Optimization of Two Eco-Friendly Extractions of Black Medick (Medicago lupulina L.) Phenols and Their Antioxidant, Cosmeceutical, α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase Inhibitory Properties

Medicago lupulina is an ancient edible plant from the Fabaceae family. In this work, two eco-friendly methods for extraction of bioactive phenolics from M. lupulina were developed using mixtures of water with two non-toxic, skin- and environmentally-friendly polyol solvents: glycerol and polypropylene glycol. Ultrasound-assisted extractions were optimized using a Box–Behnken design. The independent variables were the concentration of organic solvent in water (X1), extraction temperature (X2) and time (X3), while the response was phenolic content. The optimum conditions for extraction of polyphenols were (X1, X2, X3): (45%, 70 °C, 60 min) and (10%, 80 °C, 60 min) for glycerol and polypropylene glycol extraction, respectively. The extracts prepared at optimum conditions were rich in phenolic compounds, mainly derivatives of apigenin, kaempferol, luteolin, quercetin, caffeic and ferulic acid, as well as coumestrol. Their cosmeceutical and antidiabetic activity was tested. Both extracts demonstrated notable antioxidant, anti-lipoxygenase and anti-α-amylase activity. In addition to those activities, the glycerol extract efficiently inhibited protein coagulation, elastase and α-glucosidase activity. Glycerol present in the extract displayed enzyme-inhibiting activity in several assays and supported the action of the bioactive constituents. Thus, the optimized glycerol extract is a desirable candidate for direct incorporation in antidiabetic food supplements and cosmeceutical products.

Download Full-text

Monitoring the encapsulation of chlorin e6 derivatives into polymer carriers by NMR spectroscopy

Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines ◽

10.1142/s1088424619501815 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 (11n12) ◽

pp. 1576-1586 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sara Pfister ◽

Luca Sauser ◽

Ilche Gjuroski ◽

Julien Furrer ◽

Martina Vermathen

Keyword(s):

Relaxation Time ◽

Nmr Spectroscopy ◽

Core Region ◽

Chlorin E6 ◽

Polypropylene Glycol ◽

Polymer Carriers ◽

H Nmr ◽

Line Shape Analysis ◽

Dynamic Methods ◽

Derivatives Of

The encapsulation of five derivatives of chlorin e6 with different hydrophobicity and aggregation properties into a series of five poloxamer-type triblock copolymer micelles (BCMs) with varying numbers of polyethylene and polypropylene glycol (PEG, PPG) units was monitored using 1H NMR spectroscopy. NMR chemical shift and line shape analysis, as well as dynamic methods including diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) and T1 and T2 relaxation time measurements of the chlorin and the polymer resonances, proved useful to assess the chlorin–BCM compatibility. The poloxamers had high capability to break up aggregates formed by chlorins up to intermediate hydrophobicity. Physically entrapped chlorins were always localized in the BCM core region. The loading capacity correlated with chlorin polarity for all poloxamers among which those with the lowest number of PPG units were most efficient. DOSY data revealed that relatively weakly aggregating chlorins partition between the aqueous bulk and micellar environment whereas more hydrophobic chlorins are well retained in the BCM core region, rendering these systems more stable. T1 and T2 relaxation time measurements indicated that motional freedom in the BCM core region contributes to encapsulation efficiency. The BCM corona dynamics were rather insensitive towards chlorin entrapment except for the poloxamers with short PEG chains. The presented data demonstrate that 1H NMR spectroscopy is a powerful complementary tool for probing the compatibility of porphyrinic compounds with polymeric carriers such as poloxamer BCMs, which is a prerequisite in the development of stable and highly efficient drug delivery systems suitable for medical applications like photodynamic therapy of tumors.

Download Full-text

Multi-omics analysis of the bioactive constituents biosynthesis of glandular trichome in Perilla frutescens

BMC Plant Biology ◽

10.1186/s12870-021-03069-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Peina Zhou ◽

Mengjiao Yin ◽

Shilin Dai ◽

Ke Bao ◽

Chenglin Song ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Glandular Trichomes ◽

