scholarly journals Microorganisms Associated with Mosquito Oviposition Sites: Implications for Habitat Selection and Insect Life Histories

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1589
Author(s):  
Maxime Girard ◽  
Edwige Martin ◽  
Laurent Vallon ◽  
Vincent Raquin ◽  
Christophe Bellet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
Breeding Site ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Mosquito Oviposition ◽  
Oviposition Strategies ◽  
Pathogenic Agents ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Major Pathogens ◽  
Mosquito Females ◽  
Oviposition Sites

Mosquitoes are considered one of the most important threats worldwide due to their ability to vector pathogens. They are responsible for the transmission of major pathogens such as malaria, dengue, zika, or chikungunya. Due to the lack of treatments or prophylaxis against many of the transmitted pathogens and an increasing prevalence of mosquito resistance to insecticides and drugs available, alternative strategies are now being explored. Some of these involve the use of microorganisms as promising agent to limit the fitness of mosquitoes, attract or repel them, and decrease the replication and transmission of pathogenic agents. In recent years, the importance of microorganisms colonizing the habitat of mosquitoes has particularly been investigated since they appeared to play major roles in their development and diseases transmission. In this issue, we will synthesize researches investigating how microorganisms present within water habitats may influence breeding site selection and oviposition strategies of gravid mosquito females. We will also highlight the impact of such microbes on the fate of females’ progeny during their immature stages with a specific focus on egg hatching, development rate, and larvae or pupae survival.

scholarly journals Microorganisms Associated With Mosquito Oviposition Sites: Implications for Habitat Selection and Insect Life Histories

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxime Girard ◽  
Edwige Martin ◽  
Laurent Vallon ◽  
Vincent Raquin ◽  
Christophe Bellet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
Breeding Site ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Promising Agent ◽  
Mosquito Oviposition ◽  
Pathogenic Agents ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Major Pathogens ◽  
Mosquito Females ◽  
Oviposition Sites

Mosquitoes are considered one of the most important threats worldwide due to their ability to vector pathogens. They are responsible for the transmission of major pathogens such as Malaria, dengue, Zika or Chikungunya. Due to the lack of treatments or prophylaxis against many of the transmitted pathogens and an increasing prevalence of mosquito resistance to insecticides and drugs available, alternative strategies are now being explored. Some of these involve the use of microorganisms as promising agent to limit the fitness of mosquitoes, attract or repel them and decrease the replication and transmission of pathogenic agents. In recent years, the importance of microorganisms colonizing the habitat of mosquitoes has particularly been investigated since they appeared to play major roles in their development and diseases transmission. In this issue we will synthesize researches investigating how microorganisms present within water habitats may influence breeding site selection and oviposition strategy of gravid mosquito females. We will also highlight the impact, effect of such microbes on the fate of females’ progeny during their immature stages with a specific focus on egg hatching, development rate and larvae of pupae survival.

scholarly journals The impact of alternative rebuilding strategies to rebuild overfished stocks

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (9) ◽  
pp. 2190-2207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chantel R. Wetzel ◽  
André E. Punt ◽  
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Estimation Error ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Strategy Evaluation ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Us West

Abstract Ending overfishing and rebuilding fish stocks to levels that provide for optimum sustainable yield is a concern for fisheries management worldwide. In the United States, fisheries managers are legally mandated to end overfishing and to implement rebuilding plans for fish stocks that fall below minimum stock size thresholds. Rebuilding plans should lead to recovery to target stock sizes within 10 years, except in situations where the life history of the stock or environmental conditions dictate otherwise. Federally managed groundfish species along the US West Coast have diverse life histories where some are able to rebuild quickly from overfished status, while others, specifically rockfish (Sebastes spp.), may require decades for rebuilding. A management strategy evaluation which assumed limited estimation error was conducted to evaluate the performance of alternative strategies for rebuilding overfished stocks for these alternative US West Coast life histories. Generally, the results highlight the trade-off between the reduction of catches during rebuilding vs. the length of rebuilding. The most precautionary rebuilding plans requiring the greatest harvest reduction resulted in higher average catches over the entire projection period compared with strategies that required a longer rebuilding period with less of a reduction in rebuilding catch. Attempting to maintain a 50% probability of rebuilding was the poorest performing rebuilding strategy for all life histories, resulting in a large number of changes to the rebuilding plan, increased frequency of failing to meet rebuilding targets, and higher variation in catch. The rebuilding plans that implemented a higher initial rebuilding probability (≥60%) for determining rebuilding fishing mortality and targets generally resulted in fewer changes to the rebuilding plans and rebuilt by the target rebuilding year, particularly for stocks with the longer rebuilding plans (e.g. rockfishes).

scholarly journals Evaluation of Multiple Impacts of Furfural Acetone on Nematodes In Vitro and Control Efficiency against Root-Knot Nematodes in Pots and Fields

