Quinoa Secondary Metabolites and Their Biological Activities or Functions

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) was known as the “golden grain” by the native Andean people in South America, and has been a source of valuable food over thousands of years. It can produce a variety of secondary metabolites with broad spectra of bioactivities. At least 193 secondary metabolites from quinoa have been identiﬁed in the past 40 years. They mainly include phenolic acids, ﬂavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, and nitrogen-containing compounds. These metabolites exhibit many physiological functions, such as insecticidal, molluscicidal and antimicrobial activities, as well as various kinds of biological activities such as antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-diabetic and anti-inﬂammatory properties. This review focuses on our knowledge of the structures, biological activities and functions of quinoa secondary metabolites. Biosynthesis, development and utilization of the secondary metabolites especially from quinoa bran were prospected.

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An Insight into Saponins from Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd): A Review

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25051059 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (5) ◽

pp. 1059 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Khadija El Hazzam ◽

Jawhar Hafsa ◽

Mansour Sobeh ◽

Manal Mhada ◽

Moha Taourirte ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Treatment ◽

Bitter Taste ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Chenopodium Quinoa ◽

Toxic Effects ◽

Mechanical Abrasion ◽

Important Group ◽

The Past ◽

Wide Range ◽

Insight Into

Saponins are an important group found in Chenopodium quinoa. They represent an obstacle for the use of quinoa as food for humans and animal feeds because of their bitter taste and toxic effects, which necessitates their elimination. Several saponins elimination methods have been examined to leach the saponins from the quinoa seeds; the wet technique remains the most used at both laboratory and industrial levels. Dry methods (heat treatment, extrusion, roasting, or mechanical abrasion) and genetic methods have also been evaluated. The extraction of quinoa saponins can be carried out by several methods; conventional technologies such as maceration and Soxhlet are the most utilized methods. However, recent research has focused on technologies to improve the efficiency of extraction. At least 40 saponin structures from quinoa have been isolated in the past 30 years, the derived molecular entities essentially being phytolaccagenic, oleanolic and serjanic acids, hederagenin, 3β,23,30 trihydroxy olean-12-en-28-oic acid, 3β-hydroxy-27-oxo-olean-12en-28-oic acid, and 3β,23,30 trihydroxy olean-12-en-28-oic acid. These metabolites exhibit a wide range of biological activities, such as molluscicidal, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, hemolytic, and cytotoxic properties.

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Secondary Metabolites from Gorgonian Corals of the Genus Eunicella: Structural Characterizations, Biological Activities, and Synthetic Approaches

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25010129 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 129

Author(s):

Dario Matulja ◽

Maria Kolympadi Markovic ◽

Gabriela Ambrožić ◽

Sylvain Laclef ◽

Sandra Kraljević Pavelić ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Structural Characteristics ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Chemical Structures ◽

Gorgonian Corals ◽

Synthetic Approaches ◽

Further Development

Gorgonian corals, which belong to the genus Eunicella, are known as natural sources of diverse compounds with unique structural characteristics and interesting bioactivities both in vitro and in vivo. This review is focused primarily on the secondary metabolites isolated from various Eunicella species. The chemical structures of 64 compounds were divided into three main groups and comprehensively presented: a) terpenoids, b) sterols, and c) alkaloids and nucleosides. The observed biological activities of depicted metabolites with an impact on cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities were reviewed. The most promising biological activities of certain metabolites point to potential candidates for further development in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and other industries, and are highlighted. Total synthesis or the synthetic approaches towards the desired skeletons or natural products are also summarized.

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Essential oil from Piperaceae as a potential for biopesticide agents: a review

Food Research ◽

10.26656/fr.2017.4(s5).007 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (S5) ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

N.A. Abdullah ◽

W.Z.W.M. Zain ◽

H.A. Hamid ◽

N.W. Ramli

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Biological Activities ◽

The United States ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Present Information ◽

United States Food ◽

Synthetic Pesticide ◽

States Food

This review is aimed to present information on the properties of Piperaceae which can be potentially used as a biopesticide. The chemical compounds involved in were different as each species consist of different amount of secondary metabolites which then leads to different properties. In recent years, several reports have been published regarding the composition and the biological activities of the essential oils of Piper species. These studies have highlighted the existence of marked chemical differences among oils extracted from different species or varieties. Analysis of volatile constituents from Piperaceae species has revealed the presence of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and arylpropanoids that have shown interesting biological properties including cytotoxic, fungistatic, insecticide, molluscicidal, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Essential oils are natural complex secondary metabolites characterized by strong odour, volatility and have generally lower density than water. Due to their volatility, essential oils are environmentally non-persistent. On top of that, essential oils are ‘generally recognized as safe’ by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Since technology has become more advanced, people started to replace synthetic pesticide with bio-pesticide. The demand for EO has increased as it has biological properties that can be used to replace synthetic pesticide

