scholarly journals Effects of Platycodon grandiflorum on Gut Microbiome and Immune System of Immunosuppressed Mouse

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 817
Author(s):  
So-Yun Jhang ◽  
Sung-Hyen Lee ◽  
Eun-Byeol Lee ◽  
Ji-Hye Choi ◽  
Sohyun Bang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Platycodon Grandiflorum ◽  
Immunodeficient Mice ◽  
Perennial Plant ◽  
Traditional Remedy ◽  
Immunoglobulin Levels ◽  
Immunosuppressed Mice

Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) is a perennial plant that has been used as a traditional remedy to control immune-related diseases. PG was steamed and dried to improve its taste (PGS). The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of PG and PGS (PG-diets) on the gut microbiome and immune system. We treated PG-diets to immunosuppressed mice via cyclophosphamide (CPA) injection. After two weeks of the supplement, we evaluated specific genera related to body weight and serum immunoglobulin levels and analyzed 16S rRNA sequencing and metagenomics statistical analysis. PG-diets groups showed an increased abundance of microorganisms in immunodeficient mice compared to the control group (NC). Moreover, Akkermansia significantly decreased in response to the CPA in the NC group at the genus level, whereas its abundance increased in the PG-diets groups. We also found that the modulation of the gut microbiome by PG-diets was correlated with body weight, IgA, and IgM levels. The results demonstrate that PG-diets may improve the health benefits of immunosuppressed mice by altering the gut microbiome, though not much difference was found between PG and PGS treatments. Finally, this is the first study showing the effects of PGS-diets on the gut microbiome and immune system as a potential nourishing immunity supplement.

scholarly journals Effects of Platycodon grandiflorum on Gut Microbiota and Immune System of Immunosuppressed Mouse

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
So Yun Yun Jhang ◽  
Sung-Hyen Lee ◽  
Eun-Byeol Lee ◽  
Ji-Hye Choi ◽  
Sohyun Bang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Platycodon Grandiflorum ◽  
Platycodin D ◽  
Immune Biomarkers ◽  
Traditional Remedy ◽  
Deficient Mice ◽  
Immunosuppressed Mice

Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) has been used as a traditional remedy to control immune related diseases. However, there is limited information about its immune stimulating effects on the immunosuppressed model. The main bioactive components such as saponins are known to con-tribute to controlling immune activity. Thus, we developed an aged red PG (PGS) with 2.6 times of platycodin D, one of the saponins. We treated PG and PGS (PG-diets) to immunosuppressed mice via cyclophosphamide (CPA) injection. After 2weeks of the supplement, 16S rRNA sequencing was performed to investigate the effects of PG-diets on the gut microbiota and immune system in the immune suppressed model. PG-diets groups showed an increased abundance of microorganism in immune-deficient mice compared to the control NC group, indicating PG-diets have a distinct effect on microbial communities. Detection of specific genera related to the immune related biomarkers in PG-diets groups can support their effects on the immune system. Especially, the Akkermansia showed a significant decrease of abundance in response to the CPA treatment in the NC group at the genus level, but its abundance increased in response to the PG-diets treatment in the PG-diets groups. We also found that the modulation of gut microbiome by PG-diets was correlated with body weight as one of important immune biomarkers, though not much difference was found between PG and PGS effects. The results demonstrate that PG-diets may improve the health benefits of immune suppressed mice by altering the gut microbiome.

scholarly journals Influence of fluconazole administration on gut microbiome, intestinal barrier and immune response in mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing Heng ◽  
Yuanhe Jiang ◽  
Weihua Chu
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Control Serum

Antibiotics which can treat or prevent infectious diseases play an important role in medical therapy. However, the use of antibiotics has potential negative effects on the health of the host. For example, antibiotics use may affect the host's immune system by altering the gut microbiota. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the influence of antifungal (fluconazole) treatment on gut microbiota and immune system of mice. Results showed that gut microbial composition of mice receiving fluconazole treatment was significantly changed after the trial. Fluconazole did not affect the relative abundance of bacteria but significantly reduced the diversity of bacterial flora. In the Bacteriome, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria significantly increased, while Bacteroidetes, Deferribacteres, Patescibacteria, and Tenericutes showed a remarkable reduction in fluconazole treated group in comparison with the control group. In the mycobiome, the relative abundance of Ascomycota was significantly decreased and Mucoromycota was significantly increased in the intestine of mice treated with fluconazole compared to the control group. RT-qPCR results showed that the relative gene expression of ZO-1, occludin, MyD88, IL-1β, and IL-6 was decreased in fluconazole-treated group compared to the control. Serum levels of IL-2, LZM and IgM were significantly increased, while IgG level had considerably down-regulated in the fluconazole-treated compared to the control. These results suggest that the administration of fluconazole can influence the gut microbiota and that a healthy gut microbiome is important for the regulation of the host immune responses.