Glandular Trichome ◽

Perilla Frutescens ◽

Morphological Features ◽

Limited Information ◽

Bioactive Constituents ◽

Edible Plant ◽

Cell Factories ◽

Custom Made ◽

Trichome Types

Abstract Background Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt is a medicinal and edible plant widely cultivated in Asia. Terpenoids, flavonoids and phenolic acids are the primary source of medicinal ingredients. Glandular trichomes with multicellular structures are known as biochemical cell factories which synthesized specialized metabolites. However, there is currently limited information regarding the site and mechanism of biosynthesis of these constituents in P. frutescens. Herein, we studied morphological features of glandular trichomes, metabolic profiling and transcriptomes through different tissues. Results Observation of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy indicated the presence of three distinct glandular trichome types based on their morphological features: peltate, capitate, and digitiform glandular trichomes. The oil of peltate glandular trichomes, collected by custom-made micropipettes and analyzed by LC–MS and GC–MS, contained perillaketone, isoegomaketone, and egomaketone as the major constituents which are consistent with the components of leaves. Metabolomics and transcriptomics were applied to explore the bioactive constituent biosynthesis in the leaves, stem, and root of P. frutescens. Transcriptome sequencing profiles revealed differential regulation of genes related to terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, respectively with most genes expressed highly in leaves. The genes affecting the development of trichomes were preliminarily predicted and discussed. Conclusions The current study established the morphological and chemical characteristics of glandular trichome types of P. frutescens implying the bioactive constituents were mainly synthesized in peltate glandular trichomes. The genes related to bioactive constituents biosynthesis were explored via transcriptomes, which provided the basis for unraveling the biosynthesis of bioactive constituents in this popular medicinal plant.

Download Full-text

Lipase Acrylic Resin Catalyzed Interesterification of Sewage Sludge in Micro Packed Bed Reactor: Box-Behnken Design

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.870.81 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 870 ◽

pp. 81-96

Author(s):

Ali A. Jazie ◽

Riyam Imad Jaddan ◽

Mohamed F. Al-Dawody ◽

Suhad A. Abed

Keyword(s):

Enzyme Activity ◽

Sewage Sludge ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Acrylic Resin ◽

Packed Bed ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Packed Bed Reactor ◽

Heating Process ◽

Optimum Conditions ◽

Box Behnken Design

Ethyl acetate as acyl accepter have been used for sewage sludge biodiesel production in micro packed bed reactor. Lipase acrylic resin enzyme activity was investigated in the interesterification reaction of converting the sewage sludge into a biodiesel product. The main parameters affecting the process was adjusted via the design of Box-Behnken and approach of response surface then the optimum conditions were as follow (reaction time=15 h, ethyl acetate/oil ratio=24:1, temperature=40 °C and enzyme quantity=18 wt%) providing 95.78 % biodiesel yield. The lipase acrylic resin was examined under the optimum conditions for the reusability. the flow effect and the heating process of the micro packed bed reactor was investigated. The product biodiesel physicochemical properties were evaluated according to the ASTM D-6751-2 and found acceptable comparable to the mineral diesel properties.

Download Full-text

Antidiabetic Properties, Bioactive Constituents, and Other Therapeutic Effects ofScoparia dulcis

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2016/8243215 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Geethi Pamunuwa ◽

D. Nedra Karunaratne ◽

Viduranga Y. Waisundara

Keyword(s):

Complementary Therapy ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Antidiabetic Activity ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Bioactive Constituents ◽

Scoparia Dulcis ◽

The Masses ◽

Alternative And Complementary Therapy

This review discusses the antidiabetic activities ofScoparia dulcisas well as its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in relation to the diabetes and its complications. Ethnomedical applications of the herb have been identified as treatment for jaundice, stomach problems, skin disease, fever, and kidney stones, reproductory issues, and piles. Evidence has been demonstrated through scientific studies as to the antidiabetic effects of crude extracts ofS. dulcisas well as its bioactive constituents. The primary mechanisms of action of antidiabetic activity of the plant and its bioactive constituents are throughα-glucosidase inhibition, curbing of PPAR-γand increased secretion of insulin. Scoparic acid A, scoparic acid D, scutellarein, apigenin, luteolin, coixol, and glutinol are some of the compounds which have been identified as responsible for these mechanisms of action.S. dulcishas also been shown to exhibit analgesic, antimalarial, hepatoprotective, sedative, hypnotic, antiulcer, antisickling, and antimicrobial activities. Given this evidence, it may be concluded thatS. dulciscould be promoted among the masses as an alternative and complementary therapy for diabetes, provided further scientific studies on the toxicological and pharmacological aspects are carried out through eitherin vivoor clinical means.

