scholarly journals Dose-Dependent Beneficial Effects of Tryptophan and Its Derived Metabolites on Akkermansia In Vitro: A Preliminary Prospective Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1511
Author(s):  
Jia Yin ◽  
Yujie Song ◽  
Yaozhong Hu ◽  
Yuanyifei Wang ◽  
Bowei Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Physiological Function ◽  
Tryptophan Metabolism ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

Akkermansia muciniphila, a potential probiotic, has been proven to lessen the effects of several diseases. As established, the relative abundance of Akkermansia is positively correlated with tryptophan metabolism. However, the reciprocal interaction between tryptophan and Akkemansia is still unclear. Herein, for the first time, the possible effects of tryptophan and its derived metabolites on A. muciniphila were preliminarily investigated, including growth, physiological function, and metabolism. Obtained results suggested that 0.4 g/L of tryptophan treatment could significantly promote the growth of A. muciniphila. Notably, when grown in BHI with 0.8 g/L of tryptophan, the hydrophobicity and adhesion of A. muciniphila were significantly improved, potentially due to the increase in the rate of cell division. Furthermore, A. muciniphila metabolized tryptophan to indole, indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-carboxaldehyde, and indole-3-lactic acid. Indoles produced by gut microbiota could significantly promote the growth of A. muciniphila. These results could provide a valuable reference for future research on the relationship between tryptophan metabolism and A. muciniphila.

scholarly journals Ruminal bioshynthesis of aromatic amino acids from arylacetic acids, glucose, shikimic acid and phenol

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kristensen
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Phenylacetic Acid ◽  
Shikimic Acid ◽  
Aromatic Amino Acids ◽  
Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid ◽  
Arylacetic Acids ◽  
First Time ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

1. Ruminal metabolism of labelled phenylacetic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, glucose, shikimic acid, phenol, and serine was studied in vitro by short-term incubation with special reference to incorporation rates into aromatic amino acids.2. Earlier reports on reductive carboxylation of phenylacetic acid and indole-3-acetic acid in the rumen were confirmed and the formation of tyrosine from 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid was demonstrated for the first time.3. The amount of phenylalanine synthesized from phenylacetic acid was estimated to be 2 mg/1 rumen contents per 24 h, whereas the amount synthesized from glucose might be eight times as great, depending on diet.4. Shikimic acid was a poor precursor of the aromatic amino acids, presumably owing to its slow entry into rumen bacteria.5. A slow conversion of phenol into tyrosine was observed.

scholarly journals AZP2006, a new promising treatment for Alzheimer’s and related diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Callizot ◽  
C. Estrella ◽  
S. Burlet ◽  
A. Henriques ◽  
C. Brantis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Application ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Potential Therapeutic Application ◽  
Promising Treatment ◽  
Central Synapses ◽  
First Time ◽  
Pgrn Level

AbstractProgranulin (PGRN) is a protein with multiple functions including the regulation of neuroinflammation, neuronal survival, neurite and synapsis growth. Although the mechanisms of action of PGRN are currently unknown, its potential therapeutic application in treating neurodegenerative diseases is huge. Thus, strategies to increase PGRN levels in patients could provide an effective treatment. In the present study, we investigated the effects of AZP2006, a lysotropic molecule now in phase 2a clinical trial in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy patients, for its ability to increase PGRN level and promote neuroprotection. We showed for the first time the in vitro and in vivo neuroprotective effects of AZP2006 in neurons injured with Aβ1–42 and in two different pathological animal models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and aging. Thus, the chronic treatment with AZP2006 was shown to reduce the loss of central synapses and neurons but also to dramatically decrease the massive neuroinflammation associated with the animal pathology. A deeper investigation showed that the beneficial effects of AZP2006 were associated with PGRN production. Also, AZP2006 binds to PSAP (the cofactor of PGRN) and inhibits TLR9 receptors normally responsible for proinflammation when activated. Altogether, these results showed the high potential of AZP2006 as a new putative treatment for AD and related diseases.