Bovine lactoferrin induces both mucosal and systemic immune response in mice

1998 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
HAJER DEBBABI ◽  
MICHEL DUBARRY ◽  
MICHÈLE RAUTUREAU ◽  
DANIEL TOMÉ
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Bovine Lactoferrin ◽  
Thymidine Uptake ◽  
Intestinal Fluid ◽  
Serum Iga

Lactoferrin (Lf) is a milk iron-binding glycoprotein that plays a role in iron transport and acts as both a bacteriostatic and a growth modulating agent. The aim of this study was to investigate the nature of immune responses induced by repeated oral administration of bovine milk Lf in mice. Groups of ten female BALB/c mice were fed daily for 4 weeks with two doses of protein antigen: a low (0·05 mg/g body weight per d) or high (1 mg/g body weight per d) dose of Lf, or water as a control. A fourth group was immunized intramuscularly with 0·01 mg Lf in complete Freund's adjuvant. Anti-Lf IgA and IgG were detected in the intestinal fluid and serum of mice given Lf. Total immunoglobulins were higher in the intestinal fluid in Lf groups than in the control group. No difference could be detected in the serum. IgA and IgG secretion was enhanced in Peyer's patches and spleen from Lf-fed mice, in comparison with controls. [3H] thymidine uptake into Peyer's patch and spleen cells from both control and Lf-fed mice was enhanced by 75 μg Lf/ml in vitro, but Lf groups had a greater proliferation rate than the control group. These findings suggested that Lf could act as an immunostimulating factor on the mucosal immune system and that activation of the mucosal immune system is dependent on the ability of Lf to bind to the intestinal mucosa.

scholarly journals The effect of Sea urchin (Diadema setosum) gonad extract on IgM and IgG antibodies production in BALB/c mice infected by Salmonella typhi

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Wa Ode Salma ◽  
Ilyas Yusuf ◽  
Marni Karo ◽  
La Banudi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Dietary Supplement ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Igm Antibody ◽  
Diadema Setosum

Background: Salmonella typhi infection decreases of the immune system and influences the adaptive antibodies among malnourished children. The gonad of Diadema setosum (D. setosum) is one of food sources from marine biota that contains high-quality nutrients and potentially can be used as a dietary supplement for typhoid fever condition.Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of gonad D. setosum extract on the production of antibody IgM and IgG in an animal model.Method: This experimental study was used BALB/c mice before and after infected Salmonella typhi through intraperitoneally at 0.2 mL x the unit 103 CFU/mL. The level of IgM and IgG production was measured by Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbent Assay (ELISA). Experimental animals were divided into 2 groups. The control group was only fed with standard diets, while at the intervention group received the extract of D. setosum gonad in two doses (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight).Results: Production of IgM antibodies in the control group significantly increased twofold (p=0.001) whereas the intervention group received the extracts of D. setosum gonad (200 mg/kg body weight) could suppress the increase in IgM antibody production and indicate the highest increase of IgG antibody significantly (p<0.05) at day 7.Conclusion: The gonad of Diadema setosum extracts (200 mg/kg body weight) could suppress the increase in IgM antibody productions and indicate the highest increase of IgG antibody titers in mice infected with Salmonella typhi. The role of anti-microbial substances of the gonad of Diadema setosum, is potential to be utilized as dietary supplement to increase body immune system among patients infected by Salmonella typhi.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study on the Effects of Different Parts of Panax ginseng on the Immune Activity of Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed Mice

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1096 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-xue Chen ◽  
Yu-li Qi ◽  
Zeng Qi ◽  
Kun Gao ◽  
Rui-ze Gong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nk Cell ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Ginseng Root ◽  
Phagocytic Index ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Immunodeficient Mice ◽  
Cell Mediated Immune Response ◽  
Carbon Clearance ◽  
Immunosuppressed Mice ◽  
Different Parts