Download Full-text

Optimization of Insoluble and Soluble Fibres Extraction fromAgave americanaL. Using Response Surface Methodology

Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2014/627103 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Amine Bouaziz ◽

Manel Masmoudi ◽

Amel Kamoun ◽

Souhail Besbes

Keyword(s):

Ionic Strength ◽

Design Methodology ◽

Extraction Yield ◽

Agitation Speed ◽

Optimum Conditions ◽

Box Behnken Design ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Soluble Fibre ◽

Experimental Design Methodology ◽

Significant Factors

Experimental design methodology was used to determine significant factors affecting the extraction yield of soluble and insoluble fibres fromAgave americanaL. and in second time to find optimum conditions leading to the highest yield. Results clearly indicated that the temperature, the powder to water (P/W) ratio, and the agitation speed were the most important factors influencing fibres extraction yield which increased with temperature, P/W ratio, and agitation speed. Ionic strength affected significantly soluble fibre extraction yield and was the most important factor among nonsignificant ones influencing insoluble fibres extraction yield. Then, a Box-Behnken design was carried out to maximise fibres extraction. Selected optimal conditions were temperature: 90°C; P/W ratio: 0.1625; agitation speed: 400 rpm; and ionic strength: 1.5 g/L. These conditions yielded 93.02% and 80.46% of insoluble and soluble fibres, respectively. Concentrates showed high fibres purity and good functional properties.

Download Full-text

The Synthesis of the Locating Substitution Derivatives of Chitosan by Click Reaction at the 6-Position of Chitin

International Journal of Polymer Science ◽

10.1155/2015/419506 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yu Chen ◽

Yanchun Ye ◽

Yanyan Jing ◽

YuanYuan Gao ◽

Yanwen Guo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nucleophilic Substitution ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Click Reaction ◽

Macrocyclic Compound ◽

Optimum Conditions ◽

Structures And Properties ◽

Acetyl Group ◽

Novel Method ◽

Derivatives Of

A novel method to prepare the macrocyclic compound locating substitution derivatives of chitosan was investigated, by using cyclodextrin as the model of macrocyclic compound. The method combines the advantages of activated 6-OH of chitin and high efficiency of click reaction. Chitin C6-OHp-toluenesulfonate (CTN-6-OTs) was generated and subsequently transferred to chitin C6-N3via nucleophilic substitution. Afterwards,β-cyclodextrin was immobilized at 6-OH of chitin via click reaction to afford CTN-6-CD. Ultimately, CTS-6-CD was obtained by removing the acetyl group of chitin unit. The structures and properties of these products were characterized by FTIR, TG, and XRD, respectively. It was found that CTN-6-CD synthesized at the optimum conditions has an immobilized loading of1.6126×10-4 mol/g and that of the corresponding CTS-6-CD, generated by removal of the acetyl group, was1.6891×10-4 mol/g.

Download Full-text

Optimization of Fenton Technology for Recalcitrant Compounds and Bacteria Inactivation

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal10121483 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 1483

Author(s):

Pablo Salgado ◽

José Luis Frontela ◽

Gladys Vidal

Keyword(s):

Regression Coefficient ◽

Interactive Effects ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Main Process ◽

Optimum Conditions ◽

Box Behnken Design ◽

E Coli ◽

Bacteria Inactivation ◽

The Individual ◽

Good Agreement

In this work, the Fenton technology was applied to decolorize methylene blue (MB) and to inactivate Escherichia coli K12, used as recalcitrant compound and bacteria models respectively, in order to provide an approach into single and combinative effects of the main process variables influencing the Fenton technology. First, Box–Behnken design (BBD) was applied to evaluate and optimize the individual and interactive effects of three process parameters, namely Fe2+ concentration (6.0 × 10−4, 8.0 × 10−4 and 1.0 × 10−3 mol/L), molar ratio between H2O2 and Fe2+ (1:1, 2:1 and 3:1) and pH (3.0, 4.0 and 5.0) for Fenton technology. The responses studied in these models were the degree of MB decolorization (D%MB), rate constant of MB decolorization (kappMB) and E. coli K12 inactivation in uLog units (IuLogEC). According to the results of analysis of variances all of the proposed models were adequate with a high regression coefficient (R2 from 0.9911 to 0.9994). BBD results suggest that [H2O2]/[Fe2+] values had a significant effect only on D%MB response, [Fe2+] had a significant effect on all the responses, whereas pH had a significant effect on D%MB and IuLogEC. The optimum conditions obtained from response surface methodology for D%MB ([H2O2]/[Fe2+] = 2.9, [Fe2+] = 1.0 × 10−3 mol/L and pH = 3.2), kappMB ([H2O2]/[Fe2+] = 1.7, [Fe2+] = 1.0 × 10−3 mol/L and PH = 3.7) and IuLogEC ([H2O2]/[Fe2+] = 2.9, [Fe2+] = 7.6 × 10−4 mol/L and pH= 3.2) were in good agreement with the values predicted by the model.

