Eating Speed, Eating Frequency, and Their Relationships with Diet Quality, Adiposity, and Metabolic Syndrome, or Its Components

Excess body weight is a major global health concern, particularly due to its associated increased health risks. Several strategies have been proposed to prevent overweight and obesity onset. In the past decade, it has been suggested that eating speed/rate and eating frequency might be related to obesity. The main aim of this narrative review was to summarize existing evidence regarding the impact of eating speed/rate and eating frequency on adiposity, metabolic syndrome (MetS), or diet quality (DQ). For this purpose, a literature search of observational and interventional trials was conducted between June and September 2020 in PubMed and Web of Sciences databases, without any data filters and no limitations for publication date. Results suggest that children and adults with a faster eating speed/rate may be associated with a higher risk of developing adiposity, MetS or its components. Furthermore, a higher eating frequency could be associated with diet quality improvement, lower adiposity, and lower risk of developing MetS or its components. Further interventional trials are warranted to clarify the mechanism by which these eating behaviors might have a potential impact on health.

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Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Possibilities of Prevention and Treatment: A Systematic Review

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13061782 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 1782

Author(s):

Monika Grabia ◽

Renata Markiewicz-Żukowska ◽

Katarzyna Socha

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Excess Body Weight ◽

Healthy Population ◽

Prevention And Treatment

Overweight and obesity are an increasingly common problem, not only among the healthy population, but also in adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1DM). Excess body weight is related to many cardiometabolic complications as well as a high risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). The purpose of this systematic review is to provide a concise and critical overview of the prevalence of MetS in children and adolescents with T1DM and, ultimately, to discuss prevention and treatment options. The study was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. This review shows that, apart from the growing percentage of overweight and obese children and adolescents with T1DM (on average 20.1% and 9.5%, respectively), the problem of the increasing incidence of MetS (range from 3.2 to 29.9%, depending on the criteria used) is one of the most important phenomena of our time. One of the methods of prevention and treatment is a combined approach: changing eating habits and lifestyle, but there are also reports about the beneficial effects of the gut microflora.

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Psychological Well-Being, Health Behaviors, and Weight Loss Among Participants in a Residential, Kripalu Yoga-Based Weight Loss Program

International Journal of Yoga Therapy ◽

10.17761/ijyt.22.1.y47k2658674t1212 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 9-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Tosca Braun ◽

Crystal Park ◽

Lisa Ann Conboy

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Health Behaviors ◽

Well Being ◽

The United States ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Weight Loss Program ◽

Health Concern ◽

Psychological Well Being ◽

The Impact

The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity in humans is a growing public health concern in the United States. Concomitants include poor health behaviors and reduced psychological well-being. Preliminary evidence suggests yoga and treatment paradigms incorporating mindfulness, self-compassion (SC), acceptance, non-dieting, and intuitive eating may improve these ancillary correlates, which may promote long-term weight loss. Methods: We explored the impact of a 5-day residential weight loss program, which was multifaceted and based on Kripalu yoga, on health behaviors, weight loss, and psychological well-being in overweight/obese individuals. Thirty-seven overweight/obese program participants (age 32-65, BMI<25) completed validated mind-fulness, SC, lifestyle behavior, and mood questionnaires at baseline, post-program, and 3-month follow-up and reported their weight 1 year after program completion. Results: Significant improvements in nutrition behaviors, SC, mindfulness, stress management, and spiritual growth were observed immediately post-program (n = 31, 84% retention), with medium to large effect sizes. At 3-month follow-up (n = 18, 49% retention), most changes persisted. Physical activity and mood disturbance had improved significantly post-program but failed to reach significance at 3-month follow-up. Self-report weight loss at 1 year (n = 19, 51% retention) was significant. Conclusion: These findings suggest a Kripalu yoga-based, residential weight loss program may foster psychological well-being, improved nutrition behaviors, and weight loss. Given the exploratory nature of this investigation, more rigorous work in this area is warranted.