The objective of the present study was to compare the effects of the immunological activity of various parts (root/stem/leaf/flower/seed) of five-year-old ginseng on the immune system of immunosuppressive mice. Immunosuppression was induced by cyclophosphamide (CTX) in the mouse model, whereas levamisole hydrochloride tablet (LTH) was used for the positive control group. We found that ginseng root (GRT), ginseng leaf (GLF), and ginseng flower (GFR) could relieve immunosuppression by increased viability of NK cells, enhanced immune organ index, improved cell-mediated immune response, increased content of CD4+ and ratio of CD4+/CD8+, and recovery of macrophage function, including carbon clearance, phagocytic rate, and phagocytic index, in immunodeficient mice. However, ginseng stem (GSM) and ginseng seed (GSD) could only enhance the thymus indices, carbon clearance, splenocyte proliferation, NK cell activities, and the level of IL-4 in immunosuppressed mice. In CTX-injected mice, GRT and GFR remarkably increased the protein expression of Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, SOD1, SOD2, and CAT in the spleen. As expected, oral administration of GRT and GFR markedly enhanced the production of cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, compared with the CTX-induced immunosuppressed mice, and GRT and GFR did this relatively better than GSM, GLF, and GSD. This study provides a theoretical basis for further study on different parts of ginseng.

scholarly journals Immunnostimulatory activity of Holothuria atra sea cucumber

Pharmacia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-127
Author(s):  
Muhammad Nursid ◽  
Gintung Patantis ◽  
Ariyanti S. Dewi ◽  
M. Janib Achmad ◽  
Prakoso M. Sembodo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
System Response ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Macrophage Cells ◽  
Holothuria Atra ◽  
Differentiation Test

Immunostimulant is a substance that can stimulate the immune system against pathogenic microbes. Natural products produced by sea cucumbers have the potential to be developed as immunostimulants. This study was aimed to evaluate the imunostimulatory activity of Holothuria atra extract using the phagocytocyte assay of macrophage cells and the differentiation of leukocyte in rats. The samples of H. atra were taken from Halmahera waters, North Maluku, Indonesia. Extraction was carried out with 96% ethanol. Phagocytocyte activity assay was carried out using macrophage cells isolated from Balb/c mice (Mus musculus) using a series of doses 0.5; 1.0; 2.0; 4.0; 8.0; 16.0 and 32.0 mg/kg body weight. Leukocyte differentiation test in vivo was conducted using Rattus norvegicus rat treated with H. atra extract for 90 days with the following series of doses: 0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight. The results showed that the highest phagocytosis activity was reached at a concentration of 4.0 µg/ml, but it was insignificantly different from the negative control group (p &lt; 0.05). Leukocyte differentiation assay showed that the administration of H. atra extract increased the immune system response in the animals which was characterized by the increasing number of lymphocyte cells. H. atra extract also decreased the number of monocytes and neutrophils, suggesting the suppression of inflammation in the tested rats. Extract administration for 90 days did not cause a hypersensitivity reaction as indicated by the unchanged number of eosinophil and basophil cells. Based on the results of this study, it is concluded that H. atra had a potency to develop as an immunostimulant.

L-Ascorbic Acid Addition to Chitosan Reduces Body Weight in Overweight Women

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun Y. Jung ◽  
Sung C. Jun ◽  
Un J. Chang ◽  
Hyung J. Suh
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
Overweight Women ◽  
Body Weights

Previously, we have found that the addition of L-ascorbic acid to chitosan enhanced the reduction in body weight gain in guinea pigs fed a high-fat diet. We hypothesized that the addition of L-ascorbic acid to chitosan would accelerate the reduction of body weight in humans, similar to the animal model. Overweight subjects administered chitosan with or without L-ascorbic acid for 8 weeks, were assigned to three groups: Control group (N = 26, placebo, vehicle only), Chito group (N = 27, 3 g/day chitosan), and Chito-vita group (N = 27, 3 g/day chitosan plus 2 g/day L-ascorbic acid). The body weights and body mass index (BMI) of the Chito and Chito-vita groups decreased significantly (p < 0.05) compared to the Control group. The BMI of the Chito-vita group decreased significantly compared to the Chito group (Chito: -1.0 kg/m2 vs. Chito-vita: -1.6 kg/m2, p < 0.05). The results showed that the chitosan enhanced reduction of body weight and BMI was accentuated by the addition of L-ascorbic acid. The fat mass, percentage body fat, body circumference, and skinfold thickness in the Chito and Chito-vita groups decreased more than the Control group; however, these parameters were not significantly different between the three groups. Chitosan combined with L-ascorbic acid may be useful for controlling body weight.

