiscussionOur study indicates that a short-term dietary intervention with MD or VD does not induce major change in the GM, suggesting that a diet should last for longer periods to scratch the resilience of GM. In addition, the negative association between SCFA and a number of inflammatory cytokines reported only after MD, seems to support the anti-inflammatory properties of the MD. Furthermore, several associations between certain bacterial groups, clinical and biochemical parameters, let us hypothesized that the cardiovascular protection associated with the two diets could be due – at least in part – to a modulation of the GM.

scholarly journals Role of Gut Microbiota in the Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Diseases and Metabolic Syndrome

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. M. Drapkina ◽  
O. E. Shirobokikh
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain

The role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and metabolic syndrome has attracted massive attention in the past decade. Accumulating evidence has revealed that the metabolic potential of gut microbiota can be identified as a contributing factor in the development of atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart failure, obesity, diabetes mellitus. The gut-host interaction occurs through many pathways including trimethylamine-N-oxide pathway (TMAO), short-chain fatty acids and second bile acids pathways. TMAO (the hepatic oxidation product of the microbial metabolite of trimethylamine) enhances platelet hyperreactivity and thrombosis risk and predicts major adverse cardiovascular events. Short-chain fatty acids and second bile acids, which are produced with the help of microbiota, can modulate host lipid metabolism as well as carbohydrate metabolism through several receptors such as G-protein-coupled receptors 41,43, farnesoid X-receptor, Takeda-G-protein-receptor-5. This way microbiota can impact host lipid levels, processes of weight gain, insulin sensitivity. Besides these metabolism-dependent pathways, there are some other pathways, which link microbiota and the pathogenesis of CVD. For example, lipopolysaccharide, the major component of the outer bacterial membrane, causes metabolic endotoxemia and low-grade systemic inflammation and contribute this way to obesity and progression of heart failure and atherosclerosis. This review aims to illustrate the complex interplay between microbiota, their metabolites, and the development and progression of CVD and metabolic syndrome. It is also discussed how modulating of gut microbiota composition and function through diet, prebiotics, probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation can become a novel therapeutic and preventative target for CVD and metabolic syndrome. Many questions remain unresolved in this field and undoubtedly further studies are needed.

scholarly journals Proteobacteria Overgrowth and Butyrate-Producing Taxa Depletion in the Gut Microbiota of Glycogen Storage Disease Type 1 Patients

Metabolites ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla Ceccarani ◽  
Giulia Bassanini ◽  
Chiara Montanari ◽  
Maria Cristina Casiraghi ◽  
Emerenziana Ottaviano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Metabolic Complications ◽  
Glycogen Storage Diseases

A life-long dietary intervention can affect the substrates’ availability for gut fermentation in metabolic diseases such as the glycogen-storage diseases (GSD). Besides drug consumption, the main treatment of types GSD-Ia and Ib to prevent metabolic complications is a specific diet with definite nutrient intakes. In order to evaluate how deeply this dietary treatment affects gut bacteria, we compared the gut microbiota of nine GSD-I subjects and 12 healthy controls (HC) through 16S rRNA gene sequencing; we assessed their dietary intake and nutrients, their microbial short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) via gas chromatography and their hematic values. Both alpha-diversity and phylogenetic analysis revealed a significant biodiversity reduction in the GSD group compared to the HC group, and highlighted profound differences of their gut microbiota. GSD subjects were characterized by an increase in the relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae and Veillonellaceae families, while the beneficial genera Faecalibacterium and Oscillospira were significantly reduced. SCFA quantification revealed a significant increase of fecal acetate and propionate in GSD subjects, but with a beneficial role probably reduced due to unbalanced bacterial interactions; nutritional values correlated to bacterial genera were significantly different between experimental groups, with nearly opposite cohort trends.

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