scholarly journals Bariatric Surgery and Brain Health—A Longitudinal Observational Study Investigating the Effect of Surgery on Cognitive Function and Gray Matter Volume

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin Prehn ◽  
Thorge Profitlich ◽  
Ida Rangus ◽  
Sebastian Heßler ◽  
A. Veronica Witte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Neuropsychological Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Rapid Weight Loss ◽  
Brain Health ◽  
Matter Volume

Dietary modifications leading to weight loss have been suggested as a means to improve brain health. In morbid obesity, bariatric surgery (BARS)—including different procedures, such as vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG), gastric banding (GB), or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery—is performed to induce rapid weight loss. Combining reduced food intake and malabsorption of nutrients, RYGB might be most effective, but requires life-long follow-up treatment. Here, we tested 40 patients before and six months after surgery (BARS group) using a neuropsychological test battery and compared them with a waiting list control group. Subsamples of both groups underwent structural MRI and were examined for differences between surgical procedures. No substantial differences between BARS and control group emerged with regard to cognition. However, larger gray matter volume in fronto-temporal brain areas accompanied by smaller volume in the ventral striatum was seen in the BARS group compared to controls. RYGB patients compared to patients with restrictive treatment alone (VSG/GB) had higher weight loss, but did not benefit more in cognitive outcomes. In sum, the data of our study suggest that BARS might lead to brain structure reorganization at long-term follow-up, while the type of surgical procedure does not differentially modulate cognitive performance.

scholarly journals Housing quality and behavior affect brain health and anxiety in healthy Japanese adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Cesar D. Pineda ◽  
Keisuke Kokubun ◽  
Toshiharu Ikaga ◽  
Yoshinori Yamakawa
Keyword(s):  
Sedentary Behavior ◽  
Fractional Anisotropy ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Housing Quality ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Brain Health ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
Japanese Adults ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractCountless studies in animals have shown how housing environments and behaviors can significantly affect anxiety and brain health, giving valuable insight as to whether this is applicable in the human context. The relationship between housing, behavior, brain health, and mental wellbeing in humans remains poorly understood. We therefore explored the interaction of housing quality, weekend/holiday sedentary behavior, brain structure, and anxiety in healthy Japanese adults. Whole-brain structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods based on gray matter volume and fractional anisotropy were used as markers for brain health. Correlation tests were conducted, and then adjusted for multiple comparisons using the False Discovery Rate method. Housing quality and weekend/holiday sedentary behavior were associated with fractional anisotropy, but not with gray matter volume. Fractional anisotropy showed significant associations with anxiety. Lastly, both weekend/holiday sedentary behavior and housing quality were indirectly associated with anxiety through fractional anisotropy. These results add to the limited evidence surrounding the relationship among housing, behavior, and the brain. Furthermore, these results show that behavior and housing qualities can have an indirect impact on anxiety through neurobiological markers such as fractional anisotropy.

scholarly journals Weight and Glycemic Control Outcomes of Bariatric Surgery and Pharmacotherapy in Patients With Melanocortin-4 Receptor Deficiency

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esphie Grace Fodra Fojas ◽  
Saradalekshmi Koramannil Radha ◽  
Tomader Ali ◽  
Evan P. Nadler ◽  
Nader Lessan
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Melanocortin 4 Receptor ◽  
Significant Difference

BackgroundMelanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) mutations are the most common of the rare monogenic forms of obesity. However, the efficacy of bariatric surgery (BS) and pharmacotherapy on weight and glycemic control in individuals with MC4R deficiency (MC4R-d) is not well-established. We investigated and compared the outcomes of BS and pharmacotherapy in patients with and without MC4R-d.MethodsPertinent details were derived from the electronic database among identified patients who had BS with MC4R-d (study group, SG) and wild-type controls (age- and sex-matched control group, CG). Short- and long-term outcomes were reported for the SG. Short-term outcomes were compared between the two groups.ResultsSeventy patients were screened for MC4R-d. The SG [six individuals (four females, two males); 18 (10–27) years old at BS; 50.3 (41.8–61.9) kg/m2 at BS, three patients with homozygous T162I mutations, two patients with heterozygous T162I mutations, and one patient with heterozygous I170V mutation] had a follow-up duration of up to 10 years. Weight loss, which varied depending on mutation type [17.99 (6.10–22.54) %] was stable for 6 months; heterogeneity of results was observed thereafter. BS was found superior to liraglutide on weight and glycemic control outcomes. At a median follow-up of 6 months, no significant difference was observed on weight loss (20.8% vs. 23.0%, p = 0.65) between the SG and the CG [eight individuals (four females, four males); 19.0 (17.8–36.8) years old at BS, 46.2 (42.0–48.3) kg/m2 at BS or phamacotherapeutic intervention]. Glycemic control in patients with MC4R-d and Type 2 diabetes improved post-BS.ConclusionOur data indicate efficacious short-term but varied long-term weight loss and glycemic control outcomes of BS on patients with MC4R-d, suggesting the importance of ongoing monitoring and complementary therapeutic interventions.

scholarly journals Outcomes of Bariatric Surgery in Morbidly Obese Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalman Bencsath ◽  
Adham Jammoul ◽  
Ali Aminian ◽  
Hideharu Shimizu ◽  
Carolyn J. Fisher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Excess Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Morbidly Obese ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Percent Excess Weight Loss ◽  
Severely Obese

Obesity is common in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS); however, safety and efficacy of bariatric surgery in this population remain unclear. A database of 2,918 was retrospectively reviewed, yielding 22 (0.75%) severely obese patients with MS who underwent bariatric surgery. Sixteen surgical patients with complete follow-up data were matched to a nonsurgical control group of MS patients, based on age, BMI, MS subtype, and length of follow-up. MS relapse rates and trends in the timed twenty-five foot walk test (T25FW) were compared. In the surgical group (gastric bypass n=19, sleeve gastrectomy n=3), preoperative BMI was 46.5 ± 7.2 Kg/m2 and average excess weight was 60.4 kg. Follow-up data was collected at 59.0 ± 29.8 months. There were two major and four minor complications. Five patients required readmission and there were no mortalities. Percent excess weight loss was 75.5 ± 27.0%. In the 16 patients with follow-up data, patients who underwent bariatric surgery were significantly faster on the T25FW compared to the nonsurgical population. In conclusion, bariatric surgery is relatively safe and effective in achieving weight loss in patients with MS. In addition, surgery may help patients maintain ambulation. Findings support the need for further studies on bariatric surgery and disease-specific outcomes in this population.

BASELINE GRAY MATTER VOLUME IN LATER GOOD AND POOR FUNCTIONING SCHIZOPHRENIA PATIENTS IN ONE-YEAR FOLLOW-UP AFTER THE FIRST EPISODE

2008 ◽  
Vol 102 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 70-71
Author(s):  
T. Kasparek ◽  
R. Prikryl ◽  
H. Kucerova ◽  
D. Schwarz ◽  
R. Marecek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gray Matter ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
One Year

scholarly journals Systemic Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Trajectories Relate to Brain Health in Typically Aging Older Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (8) ◽  
pp. 1558-1565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cutter A Lindbergh ◽  
Kaitlin B Casaletto ◽  
Adam M Staffaroni ◽  
Fanny Elahi ◽  
Samantha M Walters ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gray Matter ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Brain Health ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Factor Alpha ◽  
State Examination ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Abstract Background Central nervous system levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, regulate the neuroinflammatory response and may play a role in age-related neurodegenerative diseases. The longitudinal relation between peripheral levels of TNF-α and typical brain aging is understudied. We hypothesized that within-person increases in systemic TNF-α would track with poorer brain health outcomes in functionally normal adults. Methods Plasma-based TNF-α concentrations (pg/mL; fasting morning draws) and magnetic resonance imaging were acquired in 424 functionally intact adults (mean age = 71) followed annually for up to 8.4 years (mean follow-up = 2.2 years). Brain outcomes included total gray matter volume and white matter hyperintensities. Cognitive outcomes included composites of memory, executive functioning, and processing speed, as well as Mini-Mental State Examination total scores. Longitudinal mixed-effects models were used, controlling for age, sex, education, and total intracranial volume, as appropriate. Results TNF-α concentrations significantly increased over time (p < .001). Linear increases in within-person TNF-α were longitudinally associated with declines in gray matter volume (p < .001) and increases in white matter hyperintensities (p = .003). Exploratory analyses suggested that the relation between TNF-α and gray matter volume was curvilinear (TNF-α 2p = .002), such that initial increases in inflammation were associated with more precipitous atrophy. There was a negative linear relationship of within-person changes in TNF-α to Mini-Mental State Examination scores over time (p = .036) but not the cognitive composites (all ps >.05). Conclusion Systemic inflammation, as indexed by plasma TNF-α, holds potential as a biomarker for age-related declines in brain health.

