Menu Engineering and Dietary Behavior Impact on Young Adults’ Kilocalorie Choice

The obesity pandemic is associated with increased consumption of restaurant food. Labeling of menus is an intervention used to provide consumers with kilocalorie (calorie) information in hopes of them making healthier food choices. This study evaluated the relationship between young adults’ calorie choices on restaurant menus and menu design, dietary behaviors, and demographic characteristics. A 3 (fast-casual restaurants) × 4 (menu-designs based on menu engineering theories) between-subjects (n = 480, 18–24-year olds) experimental design was used. The relationship between the participants’ calorie choices (high versus low) and menu design, stage of change, gender, race, educational level and weight status was evaluated using logistic regression. All independent variables had at least one category that had greater odds (CI 95% ± 5%) of subjects choosing a lower calorie entree, except education level and race/ethnic group. Normal weight and overweight subjects had greater odds of choosing lower calorie entrees than those that were obese. In addition, subjects that had started to control their calorie intake for less than six months or had sustained this change for at least six months, had greater odds of choosing lower calorie entrees compared to others. Including a green symbol and calories on fast casual restaurant menus may influence some young adults to choose lower calorie entrees.

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The Relationship among Breakfast Habits, Calorie Intake and Nutritional Status of Sumedang Government’s Nursing Academy Students

KnE Life Sciences ◽

10.18502/kls.v4i13.5342 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Dedah Ningrum ◽

Dewi Dolifah ◽

Diding Kelana Setiadi ◽

Ahmad Purnama Hudaya ◽

Akhmad Faozi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nursing Students ◽

Nutritional Status ◽

Weight Status ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Calorie Intake ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Relationship

Inyoungadultsagegroupbreakfastisthemealtimemostoftenskipped.The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between breakfast habits,calorieintake and nutritional status of the students of Sumedang government’s nursing academy. This study employed a cross sectional study method design which includes nutritional status as its the dependent variable and breakfast habits and calorie intake as its independent variable.Thesampletakenwere83personsoffreshmanandsophomore of nursing students of the 2016-2017 academic year. The sampling was organized by using proportional random sampling method. Nutritional status was assessed by employing BMI. Breakfast habits were assessed by employing breakfast habit questionnaire in one week. Calorie intake was assessed by using a 1x24 hours food recall questionnaire. Furthermore, calorie intake was analyzed by using Nutri Survey softwareandcomparedwiththe2012EnergyAdequacyRateforIndonesiapopulation. For bivariate analysis this study used Pearson chi-square test with a signiﬁcance degree of 95% and p-value <0.05. The characteristics of nutritional status of the respondents classiﬁed as Normal weight status (61.4%), Thin (19.3%), and Fat (19.3%). Most respondents have good calorie intake (53.0%) and have regular breakfast habits (54.2%),/it can be concluded that there is a signiﬁcant relationship between calorie intake and nutritional status (p=0.001) and breakfast habits with nutritional status (p = 0.033).Conclusion that healthy breakfast habits in young adults are good life style that should be pursued to fulﬁll daily energy needs to achieve normal nutritional status.

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Body Size Preferences and Food Choice Among Normal and Overweight Mothers and Children in Malawi (P10-070-19)

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzz034.p10-070-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Valerie Flax ◽

Chrissie Thakwalakwa ◽

Lindsay Jaacks ◽

John Phuka

Keyword(s):

Body Size ◽

Food Choice ◽

Weight Status ◽

Food Choices ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Overweight Child ◽