Download Full-text

Optimization of Operating Parameters on Dry Grinding of Calcite in a Stirred Media Mill Using the Box-Behnken Design

Minerals ◽

10.3390/min10030251 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 251

Author(s):

Diler Katircioglu-Bayel

Keyword(s):

Mass Fraction ◽

Filling Ratio ◽

Operating Parameters ◽

Stirrer Speed ◽

Solid Mass ◽

Optimum Conditions ◽

Box Behnken Design ◽

Dry Grinding ◽

Grinding Time ◽

Stirred Media Mill

The optimization of the operating parameters of a stirred media mill in the dry grinding of calcite was investigated. A three-level Box-Behnken design was used for the purpose of examining the impact of four independent factors, the stirrer speed (SS), grinding time (GT), media filling ratio (MFR), and solid mass fraction (SMF), on the product particle size (d50). For the purpose of establishing an empirical correlation between operating parameters and responses, a series of experiments were carried out. Variance analysis showed a reasonably good value for d50 (R2 = 0.965). According to the software solutions, the optimum conditions for minimizing the d50 size were found to be 573 rpm stirrer speed, 11.18 min grinding time, 63% media filling ratio, and 11.52% solid mass fraction, with 3.78 µm for the d50 size. To verify the improvement of grinding, verification tests were performed using the above-mentioned optimum conditions and the average d50 size and standard deviation were found to be 3.83 µm and 0.025, respectively. The average d50 value obtained was smaller than those obtained in the 27 tests. Furthermore, when the optimum result obtained from the experiments was compared with the result obtained using the software, a 22% energy saving was achieved. The impacts of grinding on the structural characteristics of calcite particles were characterized by XRD analysis. XRD measurements indicated that no change was observed in the peak areas of ground calcite specimens compared to the untreated calcite specimen.

Download Full-text

Bornyl Derivatives of p-(Benzyloxy)Phenylpropionic Acid: In Vivo Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity

Pharmaceuticals ◽

10.3390/ph13110404 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 404

Author(s):

Sergey Kuranov ◽

Olga Luzina ◽

Mikhail Khvostov ◽

Dmitriy Baev ◽

Darya Kuznetsova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Computational Prediction ◽

Tolerance Test ◽

Antidiabetic Activity ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

In Vivo Evaluation ◽

Phenylpropionic Acid ◽

Biological Targets ◽

Lipid Metabolism Disorders ◽

Derivatives Of

A series of bornyl derivatives of p-(benzyloxy)phenylpropionic acid were prepared, and their hypoglycemic activities were examined by an oral glucose tolerance test in mice. The results of this test revealed two compounds, 1 and 3, that can reduce the blood level of glucose similarly to reference compound vildagliptin. Both compounds were tested in an experiment on mice with metabolic disorders: the C57BL/6Ay strain. Along with hypoglycemic properties, the two compounds showed different abilities to correct lipid metabolism disorders. In silico prediction revealed that the studied substances are most likely bifunctional multitarget hypoglycemic compounds whose mechanism of action is based on a pronounced reduction in insulin resistance and a strong incretin-mimetic effect. The difference in the size of effects of these compounds on biochemical parameters of blood in the experiment on C57BL/6Ay mice was in good agreement with the computational prediction of the priority ranking of biological targets for these compounds. These results indicate that bornyl derivatives of p-(benzyloxy)phenylpropionic acid have a good potential as new agents for diabetes mellitus treatment due to their hypoglycemic and lipid-normalizing properties.

Download Full-text

Determination of Novel Brominated Flame Retardants in Flexible Polyurethane Foam by GC-MS

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.506 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 989-994 ◽

pp. 506-510

Author(s):

Ying Jie Chen ◽

Pei Gang Dai ◽

Liu Zhi Peng ◽

Chao Du ◽

Shang Jin Liang

Keyword(s):

Polyurethane Foam ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Brominated Flame Retardants ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Extraction Temperature ◽

Optimum Conditions ◽

Flexible Polyurethane Foam ◽

Flexible Polyurethane

A method of supercritical CO2 fluid extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed for the determination of 2 novel brominated flame retardants (BB-153 and TBECH)) in flexible polyurethane foam. The optimum conditions as follows: extraction temperature: 60°C, pressure:30Mpa, CO2 mass flow rate: 8g/min ,flow rate of methanol entrainer: 3mL/min and extraction time: 60min. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 0.1~50μg/mL with correlation coefficient of 0.9995~0.9999 and detection limits (S/N=20) of 0.05μg/mL. The average recoveries of the target compounds in sample were in the range of 97.3%~98.8%(BB-153)、99.2%~105.8% (TBECH) respectively. The results showed that this method was sensitive, reliable and environmental for the determination of 2 novel brominated flame retardants (BB-153 and TBECH)) in flexible polyurethane foam.

Download Full-text