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Diet Quality of First Semester Southeastern College Students and the Impact of COVID-19

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzab029_059 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 258-258

Author(s):

Zhiping Yu ◽

Paul Fuglestad ◽

Veruska Gonzalez

Keyword(s):

College Students ◽

Diet Quality ◽

Eating Behaviors ◽

Healthy Eating Index ◽

National Average ◽

First Semester ◽

Funding Sources ◽

Unhealthy Eating ◽

The Impact

Abstract Objectives Studies have reported poor food choices and unhealthy eating behaviors among college students. The purpose of this study was to assess the diet quality of college freshmen and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Freshman students 18 years or older in all majors in a southeastern university were invited to take the Diet History Questionnaire III (DHQ III) in fall 2019 and in fall 2020. The Healthy Eating Index (HEI) scores from the participants were obtained and compared to the HEI-2015 national averages through one-sample t-tests. Results Thirty students in fall 2019 cohort (86.7% female, 46.7% white) and 55 students in fall 2020 cohort (78.2% female, 63.5% white) completed the survey. Compared to national average data, participants in the current study had higher total HEI scores (60.9 vs. 58.3, P < 0.05), higher total fruits scores (3.8 vs. 2.6, P < 0.001), higher dairy scores (6.4 vs. 5.4, P < 0.001), but lower total protein scores (4.1 vs. 5.0, P < 0.001), lower seafood and plant protein scores (3.6 vs. 5.0, P < 0.001), higher refined grains scores (8.0 vs. 6.7, P < 0.001), and higher sodium scores (4.7 vs. 3.4, P < 0.001). Just examining the 2020 cohort of students, after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the overall HEI scores were lower and not significantly different from the national average (P > 0.05) and HEI fatty acids scores were lower (3.7 vs. 4.5, P < 0.05). Conclusions The diet quality of freshman college students remains inadequate and interventions are needed to prevent or postpone the health problems especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Funding Sources Brooks College of Health, University of North Florida

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The impact of obesity on the immune response to infection

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1017/s0029665112000158 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 71 (2) ◽

pp. 298-306 ◽

Cited By ~ 195

Author(s):

J. Justin Milner ◽

Melinda A. Beck

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Human Subjects ◽

Host Defence ◽

Health Concern ◽

Excess Body Weight ◽

Low Grade ◽

Metabolic Abnormalities ◽

Influenza A H1n1 ◽

Obese Human ◽

The Impact

There is strong evidence indicating that excess adiposity negatively impacts immune function and host defence in obese individuals. This is a review of research findings concerning the impact of obesity on the immune response to infection, including a discussion of possible mechanisms. Obesity is characterised by a state of low-grade, chronic inflammation in addition to disturbed levels of circulating nutrients and metabolic hormones. The impact of these metabolic abnormalities on obesity-related comorbidities has undergone intense scrutiny over the past decade. However, relatively little is known of how the immune system and host defence are influenced by the pro-inflammatory and excess energy milieu of the obese. Epidemiological data suggest obese human subjects are at greater risk for nosocomial infections, especially following surgery. Additionally, the significance of altered immunity in obese human subjects is emphasised by recent studies reporting obesity to be an independent risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality following infection with the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus. Rodent models offer important insight into how metabolic abnormalities associated with excess body weight can impair immunity. However, more research is necessary to understand the specific aspects of immunity that are impaired and what factors are contributing to reduced immunocompetence in the obese. Additionally, special consideration of how infection in this at-risk population is managed is required, given that this population may not respond optimally to antimicrobial drugs and vaccination. Obesity impacts millions globally, and greater understanding of its associated physiological disturbances is a key public health concern.