Mothers And Children ◽

Body Sizes ◽

Healthy Body

Abstract Objectives Overweight in mothers and children in sub-Saharan Africa is rapidly increasing and may be related to body size preferences. The objective of this study was to measure mothers’ preferences for their own and their child's body size and how they relate to food choices. Methods We enrolled 271 mothers and their children (6–59 months) in Lilongwe and Kasungu Districts. Based on standard body-mass index and weight-for-height z-score cutoffs, 78 mothers (29%) were normal weight and 193 (71%) were overweight; 120 children (44%) were normal weight and 151 (56%) were overweight. Interviewers used a set of 7 adult female and 7 child body silhouette drawings and a semi-structured question guide to measure mothers’ perceptions of their own and their child's preferred and healthy body sizes and how their preferences affected food choices. We performed chi-squared tests comparing body size perceptions and grouped open-ended responses by weight status. Results Mothers’ selection of silhouettes that represented their body size preferences (67% normal weight, 68% overweight preferred overweight) and perceptions of a healthy body size (96% normal weight, 94% overweight selected overweight as healthy) did not differ by their weight status. A higher percentage of mothers of overweight than normal weight children preferred overweight child body sizes (70% vs. 48%, P = 0.003). Mothers’ perceptions of a healthy child body size (89% normal weight, 94% overweight selected overweight as healthy) did not differ by the child's weight status. To attain a larger body size, mothers said they could eat or feed the child larger quantities or more frequently and increase consumption of fatty/oily foods and drinks (such as sodas, sweetened yoghurt, and milk), but many cannot afford to do this. Conclusions Malawian mothers had strong preferences for overweight body sizes for themselves and mixed preferences for their children. Their desired strategies for increasing weight indicate that body size preferences may drive food choice but could be limited by cost. Funding Sources Drivers of Food Choice (DFC) Competitive Grants Program, funded by the UK Government's Department for International Development and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and managed by the University of South Carolina, Arnold School of Public Health.

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Accelerometer-determined peak cadence and weight status in children from São Caetano do Sul, Brazil

Ciência & Saúde Coletiva ◽

10.1590/1413-812320172211.21962015 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 22 (11) ◽

pp. 3689-3698

Author(s):

Gerson Luis de Moraes Ferrari ◽

Timóteo Araújo ◽

Luis Carlos Oliveira ◽

Victor Keihan Rodrigues Matsudo ◽

Emily Mire ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Body Fat ◽

Weight Status ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Body Fat Percentage ◽

Obese Children ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

The Relationship ◽

Brazilian Children

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between peak cadence indicators and body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (BF%)-defined weight status in children. The sample comprised 485 Brazilian children. Minute-by-minute step data from accelerometry were rank ordered for each day to identify the peak 1-minute, 30-minute and 60-minute cadence values. Data were described by BMI–defined and bioelectrical impedance-determined BF% weight status. BMI-defined normal weight children had higher peak 1-minute (115.5 versus 110.6 and 106.6 steps/min), 30-minute (81.0 versus 77.5 and 74.0 steps/min) and 60-minute cadence (67.1 versus 63.4 and 60.7 steps/min) than overweight and obese children (p<.0001), respectively. Defined using %BF, normal weight children had higher peak 1-minute (114.5 versus 106.1 steps/min), 30-minute (80.4 versus 73.1 steps/min) and 60-minute cadence (66.5 versus 59.9 steps/min) than obese children (p<.0001). Similar relationships were observed in boys; however, only peak 1- minute cadence differed significantly across BMI and %BF-defined weight status categories in girls. Peak cadence indicators were negatively associated with BMI and BF% in these schoolchildren and significantly higher among normal weight compared to overweight or obese children.

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Congruent Validity of Resting Energy Expenditure Predictive Equations in Young Adults

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11020223 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 223 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Francisco Amaro-Gahete ◽

Guillermo Sanchez-Delgado ◽

Juan Alcantara ◽

Borja Martinez-Tellez ◽

Victoria Muñoz-Hernandez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

United Nations ◽

Weight Status ◽

Resting Energy Expenditure ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Healthy Adults ◽

Predictive Equations ◽

Resting Energy

Having valid and reliable resting energy expenditure (REE) estimations is crucial to establish reachable goals for dietary and exercise interventions. However, most of the REE predictive equations were developed some time ago and, as the body composition of the current population has changed, it is highly relevant to assess the validity of REE predictive equations in contemporary young adults. In addition, little is known about the role of sex and weight status on the validity of these predictive equations. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the role of sex and weight status in congruent validity of REE predictive equations in young adults. A total of 132 young healthy adults (67.4% women, 18–26 years old) participated in the study. We measured REE by indirect calorimetry strictly following the standard procedures, and we compared it to 45 predictive equations. The most accurate equations were the following: (i) the Schofield and the “Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization/United Nations” (FAO/WHO/UNU) equations in normal weight men; (ii) the Mifflin and FAO/WHO/UNU equations in normal weight women; (iii) the Livingston and Korth equations in overweight men; (iv) the Johnstone and Frankenfield equations in overweight women; (v) the Owen and Bernstein equations in obese men; and (vi) the Owen equation in obese women. In conclusion, the results of this study show that the best equation to estimate REE depends on sex and weight status in young healthy adults.