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 605
Author(s):  
Wanli Cheng ◽  
Xue Yang ◽  
Li Zeng ◽  
Dian Huang ◽  
Minmin Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Disease Index ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Control Efficiency ◽  
The Impact

Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) seriously endanger agricultural development and cause great economic losses worldwide. Natural product furfural acetone (FAc) is a promising nematicide with strong attractant and nematicidal activities, but baseline information about the impact of FAc on the reproduction, egg hatching, feeding, and growth of nematodes and its pest control efficiency in field are lacking. Here, the inhibition effects of FAc on nematodes in vitro and its RKN control efficiency in pot and field were investigated. FAc inhibited the egg hatching of Meloidogyne incognita by 91.7% at 200 mg/L after 2 days and suppressed the reproduction, feeding, and growth of Caenorhabditis elegans in vitro. In pot experiments, FAc in various dosages reduced the disease index of plant root significantly. In field experiments, FAc exhibited control effect on RKNs equivalent to commercial nematicides avermectin and metam sodium, with a reduction in disease index by 36.9% at a dose of 50 mg/plant. FAc also reduced the population density of RKNs in soil, with a reduction rate of 75.3% at the dose of 750 mg/m2. No adverse effect was detected on plant growth after FAc application. These results provide compelling evidence for development of FAc as an appropriate alternative for current nematicides.

Challenges of researching gendered violence

2018 ◽  
pp. 33-50
Author(s):  
Suzanne Franzway ◽  
Nicole Moulding ◽  
Sarah Wendt ◽  
Carole Zufferey ◽  
Donna Chung
Keyword(s):  
Partner Violence ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
National Study ◽  
Gendered Violence ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Empirical Foundation

This chapter is focused on the challenges of researching gendered violence. Here, the chapter presents the empirical foundation and design of a large-scale national study conducted across Australia; which included a major survey, in-depth interviews, and constructed life histories. This chapter also considers some of the challenges faced when conducting and participating in gendered violence research in the context of the politics of ignorance and sexual politics. Given the risks that can flow from participating in and conducting research into gendered violence, it was particularly vital that the study was tightly conceptualised and methodologically sound, so that the benefits of participation by contributing to the development of new knowledge clearly outweighed any risks. The research study outlined here aimed to reveal the breadth and interconnected nature of the impact of intimate partner violence on women's citizenship as part of challenging wilful ignorance about violence and its relationship to gender inequality. As such, this research was an inherently political project that involved balancing a number of key considerations.

Life histories, ecological tolerance limits, and the evolution of geographic range size in Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae)

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Mathews ◽  
Stephen P. Bonser
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Geographic Range ◽  
Range Size ◽  
Tolerance Limits ◽  
Physiological Tolerance ◽  
Australian Continent ◽  
The Impact

Current theories explaining variability in species geographic range sizes in plants tend to focus on how traits associated with either physiological tolerance limits or life histories are related to range size. In trees, aspects of both physiological tolerance (e.g. drought tolerance) and life history (e.g. life span and growth rate) are related to stem traits such as wood density and height relative to diameter. We examined how the evolution of stem traits is related to geographic range sizes in Eucalyptus at two spatial scales: across the Australian continent and within the wet forests near the east coast of Australia. Geographic range sizes were estimated from herbarium records. Stem trait data were collected from both natural populations and published sources. We used phylogenetically independent contrasts to test for evolutionary associations between stem traits and geographic range sizes. Across Australia, the evolution of stem traits conferring drought tolerance were not consistently associated greater range sizes. This was surprising since arid and semi-arid environments are geographically expansive. Within the eastern forests, the evolution of stem traits defining slow growing, competitively dominant life histories were associated with greater range sizes. These stem traits should confer both a capacity to disperse into previously unoccupied habitats and the ability to persist in habitats already occupied. Traits associated with physiological tolerance and life history had significant effects on the evolution of range sizes in Eucalyptus. However, we demonstrate that the impact of these traits on range size evolution depends on both environmental conditions and the scale at which these traits are examined.

Renovation in hospitals: a case study on the use of control cubes for local repairs in health-care facilities

