scholarly journals Allicin, the Odor of Freshly Crushed Garlic: A Review of Recent Progress in Understanding Allicin’s Effects on Cells

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1505
Author(s):  
Jan Borlinghaus ◽  
Jana Foerster (née Reiter) ◽  
Ulrike Kappler ◽  
Haike Antelmann ◽  
Ulrike Noll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Compound ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Organic Sulfur Compound ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Cellular Redox ◽  
Defense Substance ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Higher Doses ◽  
Redox Buffer

The volatile organic sulfur compound allicin (diallyl thiosulfinate) is produced as a defense substance when garlic (Allium sativum) tissues are damaged, for example by the activities of pathogens or pests. Allicin gives crushed garlic its characteristic odor, is membrane permeable and readily taken up by exposed cells. It is a reactive thiol-trapping sulfur compound that S-thioallylates accessible cysteine residues in proteins and low molecular weight thiols including the cellular redox buffer glutathione (GSH) in eukaryotes and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as bacillithiol (BSH) in Gram-positive firmicutes. Allicin shows dose-dependent antimicrobial activity. At higher doses in eukaryotes allicin can induce apoptosis or necrosis, whereas lower, biocompatible amounts can modulate the activity of redox-sensitive proteins and affect cellular signaling. This review summarizes our current knowledge of how bacterial and eukaryotic cells are specifically affected by, and respond to, allicin.

scholarly journals Aboveground and Belowground Herbivores Synergistically Induce Volatile Organic Sulfur Compound Emissions from Shoots but Not from Roots

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 631-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holger Danner ◽  
Phil Brown ◽  
Eric A. Cator ◽  
Frans J. M. Harren ◽  
Nicole M. van Dam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Compound ◽  
Organic Sulfur ◽  
Organic Sulfur Compound ◽  
Volatile Organic

Involvement of 5-Hydroxytryptamine in Platelet Aggregation In Vivo in Rats and Guinea Pigs

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (03) ◽  
pp. 463-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
G M Smith
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Platelet Adhesion ◽  
Adenosine Diphosphate ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Higher Doses ◽  
Rat Platelets

SummaryIn this study, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) caused a dose- dependent fall in the circulating platelet count suggesting that 5-HT receptors are activated in rat platelets to cause platelet adhesion and aggregation. When low doses of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) were simultaneously injected with 5-HT, there was a significant potentiation of the responses to ADR Ketanserin significantly reduced the potentiated responses. When higher doses of ADP were infused with bolus injections of 5-HT there was no potentiation and ketanserin did not reduce these responses. Ketanserin did not inhibit the collagen-induced fall in circulating platelet count, but did significantly increase the rate of return to the basal platelet count compared with control. 5-HT did not cause a fall in platelet count in guinea-pigs

Outcome of Treatment of Deep-Vein Thrombosis with Urokinase: Relationship to Dosage, Duration of Therapy, Age of the Thrombus and Laboratory Changes

1984 ◽  
Vol 51 (02) ◽  
pp. 236-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
A D’Angelo ◽  
P M Mannucci
Keyword(s):  
Degradation Products ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Bleeding Complications ◽  
Vein Thrombosis ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Duration Of Therapy ◽  
Laboratory Changes ◽  
Deep Vein ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Higher Doses

SummaryForty-one patients with phlebographically proven DVT of the popliteal, femoral or iliac veins were treated with different regimens of urokinase (UK) given by continuous intravenous infusion. The four groups were comparable with respect to localization, extension and estimated age of the thrombi. Another phlebographic picture was taken within 48 hr after the end of UK infusion. Substantial lysis had occurred in 2 of 10 patients treated with 1500 U/kg/h for 2 days, in 4 of 11 treated with 2500/U/kg/h for 3 days, in 2 of 10 treated with 2500 U/kg/h for 7 days and in 4 of 10 treated with 4000 U/kg/h for 4 days. Only thrombi younger than 8 days could be lysed, with 61% (8/13) rate of lysis for thrombi less than 5 days old. Bleeding complications were observed more frequently with the higher doses and longer durations of therapy. The four treatment regimens all induced dose-dependent changes in fibrinogen, fibrin(ogen) degradation products, plasminogen and antiplasmin. Neither pre- nor postinfusion values of these parameters could differentiate patients with lysis from those without lysis. It is concluded that UK can provoke a high rate of thrombolysis of DVT treated early after the appearance of symptoms but that there is no relationship between UK-induced modifications of fibrinolysis and the outcome of therapy.