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Association Between Weight Status and Executive Function in Young Adults

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina55070363 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 55 (7) ◽

pp. 363 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mohammad Narimani ◽

Samad Esmaeilzadeh ◽

Liane B. Azevedo ◽

Akbar Moradi ◽

Behrouz Heidari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Young Adults ◽

Body Composition ◽

Executive Function ◽

Inhibitory Control ◽

Weight Status ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Neuropsychological Test ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Analysis Of Covariance

Background and objectives: To explore the association between weight status and executive function in young adults. Materials and Methods: Ninety-seven young males (age 17–26 years) underwent adiposity and body composition measurements using body composition analyzer. Inhibitory control and working memory were measured using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Battery (CANTAB). Results: Multiple linear regression using both unadjusted and adjusted analyses revealed no association between adiposity and body composition variables with executive tasks, apart from a significant association between skeletal muscle mass (SMM) and mean reaction time on go trial (standardized B = -0.28; p = 0.02). Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) revealed that underweight participants presented inferior working memory compared to their normal weight (p = 0.001) or overweight peers (p = 0.008). However, according to the percentage fat quartiles (Q) participants with the highest quartile (Q4) were inferior in inhibitory control than their peers with Q2 (p = 0.04), and participants with the lowest quartile (Q1) were inferior in working memory compared with their peers with Q2 (p = 0.01) or Q3 (p = 0.02). A worse inhibitory control was observed for participants with the highest fat/SMM (Q4) compared to participants in Q3 (p = 0.03), and in contrast worse working memory was observed for participants with the lowest fat/SMM (Q1) compared to participants in Q2 (p = 0.04) or Q3 (p = 0.009). Conclusions: Low adiposity is associated with worse working memory, whereas high adiposity is associated with worse inhibitory control. Therefore, our findings show that normal adiposity, but greater SMM may have a positive impact on executive function in young adults.

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Change in daily energy intake associated with pairwise compositional change in carbohydrate, fat and protein intake among US adults, 1999–2010

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980014001876 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 18 (8) ◽

pp. 1343-1352 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ruopeng An ◽

Nicholas A Burd

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Weight Status ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Compositional Change ◽

Daily Energy Intake ◽

Macronutrient Composition ◽

Daily Energy ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

The Relationship

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the change in daily energy intake associated with pairwise compositional change in carbohydrate, fat and protein intake among US adults stratified by sex, race/ethnicity and weight status.DesignLinear mixture model was performed to estimate the relationship between daily energy intake and macronutrient composition, adjusted for age and alcohol consumption, and accounting for survey design.SettingStudy sample from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2010 waves.SubjectsA total of 27 589 US adults aged 20 years and older were included in the study. Dietary macronutrient intake was calculated from 24 h dietary recall and BMI from objectively measured weight/height.ResultsAcross all population subgroups, substituting protein or carbohydrate for fat and substituting protein for carbohydrate were associated with decreased daily energy intake, with the largest effect resulting from substituting protein for fat. A 1 % increase in the percentage of energy from protein substituted for a 1 % decrease in the percentage of energy from fat was associated with a decrease in daily energy intake of 268·2 (95 % CI 169·0, 367·4) kJ, 289·5 (95 % CI 215·9, 363·2) kJ and 293·7 (95 % CI 210·0, 377·4) kJ among normal-weight (18·5≤BMI, kg/m2<25·0), overweight (25·0≤BMI, kg/m2<30·0) and obese (BMI≥30·0 kg/m2) men, and 177·4 (95 % CI 130·5, 224·3) kJ, 188·7 (95 % CI 139·3, 238·1) kJ and 204·2 (95 % CI 158·2, 250·2) kJ among normal-weight, overweight and obese women, respectively. The relationship between macronutrient composition and daily energy intake varied substantially across sex, race/ethnicity and weight status.ConclusionsPolicies promoting higher daily protein intake at the expense of lower fat intake could be effective in reducing total energy intake among US adults.

