scholarly journals Growth, Tolerance, and Compliance of Infants Fed an Extensively Hydrolyzed Infant Formula with Added 2′-FL Fucosyllactose (2′-FL) Human Milk Oligosaccharide

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 186
Author(s):  
Carlett Ramirez-Farias ◽  
Geraldine E. Baggs ◽  
Barbara J. Marriage
Keyword(s):  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Food Protein ◽  
Feeding Intolerance ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Hydrolyzed Formula ◽  
Intended Use ◽  
Weight For Age

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the growth, tolerance and compliance effects of an extensively hydrolyzed formula with added 2′-FL in an intended use population of infants. Methods: A non-randomized, single-group, multicenter study was conducted. Infants (0–60 days of age) with suspected food protein allergy, persistent feeding intolerance, or presenting conditions where an extensively hydrolyzed formula (eHF) was deemed appropriate were enrolled in a 2-month feeding trial. The primary outcome was maintenance of weight for age z-score during the study. Weight, length, head circumference, formula intake, tolerance measures, clinical symptoms and questionnaires were collected. Forty-eight infants were enrolled and 36 completed the study. Results: Weight for age z-scores of infants showed a statistically significant improvement from study day 1 to study day 60 (0.32 ± 0.11, p = 0.0078). Conclusions: Overall, the results of the study demonstrate that the study formula was well tolerated, safe and supported growth in the intended population.

scholarly journals A New Hydrolyzed Formula is Well Tolerated in Infants with Suspected Food Protein Allergy or Intolerance

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlene W. Borschel ◽  
Geraldine E. Baggs
Keyword(s):  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Food Protein ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Allergic Colitis ◽  
The Mean ◽  
New Formulation ◽  
High Level ◽  
Hydrolyzed Formula ◽  
Intended Use

Background: Extensively hydrolyzed formulas (eHF) are indicated for infants with food protein allergy. The purpose of the study was to assess the tolerance and compliance of an intended population of infants to a new formulation of a hypoallergenic eHF. Methods: A non-random, single-group, multicenter study was conducted. Infants with suspected food protein allergy, persistent feeding intolerance, or presenting conditions where an eHF was deemed appropriate were enrolled in a 15-day feeding trial. Intake, stool patterns, weight (wt), length, and questionnaires were collected. The primary outcome was maintenance of wt for age Z-score during the study. Results: 25 infants (85 ± 8.9 d of age) were enrolled; 7 were ≥ 4 months; 4 were preterm. At entry, 12 had symptoms of allergic colitis or food protein allergy/intolerance, 12 had persistent formula intolerance, 11 had hematochezia/heme positive stools, and 1 was recovering from necrotizing enterocolitis. Mean wt for age Z-score was -0.62 ± 0.19 at entry and -0.41 ± 0.16 at exit. Mean change in wt for age Z-score was 0.21 ± 0.10. Mean formula intake was 764 ± 48 mL/day. The mean number of stools/day was 1.8 ± 0.4 and the predominant stool consistencies were loose/mushy (48%) or soft (43%). Conclusion: The results suggest that this eHF was well accepted and tolerated by an intended use population of infants during the first 6 months of life which enabled adequate volume consumption, maintenance of wt for age Z-scores and a high level of parental satisfaction.

scholarly journals Determination of Predictive Risk Factors for Severe Bronchiolitis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammed Nebi Caliskan ◽  
Mehmet Tekin ◽  
Çapan KONCA
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Acute Bronchiolitis ◽  
Low Weight ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Predictive Risk ◽  
Weight For Age

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the predictive risk factors for development of severe bronchiolitis in patients with acute bronchiolitis with no previous chronic disease. Methods: Four hundred forty children aged 1-24 months hospitalized with acute bronchiolitis, were examined between February 2018 and February 2019 in this prospective study. Results: Eighty-five cases were regarded as severe bronchiolitis and 355 as mild-moderate bronchiolitis. Statistically significant differences were observed between the severe and mild-moderate bronchiolitis groups in terms of weight-for-age z-scores, history of bronchiolitis, hemoglobin levels, and time elapsed between onset of symptoms and admission. Weight-for-age z-scores, the mean time interval between onset of symptoms and admission, and mean hemoglobin values were lower in the severe bronchiolitis group while the mean number of bronchiolitis attacks was higher than in the mild-moderate bronchiolitis group. Logistic regression analysis determined that a low weight-for-age z-score increased the risk of severe bronchiolitis development 0.56-fold (CI: 0.409 – 0.760), a short duration between the onset of symptoms and admission increased the risk 0.62-fold (CI: 0.519 – 0.735), a frequent history of bronchiolitis increased the risk 1.81-fold (CI: 1.135 – 2.968) and low hemoglobin levels increased the risk 0.72-fold (CI: 0.537 – 0.969). Conclusion: Low weight-for-age z-scores, a short duration between the onset of symptoms and admission, a high number of previous attacks, and low hemoglobin levels were identified as independent parameters of severe bronchiolitis development. Key words: Bronchiolitis, Infant, Risk factors, Severity degree

scholarly journals Association of Whole Blood Fatty Acids and Growth in Southern Ghanaian Children 2–6 Years of Age