In-vitro Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Methanolic Extract of Shorea robusta Gaertn. F. Resin

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Sushma Vashisht ◽  
Manish Pal Singh ◽  
Viney Chawla
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Shorea Robusta ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Resin Extract

The methanolic extract of the resin of Shorea robusta was subjected to investigate its antioxidant and antibacterial properties its utility in free radical mediated diseases including diabetic, cardiovascular, cancer etc. The methanol extract of the resin was tested for antioxidant activity using scavenging activity of DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil) radical method, reducing power by FeCl3 and antibacterial activity against gram positive and gram negative bacteria using disc diffusion method. The phytochemical screening considered the presence of triterpenoids, tannins and flavoniods. Overall, the plant extract is a source of natural antioxidants which might be helpful in preventing the progress of various oxidative stress mediated diseases including aging. The half inhibition concentration (IC50) of resin extract of Shorea robusta and ascorbic acid were 35.60 µg/ml and 31.91 µg/ml respectively. The resin extract exhibit a significant dose dependent inhibition of DPPH activity. Antibacterial activity was observed against gram positive and gram negative bacteria in dose dependent manner.Key Words: Shorea robusta, antioxidant, antibacterial, Disc-diffusion, DPPH.

scholarly journals Biological Effect of Different Spinach Extracts in Comparison with the Individual Components of the Phytocomplex

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 382
Author(s):  
Laura Arru ◽  
Francesca Mussi ◽  
Luca Forti ◽  
Annamaria Buschini
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Oxidizing Agent ◽  
Endogenous Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Dependent Activity ◽  
Main Components ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Higher Doses ◽  
Oxidative Insult

The Mediterranean-style diet is rich in fruit and vegetables and has a great impact on the prevention of major chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer. In this work we investigated the ability of spinach extracts obtained by different extraction methods and of the single main components of the phytocomplex, alone or mixed, to modulate proliferation, antioxidant defense, and genotoxicity of HT29 human colorectal cells. Spinach extracts show dose-dependent activity, increasing the level of intracellular endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) when tested at higher doses. In the presence of oxidative stress, the activity is related to the oxidizing agent involved (H2O2 or menadione) and by the extraction method. The single components of the phytocomplex, alone or mixed, do not alter the intracellular endogenous level of ROS but again, in the presence of an oxidative insult, the modulation of antioxidant defense depends on the oxidizing agent used. The application of the phytocomplex extracts seem to be more effective than the application of the single phytocomplex components.

Effect of Energy and Dose on Transient-Enhanced Diffusion and Defect Microstructure in Low Energy High Dose As+ Implanted Si

1996 ◽  
Vol 438 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Krishnamoorthy ◽  
D. Venables ◽  
K. Moeller ◽  
K. S. Jones ◽  
B. Freer
Keyword(s):  
Point Defects ◽  
Surface Recombination ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Enhanced Diffusion ◽  
Projected Range ◽  
Diffusion Enhancement ◽  
Defect Microstructures ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Higher Doses ◽  
Defect Microstructure

Abstract(001) CZ silicon wafers were implanted with arsenic (As+) at energies of 10–50keV to doses of 2×1014 to 5×1015/cm2. All implants were amorphizing in nature. The samples were annealed at 700°C for 16hrs. The resultant defect microstructures were analyzed by XTEM and PTEM and the As profiles were analyzed by SIMS. The As profiles showed significantly enhanced diffusion in all of the annealed specimens. The diffusion enhancement was both energy and dose dependent. The lowest dose implant/annealed samples did not show As clustering which translated to a lack of defects at the projected range. At higher doses, however, projected range defects were clearly observed, presumably due to interstitials generated during As clustering. The extent of enhancement in diffusion and its relation to the defect microstructure is explained by a combination of factors including surface recombination of point defects, As precipitation, As clustering and end of range damage.

Human vascular smooth muscle responses mediated by α2 mechanisms in vivo and in vitro

1985 ◽  
Vol 68 (s10) ◽  
pp. 147s-150s ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Thom ◽  
J. Calvete ◽  
R. Hayes ◽  
G. Martin ◽  
P. Sever
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Smooth Muscle Contraction ◽  
Α1 Receptors ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Higher Doses ◽  
Α2 Receptors ◽  
Autoregulatory Mechanism

1. The effects of compounds with α2-agonist and α2-antagonist properties on human forearm blood flow and on isolated human arterial segments have been studied. 2. The findings from these studies in vivo and in vitro did not provide evidence in support of the hypothesis that postsynaptic α2-receptors mediate smooth muscle contraction in the tissues under investigation. 3. The constriction of the forearm vascular bed in response to low intra-arterial doses of idazoxan (RX 781094), an α2-antagonist, provides evidence for a physiological role for a presynaptic α2 autoregulatory mechanism. 4. The variability of the forearm vascular responses to higher doses of idazoxan highlights the pitfalls that may have misled previous authors in their interpretation of the results of similar studies. A U-shaped dose-response curve to compounds with mixed α2-and α1-antagonist properties may be constructed, which emphasizes the importance of the dose-dependent selectivity of these antagonists at α2- and α1-receptors. 5. The effect of idazoxan on the responses of arterial segments in vitro to exogenous catecholamines was dependent on the integrity of the endothelium, and provides evidence that α2-receptors may mediate release of the endothelium-derived relaxing factor.