Tryptophan-Niacin Metabolism in Rat with Puromycin Aminonucleoside-Induced Nephrosis

2006 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukari Egashira ◽  
Shin Nagaki ◽  
Hiroo Sanada
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Puromycin Aminonucleoside ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Key Enzyme

We investigated the change of tryptophan-niacin metabolism in rats with puromycin aminonucleoside PAN-induced nephrosis, the mechanisms responsible for their change of urinary excretion of nicotinamide and its metabolites, and the role of the kidney in tryptophan-niacin conversion. PAN-treated rats were intraperitoneally injected once with a 1.0% (w/v) solution of PAN at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight. The collection of 24-hour urine was conducted 8 days after PAN injection. Daily urinary excretion of nicotinamide and its metabolites, liver and blood NAD, and key enzyme activities of tryptophan-niacin metabolism were determined. In PAN-treated rats, the sum of urinary excretion of nicotinamide and its metabolites was significantly lower compared with controls. The kidneyα-amino-β-carboxymuconate-ε-semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) activity in the PAN-treated group was significantly decreased by 50%, compared with the control group. Although kidney ACMSD activity was reduced, the conversion of tryptophan to niacin tended to be lower in the PAN-treated rats. A decrease in urinary excretion of niacin and the conversion of tryptophan to niacin in nephrotic rats may contribute to a low level of blood tryptophan. The role of kidney ACMSD activity may be minimal concerning tryptophan-niacin conversion under this experimental condition.

Systemic Thrombin Generation and Activity Resistant to Low Molecular Weight Heparin Administered Prior to Streptokinase in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (01) ◽  
pp. 057-061 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis W T Nilsen ◽  
Lasse Gøransson ◽  
Alf-Inge Larsen ◽  
Øyvind Hetland ◽  
Peter Kierulf
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Acute Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Low Molecular Weight Heparin ◽  
Troponin T ◽  
Bleeding Complications ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Creatine Kinase Mb

SummaryOne hundred patients were included in a randomized open trial to assess the systemic factor Xa (FXa) and thrombin inhibitory effect as well as the safety profile of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) given subcutaneously in conjunction with streptokinase (SK) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI). The treatment was initiated prior to SK, followed by repeated injections every 12 h for 7 days, using a dose of 150 anti-Xa units per kg body weight. The control group received unfractionated heparin (UFH) 12,500 IU subcutaneously every 12 h for 7 days, initiated 4 h after start of SK infusion. All patients received acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) initiated prior to SK.Serial blood samples were collected prior to and during the first 24 h after initiation of SK infusion for determination of prothrombin fragment 1+2 (Fl+2), thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT) complexes, fibrinopeptide A (FPA) and cardiac enzymes. Bleeding complications and adverse events were carefully accounted for.Infarct characteristics, as judged by creatine kinase MB isoenzyme (CK-MB) and cardiac troponin T (cTnT), were similar in both groups of patients.A comparable transient increase in Fl+2, TAT and FPA was noted irrespective of heparin regimen. Increased anti-Xa activity in patients given LMWH prior to thrombolytic treatment had no impact on indices of systemic thrombin activation.The incidence of major bleedings was significantly higher in patients receiving LMWH as compared to patients receiving UFH. However, the occurrence of bleedings was modified after reduction of the initial LMWH dose to 100 anti-Xa units per kg body weight.In conclusion, systemic FXa- and thrombin activity following SK-infusion in patients with acute MI was uninfluenced by conjunctive LMWH treatment.

Overtraining of aerobic physical exercise reduce rats (Rattus norvegicus) memory

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ni Made Ridla Parwata
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Adult Male Rat ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Heavy Training

Overtraining syndrome is a decrease in physical capacity, emotions and immunity due to training that is too often without adequate periods of rest. Overtraining is often experienced by athletes who daily undergo heavy training with short break periods. This research aims to look at the effect of overtraining aerobic physical exercise on memory in mice. The research method was experimental in vivo with the subject of adult male rat (Rattus Norvegicus) Winstar strain aged 8-10 weeks, body weight 200-250 gr. Divided into three groups, namely the control group, aerobic group and overtraining group. The results of memory tests with water E Maze showed an increase in the duration of travel time and the number of animal errors made by the overtraining group (p = 0.003). This study concludes that overtraining aerobic physical exercise can reduce memory in rat hippocampus.

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