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Adjepong ◽  
William Yakah ◽  
William Harris ◽  
Esi Colecraft ◽  
Grace Marquis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Northern Ghana ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Height For Age ◽  
Weight For Age

In Ghana, stunting rates in children below 5 years of age vary regionally. Dietary fatty acids (FAs) are crucial for linear growth. The objective of this study was to determine the association between blood FAs and growth parameters in southern Ghanaian children 2–6 years of age. A drop of blood was collected on an antioxidant treated card and analyzed for FA composition. Weight and height were measured and z-scores calculated. Relationships between FAs and growth were analyzed by linear regressions and factor analysis. Of the 209 subjects, 22% were stunted and 10.6% were essential FA deficient (triene/tetraene ratio > 0.02). Essential FA did not differ between stunted and non-stunted children and was not associated with height-for-age z-score or weight-for-age z-score. Similarly, no relationships between other blood fatty acids and growth parameters were observed in this population. However, when blood fatty acid levels in these children were compared to previously reported values from northern Ghana, the analysis showed that blood omega-3 FA levels were significantly higher and omega-6 FA levels lower in the southern Ghanaian children (p < 0.001). Fish and seafood consumption in this southern cohort was high and could account for the lower stunting rates observed in these children compared to other regions.

scholarly journals Sustained Positive Deviant Child Care Practices and Their Effects on Child Growth in Viet Nam

2002 ◽  
Vol 23 (4_suppl2) ◽  
pp. 16-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Agnes Trinh Mackintosh ◽  
David R. Marsh ◽  
Dirk G. Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
Child Growth ◽  
Program Completion ◽  
Viet Nam ◽  
Nutrition Program ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Total N ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Height For Age ◽  
Weight For Age

Save the Children's (SC) successful integrated nutrition program in Viet Nam, the poverty alleviation and nutrition program (PANP), uses the positive deviance (PD) approach to identify key growth promoting behaviors and provides participatory adult education allowing mothers to develop skills related to these behaviors. We investigated whether improvements seen during a PANP intervention (1993–1995) were sustained three and four years after SC's departure. Cross-sectional surveys were administered to 46 randomly selected households in four communes that had previously participated in the PANP and 25 households in a neighboring comparison community in 1998 and 1999. Two children per household, an older child who had participated in the PANP and a younger sibling who had not, were measured (total n = 142 children), and their mothers were interviewed. Older SC children tended to be better nourished than their counterparts. Their younger siblings were significantly better nourished than those in the comparison group, with adjusted mean weight-for-age Z scores of −1.82 versus −2.45 ( p = .007), weight-for-height Z scores of −0.71 versus −1.45 ( p < .001), and height-for-age Z scores of −2.11 and −2.37 (ns, p = .4), respectively. SC mothers reporting feeding the younger siblings more than their counterparts did (2.9 versus 2.2 main meals per day, p < .001, and 96.2% versus 52% offering snacks, p < .01]. SC mothers reported washing their hands “often” more than comparison mothers (100% vs. 76%, p < .001). Growth-promoting behaviors identified through PD studies and practiced through neighborhood-based rehabilitation sessions persisted years after program completion. These sustained behaviors contributed to better growth of younger siblings never exposed to the program.

scholarly journals Water, sanitation and hygiene practices associated with improved height-for-age, weight-for-height and weight-for-age z-scores in Nepal.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Som Kumar Shrestha ◽  
Don Vicendese ◽  
Bircan Erbas
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Water Purification ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
P Value ◽  
Child Undernutrition ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Height For Age ◽  
Weight For Age