scholarly journals Dose–Response Effects of 3-Nitrooxypropanol Combined with Low- and High-Concentrate Feed Proportions in the Dairy Cow Ration on Fermentation Parameters in a Rumen Simulation Technique

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1784
Author(s):  
Matthias Schilde ◽  
Dirk von Soosten ◽  
Liane Hüther ◽  
Susanne Kersten ◽  
Ulrich Meyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Simulation Technique ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Dose Dependent

Methane (CH4) from ruminal feed degradation is a major pollutant from ruminant livestock, which calls for mitigation strategies. The purpose of the present 4 × 2 factorial arrangement was to investigate the dose–response relationships between four doses of the CH4 inhibitor 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) and potential synergistic effects with low (LC) or high (HC) concentrate feed proportions (CFP) on CH4 reduction as both mitigation approaches differ in their mode of action (direct 3-NOP vs. indirect CFP effects). Diet substrates and 3-NOP were incubated in a rumen simulation technique to measure the concentration and production of volatile fatty acids (VFA), fermentation gases as well as substrate disappearance. Negative side effects on fermentation regarding total VFA and gas production as well as nutrient degradability were observed for neither CFP nor 3-NOP. CH4 production decreased from 10% up to 97% in a dose-dependent manner with increasing 3-NOP inclusion rate (dose: p < 0.001) but irrespective of CFP (CFP × dose: p = 0.094). Hydrogen gas accumulated correspondingly with increased 3-NOP dose (dose: p < 0.001). In vitro pH (p = 0.019) and redox potential (p = 0.066) varied by CFP, whereas the latter fluctuated with 3-NOP dose (p = 0.01). Acetate and iso-butyrate (mol %) decreased with 3-NOP dose, whereas iso-valerate increased (dose: p < 0.001). Propionate and valerate varied inconsistently due to 3-NOP supplementation. The feed additive 3-NOP was proven to be a dose-dependent yet effective CH4 inhibitor under conditions in vitro. The observed lack of additivity of increased CFP on the CH4 inhibition potential of 3-NOP needs to be verified in future research testing further diet types both in vitro and in vivo.

scholarly journals N-acetyl-L-cysteine Improves the Developmental Competence of Bovine Oocytes and Embryos Cultured In Vitro by Attenuating Oxidative Damage and Apoptosis

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 860
Author(s):  
Wu-Sheng Sun ◽  
Hoon Jang ◽  
Mi-Ryung Park ◽  
Keon Bong Oh ◽  
Haesun Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Developmental Competence ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Developmental Rates ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Bovine Oocytes ◽  
Dose Dependent

Oxidative stress has been suggested to negatively affect oocyte and embryo quality and developmental competence, resulting in failure to reach full term. In this study, we investigated the effect of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), a cell-permeating antioxidant, on developmental competence and the quality of oocytes and embryos upon supplementation (0.1–10 mM) in maturation and culture medium in vitro using slaughterhouse-derived oocytes and embryos. The results show that treating oocytes with 1.0 mM NAC for 8 h during in vitro maturation attenuated the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) (p < 0.05) and upregulated intracellular glutathione levels (p < 0.01) in oocytes. Interestingly, we found that NAC affects early embryonic development, not only in a dose-dependent, but also in a stage-specific, manner. Significantly (p < 0.05) decreased cleavage rates (90.25% vs. 81.46%) were observed during the early stage (days 0–2), while significantly (p < 0.05) increased developmental rates (38.20% vs. 44.46%) were observed during the later stage (from day 3) of embryonic development. In particular, NAC supplementation decreased the proportion of apoptotic blastomeres significantly (p < 0.05), resulting in enhanced hatching capability and developmental rates during the in vitro culture of embryos. Taken together, our results suggest that NAC supplementation has beneficial effects on bovine oocytes and embryos through the prevention of apoptosis and the elimination of oxygen free radicals during maturation and culture in vitro.