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Physical activity values in two-to-seven-year-old children measured by accelerometer over five consecutives 24-hour days

Nutrición Hospitalaria ◽

10.20960/nh.1403 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ana Gutiérrez-Hervás ◽

Ernesto Cortés-Castell ◽

Mercedes Juste-Ruíz ◽

Antonio Palazón-Bru ◽

Vicente Gil-Guillén ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Reference Values ◽

Weight Status ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Preschool Age ◽

Activity Levels ◽

Main Variable ◽

And Gender ◽

The Relationship

Introduction. Interpretation of accelerometer-derived physical activity in preschool children is confounded by differences in cut-off points.Aim. The purpose of this study was to analyze physical activity in 2-to-7-year-old children to establish reference values for daily activity. Methods. Observational study in children aged 2-7 years, without chronic diseases and whose parents provided informed consent. The main variable was physical activity, measured continuously over 120 hours (three workdays and two weekend days) by accelerometer. Secondary variables were weight status (BMI Z-score) and gender. The relationship between the main variable and secondary variables was determined through the t-test, ANOVA and the Pearson correlation coefficient. A multivariate model was used to obtain the standard deviation of all possible combinations of values, constructing percentiles of normality(x±s and x±2·s).Results. 136 children (35% of municipality children), 54.4% girls. Their weight status distribution was: 25 underweight(18.4%), 35 normal weight(25.7%), 40 overweight(29.4%) and 36 obese(26.5%). The median age was 5.7 years and the mean physical activity was 591.9 counts/minute. The boys undertook more physical activity(p=0.031) and the underweight and normal-weight children undertook more physical activity than the overweight and obese children(p=0.032). There were no significant differences according to age. The multivariate analysis showed significant differences(p<0.001) according to gender and weight status. In boys, physical activity decreased as weight status increased. In contrast, the girls in the extreme BMI groups obtained higher levels of physical activity.Conclusion. The reference values obtained, categorized by gender and weight status, provide clinicians with standardized daily physical activity levels of preschool-age children.

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Relationship between binge-eating episodes and self-perception of body weight in a nonclinical sample of five Brazilian cities

Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1590/s1516-44462005000400007 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 290-294 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Kamile S Siqueira ◽

José C Appolinário ◽

Rosely Sichieri

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Binge Eating ◽

Demographic Variables ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Shopping Malls ◽

Porto Alegre ◽

Dsm Iv ◽

The Relationship ◽

Overweight Subjects ◽

The Ideal

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between binge-eating episodes and a perception that body weight is above the ideal in a sample of customers interviewed at shopping malls in five Brazilian cities. METHODS: In 1999, data were collected over the course of one week (Monday-Friday only) at the largest shopping malls in the cities of Porto Alegre, Salvador, Fortaleza, Goiânia and Curitiba (two malls per city). A total of 2855 participants (917 men and 1938 women) were interviewed. Weight and height measurements were standardized. Binge-eating episodes were identified using a questionnaire including the following questions based on DSM-IV diagnostic criteria: "Have you ever eaten, in a period of two hours or less, an amount of food greater than that most people would eat?" and "If the answer was "yes", did you, during these episodes, feel unable to stop eating or to control how much you were eating?". RESULTS: The prevalence of binge-eating episodes was higher among overweight subjects (15.6%) compared with normal-weight subjects (9.9%) (p = 0.0001) and, among subjects who perceived their body weight to be above the ideal (men: 13.9%; women: 15.1%) compared with those who perceived their body weight to be ideal or below the ideal (men: 8%; women: 7%) (p < 0.0001). In the multivariate analysis adjusted for body mass index and demographic variables, binge-eating episodes were correlated with the perception that body weight is above the ideal only among women (OR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.2-2.5). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the perception that body weight is above the ideal, regardless of overweight status, is associated with binge-eating episodes in women.