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Development of a Mindful-Eating Intervention Program among Third Through Fifth Grade Elementary School Children and Their Parents

Californian Journal of Health Promotion ◽

10.32398/cjhp.v14i3.2070 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 70-76 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Shannon Pierson ◽

Keiko Goto ◽

Joan Giampaoli ◽

Alyson Wylie ◽

Ben Seipel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Elementary School ◽

School Children ◽

Elementary School Children ◽

Intervention Program ◽

Eating Behaviors ◽

The United States ◽

Health Concern ◽

Mindful Eating ◽

Prevalence Of Obesity ◽

The Impact

The prevalence of obesity among children in the United States is a major health concern and is associated with increased health risks. The goal of this intervention was to develop and pilot test strategies based on mindful eating practices that foster healthy eating behaviors among elementary school children and their families. Mindful eating practice engages all of ones senses and has been shown to decrease impulsive food decisions and increase awareness of hunger and fullness cues. Using Experiential Learning Theory (ELT), class interventions and take-home activities were developed to teach mindful eating strategies to Hispanic and non-Hispanic 3rd through 5th grade elementary school children and their parents. The results of this research will: 1) contribute to the scientific literature regarding the impact of mindful eating practice on children’s eating behavior, 2) provide an alternate strategy for weight loss and management among children, and 3) provide parents and teachers with the knowledge and skills necessary to promote mindful eating among children and families.

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Law No 1355 for the Prevention of Obesity in Colombia: Influence of School Food Environment Interventions on Children Body Weight and Diet Quality Trends Between 2005 and 2015

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa064_014 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 1724-1724

Author(s):

Gustavo Mora-Garcia ◽

Vanessa Garcia-Larsen ◽

Antonio Trujillo

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Healthy Eating ◽

Diet Quality ◽

Food Environment ◽

Healthy Eating Index ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

School Food ◽

School Food Environment ◽

Using Data ◽

The Impact

Abstract Objectives To study the impact of the school food environment interventions motivated by the obesity prevention policy reform (Law No 1355, Colombia 2009) on body weight and diet quality trends of schoolchildren. Methods Schoolchildren from six provinces that had implemented the law (‘intervened schools’), and from 26 that had not, were studied using data from the National Nutrition Surveys (ENSIN). A total of 48,936 children aged 6–17y were included (2005, n = 16,193; 2010, n = 9,907; 2015, n = 22,836). Body mass index (log-transformed z-score; zBMI) and bodyweight excess (BWE; i.e., zBMI ≥ 1.0) were the primary outcomes. The Alternative Healthy-Eating Index (AHEI; log-transformed) was derived to measure diet quality, using data from single 24 h recall questionnaires administered in 2005 and 2015. A difference-in-difference analysis (diff-in-diff) was carried out using two waves of data before (ENSIN 2005 and 2010), and one wave 4 years after the policy implementation (ENSIN 2015). The identification strategy relies on variability across time and provinces. Results A total of 11,113 schoolchildren were in the intervened provinces (2005: 4,087; 2010: 2,861; 2015: 4,165). Overall, the percentage of children with BWE in 2005, 2010, and 2010 was 16.5%, 20.2%, and 25.0%, respectively. Between 2005 and 2015, the prevalence of BWE increased from 15.5% to 27.3% in the intervened schools, and from 16.9% to 24.4% in the non-intervened schools. The mean AHEI score was 46.2 ± 10.5 in 2005 and 43.7 ± 11.1 in 2015, with a decrease of 2.29 points in the sample of children from the intervened schools, and of 2.32 points in those from the non-intervened schools. The diff-in-diff analyses showed that the interventions were associated with a 4% increase in zBMI (P < 0.05), and a 2% increase in BWE prevalence (P < 0.001). The changes in diet quality were not statistically significant. Conclusions Diet quality and trends of overweight and obesity in schoolchildren did not improve in the schools that implemented Law No1355. The observed decline in diet quality in all children studied suggest that implementation of food policies to promote healthy eating should not be limited to efforts centered in the school environment. Funding Sources GMG was supported by COLCIENCIAS (Fondo para Investigación en Salud-FIS-).