scholarly journals Effects of early ketamine exposure on cerebral gray matter volume and functional connectivity

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia-Chun Hung ◽  
Yi-Hsuan Liu ◽  
Chu-Chung Huang ◽  
Cheng-Ying Chou ◽  
Chun-Ming Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function

Abstract Ketamine has been used for medical purposes, most typically as an anesthetic, and recent studies support its use in the treatment of depression. However, ketamine tends to be abused by adolescents and young adults. In the current study, we examined the effects of early ketamine exposure on brain structure and function. We employed MRI to assess the effects of ketamine abuse on cerebral gray matter volume (GMV) and functional connectivity (FC) in 34 users and 19 non-users, employing covariates. Ketamine users were categorized as adolescent-onset and adult-onset based on when they were first exposed to ketamine. Imaging data were processed by published routines in SPM and AFNI. The results revealed lower GMV in the left precuneus in ketamine users, with a larger decrease in the adolescent-onset group. The results from a seed-based correlation analysis show that both ketamine groups had higher functional connectivity between left precuneus (seed) and right precuneus than the control group. Compared to controls, ketamine users showed decreased GMV in the right insula, left inferior parietal lobule, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex/superior frontal gyrus, and left medial orbitofrontal cortex. These preliminary results characterize the effects of ketamine misuse on brain structure and function and highlight the influence of earlier exposure to ketamine on the development of the brain. The precuneus, a structure of central importance to cerebral functional organization, may be particularly vulnerable to the influences of early ketamine exposure. How these structural and functional brain changes may relate to the cognitive and affective deficits remains to be determined with a large cohort of participants.

scholarly journals Brain Oscillatory Activity during Tactile Stimulation Correlates with Cortical Thickness of Intact Areas and Predicts Outcome in Post-Traumatic Comatose Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 720
Author(s):  
Galina Portnova ◽  
Irina Girzhova ◽  
Daria Filatova ◽  
Vitaliy Podlepich ◽  
Alina Tetereva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Slow Wave ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Tactile Stimulation ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Matter Volume

In this study, we have reported a correlation between structural brain changes and electroencephalography (EEG) in response to tactile stimulation in ten comatose patients after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Structural morphometry showed a decrease in whole-brain cortical thickness, cortical gray matter volume, and subcortical structures in ten comatose patients compared to fifteen healthy controls. The observed decrease in gray matter volume indicated brain atrophy in coma patients induced by TBI. In resting-state EEG, the power of slow-wave activity was significantly higher (2–6 Hz), and the power of alpha and beta rhythms was lower in coma patients than in controls. During tactile stimulation, coma patients’ theta rhythm power significantly decreased compared to that in the resting state. This decrease was not observed in the control group and correlated positively with better coma outcome and the volume of whole-brain gray matter, the right putamen, and the insula. It correlated negatively with the volume of damaged brain tissue. During tactile stimulation, an increase in beta rhythm power correlated with the thickness of patients’ somatosensory cortex. Our results showed that slow-wave desynchronization, as a nonspecific response to tactile stimulation, may serve as a sensitive index of coma outcome and morphometric changes after brain injury.

scholarly journals Follow-up Study of Microflora Changes in Crevicular Gingival Fluid in Obese Subjects After Bariatric Surgery