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Valores de Condición Física relacionada con la Salud en adolescentes de 14 a 17 años; relación con el estado de peso (Values of Health-related Physical Fitness in adolescents from 14 to 17 years of age; relationship with the weight status)

Retos ◽

10.47197/retos.v37i37.69532 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 215-221

Author(s):

Laura Nieto López ◽

Eliseo Garcia Canto ◽

Andrés Rosa Guillamón

Keyword(s):

Physical Fitness ◽

Weight Status ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Alternative Interventions ◽

Cardiovascular Endurance ◽

Health Related ◽

Overweight Group ◽

Las Mujeres ◽

The Relationship ◽

Abdominal Strength

El objetivo de este estudio fue proporcionar valores percentiles de la batería COFISA según el género y, su relación con el estado de peso. Es un estudio descriptivo con 1037 adolescentes (508 varones y 529 mujeres; 15,52 ± 1,11 años). La prueba MANOVA reflejó diferencias a favor de los varones a excepción de la flexibilidad y el estado de peso en normopeso, donde las mujeres hallaron un mejor rendimiento físico. Con el avance de la edad se observa un incremento progresivo del nivel de condición física global. En la relación entre el estado de peso, coordinación y condición física según el sexo, los varones en normopeso mostraron mayores promedios que sus pares en sobrepeso y obesidad. Cabe destacar que el grupo en obesidad mostró valores más elevados en coordinación. Por su parte, las mujeres en normopeso obtuvieron registros superiores en fuerza manual y coordinación respecto al grupo en sobrepeso y obesidad, siendo el grupo en sobrepeso quien mostró registros superiores en abdominales, resistencia cardiovascular, flexibilidad, condición física global y coordinación respecto al grupo con normopeso; y en flexibilidad y coordinación en relación al grupo con obesidad, siendo el grupo con obesidad quien mostró valores más elevados en fuerza abdominal. En conclusión, este estudio proporciona percentiles actualizados que permiten evaluar la condición física relacionada con salud en adolescentes con el fin de identificar a aquellos en riesgo de enfermedades crónicas importantes, así como evaluar los efectos de intervenciones alternativas en este grupo etario.Abstract. The objective of this study was to provide gender-specific percentile values of the COFISA test, and their relation to weight status. This is a descriptive study with 1,037 adolescents (508 boys and 529 girls, 15.52 ± 1.11 years old). The MANOVA test showed differences in favor of boys, with the exception of flexibility and weight status in normal weight, where girls were found with a better physical performance. With increased age, a progressive rise in the level of overall fitness was observed. In the relationship between weight status, coordination, and physical fitness by gender, normal-weight boys showed higher averages than their overweight and obese peers. It should be noted that the obesity group showed higher values in coordination. Regarding girls, the normal-weight ones obtained higher scores in manual strength and coordination than the overweight and obese group, with the overweight group showing higher scores in abdominal strength, cardiovascular endurance, flexibility, overall physical condition, and coordination compared to the group with normal weight; and in flexibility and coordination compared to the group with obesity. The obesity group showed higher scores in abdominal strength. In conclusion, this study provides updated percentiles that allow the evaluation of health-related physical fitness in adolescents so to identify those at risk of major chronic diseases, as well as to evaluate the effects of alternative interventions in this age group.

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The Relationships Between Leptin and Measures of Fitness and Fatness Are Dependent Upon Obesity Status in Youth

Pediatric Exercise Science ◽

10.1123/pes.22.2.195 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 195-204 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Peter A. Hosick ◽

Robert G. McMurray ◽

Dan M. Cooper

Keyword(s):

Aerobic Fitness ◽

Weight Status ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Obesity Status ◽

Plasma Leptin ◽

The Relationship ◽

Weight Groups

The relationship between peak aerobic fitness (peakVO2) and plasma leptin was assessed in 25 normal (BMI < 85th %tile) and 25 overweight (BMI > 85th %tile) youth, ages 7–17 years. In the overall analysis peakVO2 was related to leptin when expressed in mL/kg/min (R2 = .516, p < .0001), or as ml/kgFFM/min (R2 = .127, p = .01). The relationships between peakVO2 and leptin were no longer significant when percent bodyfat was added to the models. In subanalyses by weight groups, peakVO2: leptin relationships were not evident for normal weight, but remained for overweight youth. In conclusion the relationship between aerobic fitness and leptin in youth is dependent upon weight status.

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