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Rice Secondary Metabolites: Structures, Roles, Biosynthesis, and Metabolic Regulation

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules23123098 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (12) ◽

pp. 3098 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Weixuan Wang ◽

Yuying Li ◽

Pengqin Dang ◽

Siji Zhao ◽

Daowan Lai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Metabolic Regulation ◽

Oryza Sativa L ◽

Biological Activities ◽

World Population ◽

Biological Functions ◽

Important Food ◽

The Past ◽

Regulatory Effects ◽

Insect Activity

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important food crop providing energy and nutrients for more than half of the world population. It produces vast amounts of secondary metabolites. At least 276 secondary metabolites from rice have been identified in the past 50 years. They mainly include phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, and their derivatives. These metabolites exhibit many physiological functions, such as regulatory effects on rice growth and development, disease-resistance promotion, anti-insect activity, and allelopathic effects, as well as various kinds of biological activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory properties. This review focuses on our knowledge of the structures, biological functions and activities, biosynthesis, and metabolic regulation of rice secondary metabolites. Some considerations about cheminformatics, metabolomics, genetic transformation, production, and applications related to the secondary metabolites from rice are also discussed.

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Bioactive secondary metabolites produced by microorganisms associated with plants

Biologia ◽

10.2478/s11756-007-0044-1 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 62 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 105

Author(s):

Silvia Firáková ◽

Mária Šturdíková ◽

Marta Múčková

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Host Plants ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Bioactive Metabolites ◽

Intercellular Spaces ◽

Biotechnological Production ◽

Bioactive Substances ◽

The Past ◽

Endophytic Microorganisms ◽

Bioactive Secondary Metabolites

AbstractIn the past few decades groups of scientists have focused their study on relatively new microorganisms called endophytes. By definition these microorganisms, mostly fungi and bacteria, colonise the intercellular spaces of the plant tissues. The mutual relationship between endophytic microorganisms and their host plants, taxanomy and ecology of endophytes are being studied. Some of these microorganisms produce bioactive secondary metabolites that may be involved in a host-endophyte relationship. Recently, many endophytic bioactive metabolites, known as well as new substances, possesing a wide variety of biological activities as antibiotic, antitumor, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, etc. have been identified. The microorganisms such as endophytes may be very interesting for biotechnological production of bioactive substances as medicinally important agents. Therefore the aim of this review is to briefly characterize endophytes and summarize the structuraly different bioactive secondary metabolites produced by endophytic microorganisms as well as microbial sources of these metabolites and their host plants.

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Chemical constituents of leaves Dialium cochinchinense Pierre

Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences ◽

10.31817/vjas.2021.4.3.03 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 1131-1136

Author(s):

Vu Thi Huyen ◽

Doan Thi Thuy Ai ◽

Nguyen Thi Hien

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Nmr Spectra ◽

Spectroscopic Analysis ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Tropical Regions ◽

First Report ◽

Isolation And Characterization

The genus Dialium belongs to the Caesalpinioideae family, consisting of approximately 30 species distributed in the tropical regions. Secondary metabolites from the Dialium genus have been reported to exhibit various biological activities including antioxidant, cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activities. This work describes the isolation and characterization of five compounds from the leaves of Dialium cochinchinense Pierre. Their structures were established by spectroscopic analysis, including MS and NMR spectra. Accordingly, the isolated compounds were identified to be lupeone (1), b-sitostenone (2), β-sitosterol (3), daucosterol (4), and dihydrokaempferide (5). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the isolation of compounds 1 and 5 from the genus Dialium.