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 5157-5161
Author(s):  
Bettina Balogh ◽  
Sándor Somodi ◽  
Miklós Tanyi ◽  
Cecília Miszti ◽  
Ildikó Márton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
Obese Control ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Gingival Fluid ◽  
Repeat Sampling

AbstractThe objective of our study was to investigate the effect of weight loss on the crevicular microflora following bariatric surgery. Crevicular fluid samples were taken from 57 subjects: 22 were in the normal control group; 18 in the obese control group; and 17 patients had had bariatric surgery, who underwent a repeat sampling 6 to 12 months after the operation. Crevicular fluid samples were analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS analysis. After surgery and weight loss, the mean germ count increased, albeit not significantly. Also, Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida species: C. dubliniensis, C. kefyr, and C. lusitaniae appeared after surgery (p < 0.05) in subjects where Neisseria was either absent throughout or eliminated after surgery. However, periodontitis did not develop during this time in our subjects.

IV. Neuroanatomy of Williams Syndrome: A High-Resolution MRI Study

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 65-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan L. Reiss ◽  
Stephan Eliez ◽  
J. Eric Schmitt ◽  
Erica Straus ◽  
Zona Lai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Williams Syndrome ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Occipital Lobe ◽  
Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Cerebral White Matter ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Genetic Condition ◽  
Matter Volume

Williams syndrome (WMS), a genetic condition resulting from a contiguous deletion on the long arm of chromosome 7, is associated with a relatively consistent profile of neurocognitive and neurobehavioral features. The distinctiveness and regularity of the profile of learning and behavioral characteristics in this genetic condition suggests that underlying neurobiological correlates may be identifiable. In this initial study, we report findings derived from a high-resolution neuroimaging study of 14 young adult subjects with WMS and an individually matched normal control group. Compared to controls, subjects with WMS were noted to have decreased overall brain and cerebral volumes, relative preservation of cerebellar and superior temporal gyrus (STG) volumes, and disproportionate volume reduction of the brainstem. Analyses also suggested that the pattern of cerebral lobe proportions in WMS may be altered compared to normal controls with a greater ratio of frontal to posterior (parietal+occipital) tissue. Assessment of tissue composition indicated that, relative to controls, individuals with WMS have relative preservation of cerebral gray matter volume and disproportionate reduction in cerebral white matter volume. However, within the cerebral gray matter tissue compartment, the right occipital lobe was noted to have excess volume loss. Combined with our growing knowledge of the function of genes in the commonly deleted region for WMS, more detailed information regarding the structure and function of the WMS brain will provide a unique opportunity for elucidating meaningful correlations amongst genetic, neurobiological, and neurobehavioral factors in humans.

scholarly journals Repetitive T1 Imaging Influences Gray Matter Volume Estimations in Structural Brain Imaging

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregor Broessner ◽  
Isabel Ellerbrock ◽  
Mareike M. Menz ◽  
Florian Frank ◽  
Michael Verius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gray Matter ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
Signal Changes

Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) is a widely used tool for studying structural patterns of brain plasticity, brain development and disease. The source of the T1-signal changes is not understood. Most of these changes are discussed to represent loss or possibly gain of brain gray matter and recent publications speculate also about non-structural changes affecting T1-signal. We investigated the potential of pain stimulation to ultra-short-term alter gray matter signal changes in pain relevant brain regions in healthy volunteers using a longitudinal design. Immediately following regional nociceptive input, we detected significant gray matter volume (GMV) changes in central pain processing areas, i.e. anterior cingulate and insula cortex. However, similar results were observed in a control group using the identical time intervals but without nociceptive painful input. These GMV changes could be reproduced in almost 100 scanning sessions enrolling 72 healthy individuals comprising repetitive magnetization-prepared rapid gradient-echo (MPRAGE) sequences. These data suggest that short-term longitudinal repetitive MPRAGE may produce significant GMV changes without any intervention. Future studies investigating brain plasticity should focus and specifically report a consistent timing at which time-point during the experiment the T1-weighted scan is conducted. There is a necessity of a control group for longitudinal imaging studies.

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