Abstract Background: Evidence of the influence of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) behaviors on childhood nutritional status is inconsistent. Few studies have examined their interactive effects. This study aimed to examine associations and interactions between WASH variables and preschool child undernutrition. Methods: Data from a nationally representative sample of 2352 children assessed during the 2016 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey were analyzed by multi-variable linear regression to understand the association between height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-height (WHZ) and weight-for-age (WAZ) z-scores and WASH variables. Interactions between WASH variables, sex and area of residence on childhood nutritional status were also examined. Results: The mean z-score [standard deviation] for children’s WAZ, HAZ and WHZ scores were -1.33 [1.1], -1.52 [1.3] and -0.65 [1.1], respectively. A unit increase in cluster sanitation coverage was associated with an increase of 0.30 (95%CI: 0.12 to 0.48) for WAZ and 0.28 (95%CI: 0.001 to 0.56) for HAZ scores. Household water purification practice was associated with an increase of 0.24 (95%CI: 0.07 to 0.41) in WHZ score. Handwashing practice with water and soap was associated with an increase of 0.15 (95%CI: 0.04 to 0.25) in WAZ and 0.13 (95%CI: 0.01 to 0.24) in WHZ scores. The effect of water purification practice was higher for rural areas compared to urban settings for HAZ scores (p-value for interaction=0.02). Conclusions: Consistent with findings from other countries in the South Asian region, findings of this study highlight the potential importance of good WASH practices, and therefore the potential of WASH interventions, to contribute to improved nutritional status in rural Nepal.

Analysis of Multiple Factors Involved in Pertussis-Like Coughing

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 641-646
Author(s):  
Jiaying Cao ◽  
Lu Xu ◽  
Jiahua Pan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bordetella Pertussis ◽  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Lymphocyte Ratio ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Independent Risk Factors ◽  
Wbc Count ◽  
Case Data ◽  
Inhaled Glucocorticoids

Objectives. To identify risk factors associated with the prognosis of pertussis-like coughing. Methods. A retrospective study on children hospitalized with pertussis-like coughing from 2018 to 2019. We collected all the case data from medical records including age, gender, vaccination, clinical symptoms, complication, pathogens, white blood cell (WBC) count, lymphocyte ratio, application of macrolide antibiotics, usage of sulfamethoxazole, and usage of inhaled glucocorticoids. Logistic regression was used in this study. Results. A total of 213 hospitalized children with pertussis-like coughing were included in this study. About 70 children were cured within 2 weeks. One120 children were cured from 2 weeks to 3 months, including cases of initial attack and relapse. Symptoms lasting longer than 3 months accounts for 10.8%. Bordetella pertussis, WBC count >20 × 109/L and lymphocyte ratio >60% were associated with poor prognosis ( P < .05). Conclusions. Bordetella pertussis, WBC count, and lymphocyte ratio are independent risk factors for poor prognosis.

scholarly journals Differences between WHO Growth Standards and China Growth Standards in Assessing the Nutritional Status of Children Aged 0–36 Months Old

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 251
Author(s):  
Qianling Tian ◽  
Xiao Gao ◽  
Tingting Sha ◽  
Qiong He ◽  
Gang Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
World Health ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
The World ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Nutritional Status Of Children ◽  
Height For Age ◽  
Weight For Age ◽  
China’S Growth

Background: At present, whether to use the World Health Organization’s (WHO) growth standards or native growth standards to assess the nutritional status in a given population is unclear. This study aimed to compare the differences between the WHO’s growth standards and China’s growth standards in assessing the nutritional status of children aged 0~36 months. Methods: We used z-scores to evaluate the nutritional status of children. The weight-for-age z-scores (WAZs), length/height-for-age z-scores (LAZ/HAZs), and weight-for-length/height z-scores (WLZ/WHZs) were calculated using the WHO’s growth standards and China’s growth standards. MeNemar’s test was used to compare the nutritional status of children. Results: The results in this study showed that there were differences between the WHO’s standards and China’s standards in assessing children’s nutritional status except for stunting and obesity. The prevalence of underweight assessed using China’s standards was higher than when using the WHO’s standards (except when 3 and 36 months old). The prevalence of wasting was significantly higher when assessed using China’s standards than when using the WHO’s standards from 12 to 36 months. The prevalence of overweight was higher when assessed using the WHO’s standards from 3 to 8 months. Conclusions: Both the WHO’s and China’s growth standards are useful measures in assessing children’s nutritional status but with key significant differences. Therefore, caution should be taken in selecting appropriate measures in a given population.

scholarly journals Variation in Infant Formula Macronutrient Ingredients Is Associated with Infant Anthropometrics

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3465
Author(s):  
Bridget Young
Keyword(s):  
Infant Formula ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Soy Protein ◽  
Abdominal Circumference ◽  
Lower Weight ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Multivariable Models ◽  
Weight For Age