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A Review on Phytochemicals of the Genus Maytenus and Their Bioactive Studies

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26154563 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (15) ◽

pp. 4563

Author(s):

Yuan-Yuan Huang ◽

Lu Chen ◽

Guo-Xu Ma ◽

Xu-Dong Xu ◽

Xue-Gong Jia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Theoretical Basis ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Current Status ◽

Synthesis Methods ◽

Chemical Research ◽

Structural Classification ◽

The Past ◽

Development And Utilization ◽

Hiv Inhibition ◽

New Compounds

The genus Maytenus is a member of the Celastraceae family, of which several species have long been used in traditional medicine. Between 1976 and 2021, nearly 270 new compounds have been isolated and elucidated from the genus Maytenus. Among these, maytansine and its homologues are extremely rare in nature. Owing to its unique skeleton and remarkable bioactivities, maytansine has attracted many synthetic endeavors in order to construct its core structure. In this paper, the current status of the past 45 years of research on Maytenus, with respect to its chemical and biological activities are discussed. The chemical research includes its structural classification into triterpenoids, sesquiterpenes and alkaloids, along with several chemical synthesis methods of maytansine or maytansine fragments. The biological activity research includes activities, such as anti-tumor, anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory activities, as well as HIV inhibition, which can provide a theoretical basis for the better development and utilization of the Maytenus.

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Anticancer and Antimicrobial Activities of Naproxen and Naproxen Derivatives

Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1389557520666200505124922 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (13) ◽

pp. 1300-1310 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. İhsan Han ◽

Ş. Güniz Küçükgüzel

Keyword(s):

Propionic Acid ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Antiinflammatory Drug ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Pharmacological Activities ◽

The Past ◽

Gastrointestinal Side Effects ◽

Cancer Types ◽

Cox 2 ◽

Cox 2 Inhibitors

This review explains the effects of naproxen and the naproxen moiety in important biological activities. Naproxen, 2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propionic acid, is one of the most utilized propionic acid derivatives to the cure of many injuries or pains. Naproxen is a non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID), which is generally used among the NSAIDs. Even though it has gastrointestinal side effects, naproxen has been safely used for many years because of the good cardiovascular sight. In the past years, except for anti-inflammatory effects, other pharmacological activities of naproxen, especially anticancer and antimicrobial activities, gain the attention of researchers. Naproxen shows its activity by inhibiting the COX-2 enzyme. There is significant interest in the possibility that COX-2 inhibitors might retard or prevent the development of various cancer types, which is often characterized by COX-2 expression. The activities of both naproxen and new molecules derived from naproxen were frequently investigated.

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In Silico Biological Profile Prediction of Some Selectively Synthesized Acyl Rhamnopyranosides

Journal of Scientific Research ◽

10.3329/jsr.v13i2.50581 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 657-668

Author(s):

S. A. Chowdhury ◽

S. C. Bhattacharjee

Keyword(s):

Membrane Permeability ◽

In Silico ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Hydroxyl Group ◽

Biological Profile ◽

Substitution Product ◽

Sugar Esters ◽

The Past ◽

Direct Acylation

Over the past several decades significant biological activities including brains protective and antimicrobial activities have made sugar esters (SEs) as a topic of great interest. In this context, unimolar 3-chlorobenzoylation of methyl α-L-rhamnopyranoside (4) using dibutyltin oxide method regioselectively furnished only the 3-O-substitution product 5 in excellent yield. The reaction proceeded via the formation of a cyclic 2,3-O-dibutylstannylene intermediate where equatorial hydroxyl group is activated by the tin atom leading to the formation of product 5 only. To get biologically important rhamnopyranoside esters chlorobenzoate 5 was further converted into three newer 2,4-di-O-acyl products 6-9 with other acylating agents using direct acylation method. Prediction of activity spectra for substances (PASS) indicated that these rhamnopyranoside esters have many promising biological profiles including CYP2H substrate, membrane permeability inhibitor and better antifungal activities. Additionally, ADMET and drug likeness properties of SEs 5-8 were predicted and discussed.

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Advances in Research on Chemical Constituents and Their Biological Activities of the Genus Actinidia

Natural Products and Bioprospecting ◽

10.1007/s13659-021-00319-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jin-Tao Ma ◽

Da-Wei Li ◽

Ji-Kai Liu ◽

Juan He

Keyword(s):

Biological Activities ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Research Development ◽

Pharmacological Activities ◽

The Past ◽

Development And Utilization ◽

Different Parts

AbstractKiwi, a fruit from plants of the genus Actinidia, is one of the famous fruits with thousand years of edible history. In the past twenty years, a great deal of research has been done on the chemical constituents of the Actinidia species. A large number of secondary metabolites including triterpenoids, flavonoids, phenols, etc. have been identified from differents parts of Actinidia plants, which exhibited significant in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-oxidative, anti-bacterial, and anti-diabetic activities. In order to fully understand the chemical components and biological activities of Actinidia plants, and to improve their further research, development and utilization, this review summarizes the compounds extracted from different parts of Actinidia plants since 1959 to 2020, classifies the types of constituents, reports on the pharmacological activities of relative compounds and medicinal potentials.

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