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The impact of a higher eating frequency on the diet quality and nutritional status of women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114519002952 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 123 (4) ◽

pp. 410-418

Author(s):

Mariana Tavares Miranda Lima ◽

Taynara Cruvinel Maruyama ◽

Isis Danyelle Dias Custódio ◽

Eduarda da Costa Marinho ◽

Isabela Borges Ferreira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Nutritional Status ◽

Diet Quality ◽

Continuous Variable ◽

Healthy Eating Index ◽

Inverse Association ◽

Anthropometric Parameters ◽

Eating Frequency ◽

T1 And T2 ◽

The Impact

AbstractThe present study investigated the association between eating frequency (EF), diet quality and nutritional status of fifty-five women with breast cancer (BC) undergoing chemotherapy (CT), with three follow-ups, before the first cycle (T0), after the intermediate cycle (T1) and after the last cycle of CT (T2). Dietary data were obtained by nine 24-h dietary recalls (24HR), and the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index Revised (BHEI-R) was used for qualitative analysis of diet. The average EF was established by adding the number of daily eating episodes in the three 24HR of each time. Anthropometric variables were obtained at three times. Women who reported higher EF (equal to or above median value (T0 and T1: 4·67; T2: 4·33 eating episodes)) presented better anthropometric parameters, in T0 and T1, as well as higher scores for BHEI-R specific groups and BHEI-R Total score in T1 and T2. In generalised linear models, the continuous variable EF was negatively associated with all the anthropometric variables in T0 and with the waist:height ratio in T1. There were positive associations for the BHEI-R groups at the three times: Total Fruit; Whole Fruit; Total Vegetables; Dark Green and Orange Vegetables and Legumes. At T1 and T2 the EF was positively associated with the BHEI-R Total score, and also with Whole Grains in T1. The results suggest that a higher EF was associated with a better diet quality during CT in women with BC. In contrast, an inverse association was observed between EF and anthropometric parameters before the first cycle of treatment.

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Efeitos do Treinamento Físico Militar nas características antropométricas e no desempenho físico de militares

Revista de Educação Física / Journal of Physical Education ◽

10.37310/ref.v85i4.191 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 85 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Jairo José Monteiro Morgado ◽

Fabiane Frota da Rocha Morgado ◽

Maria Elisa Caputo Ferreira

Keyword(s):

Physical Fitness ◽

Physical Performance ◽

Physical Training ◽

Eating Behaviors ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Military Organizations ◽

Paired Samples ◽

Anthropometric Characteristics ◽

Student’S T ◽

The Impact

Introdução: A aptidão física é um dos elementos em destaque no perfil do militar brasileiro. Todavia, estudos apontam a existência de alta prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade nesta população.Objetivo: Verificar o impacto do Treinamento Físico Militar (TFM) no perfil antropométrico e nos índices de desempenho físico de militares.Métodos: Estudo longitudinal, do qual participaram 27 alunos do sexo masculino do Período Básico do Curso de Formação de Sargentos do Exército Brasileiro (CFS). Foram realizadas avaliações antropométricas: massa corporal, estatura, dobras cutâneas (peitoral, abdominal e coxa média) e de desempenho físico: flexão de braço no solo e na barra fixa, corrida de 12 minutos e abdominal supra, exercícios que fazem parte dos Testes de Aptidão Física (TAF) realizados três vezes ao ano nas diversas organizações militares do Exército. As avaliações foram aplicadas em duas fases: uma na terceira e outra na vigésima primeira semana de instrução. A normalidade dos dados foi examinada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Para comparar os dados pré e pós período de treinamento, utilizou-se os testes pareados t de Student e de Wilcoxon.Resultados: As características antropométricas, assim como o teste de abdominal supra, não apresentaram alterações, enquanto os testes físicos apresentaram melhora estaticamente significativa nos testes de flexão de braço no solo e na barra fixa e na corrida (teste de 12 minutos de Cooper).Conclusão: O TFM mostrou-se eficiente para preparar fisicamente o militar para o combate, entretanto, políticas de incentivo a comportamentos alimentares mais saudáveis poderiam ser adotados e enfatizados no âmbito das organizações militares.Effects of Military Physical Training on anthropometric characteristics and physical performance in military personnelIntroduction: Physical fitness is one of the fundamental elements for Brazilian military personnel. However, studies indicate the existence of a high prevalence of overweight and obesity in this population.Objective: To verify the impact of Military Physical Training (MPT) on the anthropometric profile and military physical performance indices.Methods: A longitudinal study was carried out. 27 male students from the Basic Period of the Training Course for Sergeants (TCS) of the Brazilian Army participated. Anthropometric evaluations were performed: body mass, height, skin folds (pectoral, abdominal and mid-thigh) and physical performance: flexion of the arm in the ground and fixed bar, 12-minute run and abdominal supra, exercises that are part of the Physical Fitness (PF) held three times a year in the various military organizations of the Army. The evaluations were applied in two phases: one in the third and the other in the twenty-first week of education. The normality of the data was examined by the Shapiro-Wilk test. To compare pre-and post-training period data, Student’s t and Wilcoxon tests for paired samples were used.Results: The anthropometric characteristics, as well as the abdominal test above, did not present alterations, whereas the physical tests presented significant statistical improvement in the tests of arm flexion in the ground and in the fixed bar and in the race (Cooper's 12-minute test).Conclusion: MPT proved to be efficient for physical preparation for combat. Nonetheless, military organizations should adopt policies to emphasize and encourage healthier eating behaviors.