scholarly journals Deservingness for "Family 500 +" Benefit in Poland: Qualitative Study of Internet Debates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Michoń
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Online Forums ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Social Surveys ◽  
Cash Benefit ◽  
Internet Forums ◽  
Welfare Attitudes ◽  
New Criterion ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe need for qualitative research of deservingness perception is strongly emphasised in the literature. This article studies the perception of deservingness for a "Family 500 +"—cash benefit in Poland. For the first time, data from online forums was used in the studies of deservingness and welfare attitudes. It allowed to avoid numerous limitations associated with social surveys. The qualitative analysis showed how participants of Internet debates perceive the criteria of deservingness: control, attitude, reciprocity, identity, need, and what are the relations between the criteria. The impurity of all deservingness criteria was indicated and a new criterion “adequacy” was proposed. Moreover due to the fact that the study concerned a concrete, non-abstract family cash benefit addressed the relationship between the perceived deservingness of children and their parents was pointed out. The vast majority of posts on Internet forums referred to deservingness of parents, not children. This is particularly evident in relation to the criteria of control and reciprocity. Presenting the hypothesis of jealousy and scapegoat strategy, the article also shows the direction of future research on deservingness.

scholarly journals The ectopic expression of Arabidopsis glucosyltransferase UGT74D1 affects leaf positioning through modulating indole-3-acetic acid homeostasis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanghui Jin ◽  
Bingkai Hou ◽  
Guizhi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Leaf Angle ◽  
Kinase Substrate ◽  
Auxin Distribution ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Photosynthesis Efficiency ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

AbstractLeaf angle is an important agronomic trait affecting photosynthesis efficiency and crop yield. Although the mechanisms involved in the leaf angle control are intensively studied in monocots, factors contribute to the leaf angle in dicots are largely unknown. In this article, we explored the physiological roles of an Arabidopsis glucosyltransferase, UGT74D1, which have been proved to be indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) glucosyltransferase in vitro. We found that UGT74D1 possessed the enzymatic activity toward IAA glucosylation in vivo and its expression was induced by auxins. The ectopically expressed UGT74D1 obviously reduced the leaf angle with an altered IAA level, auxin distribution and cell size in leaf tissues. The expression of several key genes involved in the leaf shaping and leaf positioning, including PHYTOCHROME KINASE SUBSTRATE (PKS) genes and TEOSINTE BRANCHED1, CYCLOIDEA, and PCF (TCP) genes, were dramatically changed by ectopic expression of UGT74D1. In addition, clear transcription changes of YUCCA genes and other auxin related genes can be observed in overexpression lines. Taken together, our data indicate that glucosyltransferase UGT74D1 could affect leaf positioning through modulating auxin homeostasis and regulating transcription of PKS and TCP genes, suggesting a potential new role of UGT74D1 in regulation of leaf angle in dicot Arabidopsis.

scholarly journals Intermittent Hypoxia Affects the Spontaneous DifferentiationIn Vitroof Human Neutrophils into Long-Lived Giant Phagocytes

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larissa Dyugovskaya ◽  
Slava Berger ◽  
Andrey Polyakov ◽  
Peretz Lavie ◽  
Lena Lavie
Keyword(s):  
Nadph Oxidase ◽  
Intermittent Hypoxia ◽  
Oxidase Inhibitor ◽  
Human Neutrophils ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Oxygen Conditions ◽  
Extended Lifespan ◽  
First Time ◽  
Dose Dependent