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-257
Author(s):  
Ehsan Mousavi ◽  
Vivek Sharma ◽  
Dhaval Gajjar ◽  
Shervin Shoai Naini
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Repair Work ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Care Facilities ◽  
Pathogenic Agents ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the control cubes for dust control in health-care facilities. Research shows that more than 80% of pathogenic agents in hospitals are spread into the air, where they either remain airborne or deposit on the surface. At the same time, renovation and repair activities, including regular maintenance, are a necessity in active health-care facilities and a multitude of studies have documented their impact on indoor air quality. The dust that is generated by construction activities may potentially carry pathogenic agents, varying from coarse particles (≤10 µm, PM10) to fine particles (≤2.5 µm, PM2.5), including airborne bacteria, and fungal spores linked to high patient mortality in immune-compromised patients. Design/methodology/approach This study measures the impact and effectiveness of one such preventative measure, namely, the control cube (CC), on air quality during renovation and repair. CC is a temporary structure, typically made from stainless steel, around the local repair zone to minimize the spread of dust and potential microorganisms. The current paper presents a comparative analysis to identify the effectiveness of a CC equipped with the high-efficiency particulate filtration (HEPA) filter in a hospital setting by simulating construction renovation and repair work. Findings A baseline was established to measure the effectiveness of CCs and the impact of negative pressure on the indoor air quality in a hospital during simulated renovation work. Results showed that CCs are very effective in minimizing the spread of dust due to construction activities in the hospital. However, it is imperative to ensure that the air inside the CC is cleaned via filtration. Originality/value CCs are very effective, and this paper investigates the best approach for facility managers to implement this strategy.

The ‘elected’ and the ‘excluded’: sociological perspectives on the experience of place and community in old age

2007 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRIS PHILLIPSON
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Community Change ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Social Divisions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Community Attachments

This article explores various issues concerned with belonging and identity in the context of community change and residential location. It examines the changing nature of community attachments in later life, and their impacts on the quality of old age lives. It also notes the increased importance of environmental perspectives within gerontology, not least because environments are being transformed through the diverse social, cultural and economic changes associated with globalisation. The argument is developed that globalisation offers a new approach to thinking about community and environmental relationships in later life, and that the impact of global change at a local level has become an important dimension of sociological aspects of community change. It is argued that it is especially important to apply these perspectives to older people, given that many have resided in the same locality for long periods. At the same time, globalisation also gives rise to new types of movement in old age, and is constructing an expanding mix of spaces, communities and lifestyle settings. A key argument of the article, however, is that global processes are generating new social divisions, as between those able to choose residential locations consistent with their biographies and life histories, and those who experience rejection or marginalisation from their locality.

Evaluation of BG-Sentinel Trap Trapping Efficacy for Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in a Visually Competitive Environment

2010 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 657-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara S. Ball ◽  
Scott R. Ritchie
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Olfactory Cues ◽  
Visual Environment ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Gravid Females ◽  
Nulliparous Female ◽  
Bg Sentinel ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Oviposition Sites

Abstract The BG-Sentinel (BGS) trap uses visual and olfactory cues as well as convection currents to attract Aedes aegypti (L.). The impact of the visual environment on trapping efficacy of the BGS trap for Ae. aegypti was investigated. Four- to 5-d nulliparous female and male Ae. aegypti were released into a semicontrolled room to evaluate the effect of the presence, reflectance, and distribution of surrounding harborage sites on BGS trapping efficacy. Low-reflective (dark) harborage sites near the BGS had a negative effect on both male and nulliparous female recapture rates; however, a more pronounced effect was observed in males. The distribution (clustered versus scattered) of dark harborage sites did not significantly affect recapture rates in either sex. In a subsequent experiment, the impact of oviposition sites on the recapture rate of gravid females was investigated. Although gravid females went to the oviposition sites and deposited eggs, the efficacy of the BGS in recapturing gravid females was not compromised. Ae. aegypti sampling in the field will mostly occur in the urban environment, whereby the BGS will be among oviposition sites and dark harborage areas in the form of household items and outdoor clutter. In addition to understanding sampling biases of the BGS, estimations of the adult population size and structure can be further adjusted based on an understanding of the impact of dark harborage sites on trap captures. Outcomes from this suite of experiments provide us with important considerations for trap deployment and interpretation of Ae. aegypti samples from the BGS trap.

DIFFERENCES IN POST-DIAPAUSE THERMAL REQUIREMENTS FOR EGGS OF TWO RANGELAND GRASSHOPPERS

1987 ◽  
Vol 119 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 653-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
William P. Kemp ◽  
Norma E. Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Grasshopper Species ◽  
Thermal Requirements ◽  
Diapause Development ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Oviposition Sites ◽  
Accumulated Degree Days

AbstractA study was conducted to examine the springtime hatching characteristics of Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.) and Aulocara elliotti (Thomas) eggs on rangeland. Laboratory experiments showed that eggs of M. sanguinipes required fewer accumulated degree days (DD) to complete post-diapause development than those of A. elliotti at a constant temperature of 23.3°C. Springtime field observations revealed that A. elliotti nymphs emerged prior to or concurrent with M. sanguinipes. Additionally, results suggest that A. elliotti nymphs emerge over a shorter interval than M. sanguinipes. Much of the variation in springtime emergence could be attributed to species-specific oviposition sites, pod depth, and pod orientation that resulted in A. elliotti eggs accumulating heat more rapidly than M. sanguinipes eggs. Results help explain some of the variation found in egg hatching of these two grasshopper species on rangeland.

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