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The Impact of Childhood Growth Stunting and Post-Migration Dysbiosis on the Development of Metabolic Syndrome Among Indigenous Immigrant Mexican Women

Biological Research For Nursing ◽

10.1177/1099800420941599 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 552-560

Author(s):

Karen T. D’Alonzo ◽

Lisa Garsman

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Allostatic Load ◽

Immigrant Women ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Mexican Immigrant ◽

Childhood Growth ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Mexican Immigrant Women ◽

The Impact

While weight gain is common following migration to a new country and Mexican Americans have a disparate prevalence of overweight and obesity. In particular, Mexican American women have one of the world’s highest rates of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), characterized by abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, all of which increase the risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although the etiology of this dilemma is not well understood, using the framework of allostatic load (AL), we posit that exposure to multiple physiologic, psychosocial and environmental stressors over the course of the lifespan may contribute to an increased risk of MetS among indigenous Mexican immigrant women. Two such frequently overlooked stressors are: 1) a history of childhood growth stunting (CGS) and 2) dietary changes post migration that result in decreased diversity of the gut microbiome (dysbiosis). To date, little is known about how migration experiences differentially affect the relationship between CGS and MetS in adulthood. The purpose of this theoretical article is to present a proposed model of how early life stressors (ELS), specifically CGS, may interact with insalubrious aspects of the immigration experience to promote an increased risk for MetS among indigenous Mexican immigrant women. This model may be used in a bi-national effort to guide intervention efforts to decrease CGS in Mexico and to prevent, monitor or delay the components of MetS post migration in the US.

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That’s My Cue to Eat: A Systematic Review of the Persuasiveness of Front-of-Pack Cues on Food Packages for Children vs. Adults

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12041062 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 1062 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Lotte Hallez ◽

Yara Qutteina ◽

Maxime Raedschelders ◽

Filip Boen ◽

Tim Smits

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Visual Cues ◽

Eating Behaviors ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Portion Size ◽

Food Packages ◽

Package Size ◽

Informational Cues ◽

The Impact

Packaging is increasingly recognized as an essential component of any marketing strategy. Visual and informational front-of-pack cues constitute salient elements of the environment that may influence what and how much someone eats. Considering their overwhelming presence on packaging of non-core foods, front-of-pack cues may contribute to the growing rates of overweight and obesity in children and adults. We conducted a systematic review to summarize the evidence concerning the impact of front-of-pack cues on choices and eating behaviors. Four electronic databases were searched for experimental studies (2009–present). This resulted in the inclusion of 57 studies (in 43 articles). We identified studies on children (3–12 years) and adults (≥ 18 years), but no studies on adolescents (12–18 years). The results suggest that children and adults are susceptible to packaging cues, with most evidence supporting the impact of visual cues. More specifically, children more often choose products with a licensed endorser and eat more from packages portraying the product with an exaggerated portion size. Adults’ eating behaviors are influenced by a range of other visual cues, mainly, package size and shape, and less so by informational cues such as labels.

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