Background: There is wide variation in the macronutrient ingredient base of infant formula. How variation in macronutrient ingredients may impact infant growth remains largely unknown. Methods: The 2015–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) dataset was utilized, including infant anthropometrics and dietary intake. The protein, fat, and carbohydrate sources of formulas consumed were assembled and considered as potential predictors in multivariable models of infant Z-scores among infants < 6 months, 6–12 months and all infants combined (0–12 months). Results: The following relationships represent ingredient covariates within the final multivariable models of infant Z-scores. Consuming formula with palm oil was associated with higher weight-for-length Z-scores among infants < 6 months, but lower weight-for-age and weight-for-length Z-scores among infants 6–12 months. Consuming soy-protein formulas was associated with lower weight-for-length, head circumference-for-age and abdominal circumference-for-age Z-scores among infants < 6 months. Consuming sucrose-containing formula was associated with higher weight-for-length and abdominal circumference-for-age Z-score among infants 0–12 months. Conclusions: These data provide proof-of-concept that all formulas are not the same. Variation in macronutrient ingredients within the standard formula category is associated with differences in infant anthropometric outcomes. Long-term and mechanistic studies are warranted to pursue these findings; especially for palm oil, soy protein, and sucrose.

Catch-up growth in children after repair of Tetralogy of Fallot

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 507-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Carmona ◽  
Lucas S. Hatanaka ◽  
Marco A. Barbieri ◽  
Heloisa Bettiol ◽  
Roseli B. D. Toffano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tetralogy Of Fallot ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Residual Lesions ◽  
Height For Age ◽  
Weight For Age

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the growth of children after repair of Tetralogy of Fallot, as well as the influence of residual lesions and socio-economic status.MethodsA total of 17 children, including 10 boys with a median age of 16 months at surgery, were enrolled in a retrospective cohort, in a tertiary care university hospital. Anthropometric (as z-scores), clinical, nutritional, and social data were collected.ResultsWeight-for-age and weight-for-height z-scores decreased pre-operatively and recovered post-operatively in almost all patients, most markedly weight for age. Weight-for-height z-scores improved, but were still lower than birth values in the long term. Long-term height-for-age z-scores were higher than those at birth, surgery, and 3 months post-operatively. Most patients showed catch-up growth for height for age (70%), weight for age (82%), and weight for height (70%). Post-operative residual lesions (76%) influenced weight-for-age z-scores. Despite the fact that most patients (70%) were from low-income families, energy intake was above the estimated requirement for age and gender in all but one patient. There was no influence of socio-economic status on pre- and post-operative growth. Bone age was delayed and long-term-predicted height was within mid-parental height limits in 16 children (93%).ConclusionChildren submitted to Tetralogy of Fallot repair had pre-operative acute growth restriction and showed post-operative catch-up growth for weight and height. Acute growth restriction could still be present in the long term.

scholarly journals Relationship between Stunting, Wasting, Underweight and Geophagy and Cognitive Function of Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 517-527
Author(s):  
Michael O Mireku ◽  
Michel Cot ◽  
Achille Massougbodji ◽  
Florence Bodeau-Livinec
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Early Learning ◽  
Anthropometric Characteristics ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Logistic Regressions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Weight For Age

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between anthropometric characteristics and both geophagy and cognitive function of children. Study design The study prospectively followed singleton children whose mothers participated in the MiPPAD clinical trial in Allada, Benin, from birth to age 12 months. Anthropometric measurements were taken at birth and 9 and 12 months. Wasting, stunting and underweight were defined as weight-for-length, length-for-age and weight-for-age Z-scores less than −2, respectively. Cognitive and motor functions were assessed using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning. Parent-reported geophageous habits of children were collected when the children were 12 months. Multiple linear and logistic regressions were used to analyse the data. Results A total of 632 children (49.7% girls) were involved in the study. Stunting, wasting and underweight were observed in 14.1%, 13.6% and 17.7%, respectively, at 9 months and 17.3%, 12.7% and 17.2%, respectively, at 12 months. The prevalence of geophagy among the children was 48.2%. Impaired growth at 9 and 12 months was consistently associated with low cognitive and gross motor (GM) score. Children stunted at 9 months had lower GM scores at 12 months compared with their non-stunted peers (β = −3.48, 95% confidence interval −6.62 to −0.35). Conclusions Stunting, wasting and underweight are associated with cognitive and GM deficits in infants. In this setting, impaired growth was not associated with geophagy. Further research evaluating geophagy and growth prospectively and concurrently from birth to 36 months is needed.

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