Previously we identified, for the first time, a new small-size subset of neutrophil-derived giant phagocytes (Gϕ) which spontaneously developin vitrowithout additional growth factors or cytokines. Gϕare CD66b+/CD63+/MPO+/LC3B+and are characterized by extended lifespan, large phagolysosomes, active phagocytosis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and autophagy largely controls their formation. Hypoxia, and particularly hypoxia/reoxygenation, is a prominent feature of many pathological processes. Herein we investigated Gϕformation by applying various hypoxic conditions. Chronic intermittent hypoxia (IH) (29 cycles/day for 5 days) completely abolished Gϕformation, while acute IH had dose-dependent effects. Exposure to 24 h (56 IH cycles) decreased their size, yield, phagocytic ability, autophagy, mitophagy, and gp91-phox/p22-phoxexpression, whereas under 24 h sustained hypoxia (SH) the size and expression of LC3B and gp91-phox/p22-phoxresembled Gϕformed in normoxia. Diphenyl iodide (DPI), a NADPH oxidase inhibitor, as well as the PI3K/Akt and autophagy inhibitor LY294002 abolished Gϕformation at all oxygen conditions. However, the potent antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) abrogated the effects of IH by inducing large CD66b+/LC3B+Gϕand increased both NADPH oxidase expression and phagocytosis. These findings suggest that NADPH oxidase, autophagy, and the PI3K/Akt pathway are involved in Gϕdevelopment.

scholarly journals Intestinal Absorption Profile of Three Polygala Oligosaccharide Esters in Polygalae Radix and the Effects of Other Components in Polygalae Radix on Their Absorption

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
YinYing Ba ◽  
MengLin Wang ◽  
KunFeng Zhang ◽  
QiJun Chen ◽  
JiaJia Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Sodium Caprate ◽  
P Glycoprotein ◽  
Paracellular Absorption ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Rat Gut ◽  
Human Nervous System

Oligosaccharide esters, which are among the main active components of Polygalae Radix (PR), demonstrate significant pharmacological activities in the human nervous system. In our previous research, some other constituents in PR were able to improve the bioavailability of oligosaccharide esters such as sibiricose A5 (SA5), sibiricose A6 (SA6), and 3,6′-disinapoyl sucrose (DISS), but the related components and their underlying mechanisms remain unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the intestinal absorptive profile of SA5, SA6, and DISS and the absorptive behavior influenced by the coadministration of polygalaxanthone III and total saponins of PR (TS) using an in vitro everted rat gut sac model, along with the possible mechanisms that may influence absorption. The results showed that TS could significantly enhance the absorption of SA5, SA6, and DISS monomers. Verapamil, a P-glycoprotein inhibitor, was able to elevate the absorption of SA5 and SA6, and an absorption experiment using Rho123 led us to conclude that TS influenced the absorption of SA5 and SA6 in a manner similar to that of a P-glycoprotein inhibitor. Sodium caprate, a paracellular absorption enhancer, was found to increase the absorption of SA5, SA6, and DISS. Results showed that the absorption mechanisms of SA5 and SA6 may combine active transport with paracellular passive penetration, while DISS’s absorption was dominated by paracellular passive penetration. However, the relationship between polygala saponins and the absorption of SA5, SA6, and DISS by paracellular passive penetration remain to be examined. This is the direction of our future research.

scholarly journals Effects of Variations in Hormonal Treatments Upon In vitro Regeneration Potential in Embryo Explants of Arenga pinnata

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 495-503
Author(s):  
Shamsiah Abdullah ◽  
Siti Nurain Roslan
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
In Vitro Regeneration ◽  
Hormonal Treatment ◽  
Height Increment ◽  
Regeneration Potential ◽  
In Vitro Method ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid ◽  
Hormonal Treatments

One of the challenges related to propagation of Arenga pinnata is its lengthy period of seed dormancy. In this study, in vitro regeneration was carried out to determine the effect of hormonal treatment on the embryo explant of Arenga pinnata. Embryos were surface sterilized and cultured into different media supplemented with various hormones concentrations and combinations. Each treatment contained of Kinetin (KN) hormone (1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mg/l) and in combination with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 mg/l. The height of plumule and length of radical was observed and recorded. Treatment 8 (3 mg/ml KN + 0.1 mg/ml IAA) showed 59.09% in plumule height increment while treatment 4 (1 mg/ml KN + 0.3 mg/ml IAA) showed the highest radical increments with 93.62%. The knowledge gained in this study consequently helps us to better understand the role of KN and IAA in the in vitro regeneration protocol. Since in vitro method able to produce higher number of in vitro seedlings at one time, it is important to establish the in vitro regeneration protocol for this plant.

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