ANALYSIS OF MT2A AND MT3 GENE EXPRESSION IN RAT'S LIVER AND KIDNEY IN RESPONSE TO CADMIUM CHLORIDE POISONING

2021 ◽  
pp. 38-42
Author(s):  
M. M. Ziatdinova ◽  
T. G. Yakupova ◽  
Ya. V. Valova ◽  
G. F. Mukhammadieva ◽  
D. O. Karimov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Cadmium Chloride ◽  
Transcriptional Activity ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Cadmium Poisoning ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Higher Doses

The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of metallothionein genes in the liver and kidneys of rats with acute cadmium poisoning.Simulation of poisoning with cadmium chloride was carried out on white outbred female rats, divided into 4 groups depending on the dose of the injected toxicant. RNA samples isolated from rat liver and kidneys were used as research materials.The multiplicity of expression of the MT3 gene in the kidneys increased at the lowest dose of CdCl2 , which was used in this experiment (0.029 mg / kg); with increasing dosage, the expression level decreased, but not lower than the control values. Analysis of the expression of the same gene in the liver showed a tendency towards a decrease in the content of transcripts with increasing dose. The frequency of expression of the MT2A gene at higher doses of CdCl2 increased both in the liver and in the kidneys.In the present work, statistically significant dose-dependent changes in the expression multiplicity of metallothionein genes were detected 24 hours after CdCl2 administration. The revealed differences in the level of transcriptional activity of metallothionein genes require further investigation, since there are probably differences in the level of gene expression at earlier and later periods of toxicant action.

Glutathione depletion inhibits amylase release in guinea pig pancreatic acini

1983 ◽  
Vol 244 (3) ◽  
pp. G273-G277
Author(s):  
W. F. Stenson ◽  
E. Lobos ◽  
H. J. Wedner
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Glutathione Depletion ◽  
Amylase Secretion ◽  
Ionophore A23187 ◽  
Amylase Release ◽  
Pancreatic Acini ◽  
Stimulus Secretion Coupling ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Higher Doses

Isolated guinea pig pancreatic acini were specifically depleted of glutathione by treatment with 2-cyclohexene-1-one (2-CHX-1). Untreated acini contained 4.3 +/- 0.6 micrograms of glutathione per milligram protein. Incubation with 1 mM 2-CHX-1 for 5 min at 37 degrees C depleted glutathione to 17% of control values; 5 mM 2-CHX-1 depleted glutathione to less than 4% of control values. Incubation with 2-CHX-1 also impaired the ability of the isolated acini to secrete amylase in response to stimulation with carbachol and the ionophore A23187. The depletion of glutathione and the inhibition of amylase secretion by 2-CHX-1 were both dose dependent and time dependent. Incubation of acini with 2 mM 2-CHX-1 for 15 min at 37 degrees C reduced glutathione levels to 6.6% of control and reduced carbachol-stimulated amylase release to 63% of control. Higher doses of 2-CHX-1 or longer incubations resulted in greater depletion of glutathione and greater inhibition of carbachol-induced amylase release. These data indicate that specific depletion of glutathione impairs the ability of isolated acini to secrete amylase in response to physiological and pharmacologic stimuli and suggest that glutathione has a role in stimulus-secretion coupling in the exocrine pancreas.

scholarly journals Electroantennographic Responses of Cerambyx welensii Küster to Host-Related Volatiles

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1168
Author(s):  
Israel Sánchez-Osorio ◽  
Raúl Tapias ◽  
Luis Domínguez ◽  
Gloria López-Pantoja ◽  
María del Mar González
Keyword(s):  
Host Choice ◽  
Mass Trapping ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Management Context ◽  
Host Tree Species ◽  
Wood Boring ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Common Tree ◽  
Cerambyx Welensii

Wood-boring insects, such as Cerambyx welensii Küster, are involved in oak decline in Mediterranean areas. To advance our understanding of the olfactory perception of C. welensii, we recorded electroantennographic (EAG) responses from male and female antennae to 32 tree volatile organic compounds typical of emissions from its main Quercus L. hosts, and also analysed the dose-dependent response. Cerambyx welensii antennae responded to 24 chemicals. Eight odorants elicited the highest EAG responses (normalized values of over 98%): 1,8-cineole, limonene-type blend, β-pinene, pinene-type blend, sabinene, α-pinene, turpentine and (E)-2-hexenal. Cerambyx welensii exhibits a broad sensitivity to common tree volatiles. The high EAG responses to both limonene- and pinene-type blends suggest the detection of specific blends of the main foliar monoterpenes emitted by Q. suber L. and Q. ilex L. (limonene, α- and β-pinene, sabinene and myrcene), which could influence the intraspecific host choice by C. welensii, and in particular, females may be able to detect oak trees with a limonene-type chemotype. In addition, C. welensii showed high antennal activity to some odorants that characterize emissions from non-host tree species (1,8-cineole, β-pinene, α-pinene, turpentine, δ3-carene and camphene). The results obtained may be applicable to optimize monitoring and mass-trapping programmes in an integrated pest management context.

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