scholarly journals Long-Term Space Nutrition: A Scoping Review

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 194
Author(s):  
Hong Tang ◽  
Hope Hui Rising ◽  
Manoranjan Majji ◽  
Robert D. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Nutrient Recycling ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Essential Components

This scoping review aimed to identify current evidence and gaps in the field of long-term space nutrition. Specifically, the review targeted critical nutritional needs during long-term manned missions in outer space in addition to the essential components of a sustainable space nutrition system for meeting these needs. The search phrase “space food and the survival of astronauts in long-term missions” was used to collect the initial 5432 articles from seven Chinese and seven English databases. From these articles, two independent reviewers screened titles and abstracts to identify 218 articles for full-text reviews based on three themes and 18 keyword combinations as eligibility criteria. The results suggest that it is possible to address short-term adverse environmental factors and nutritional deficiencies by adopting effective dietary measures, selecting the right types of foods and supplements, and engaging in specific sustainable food production and eating practices. However, to support self-sufficiency during long-term space exploration, the most optimal and sustainable space nutrition systems are likely to be supported primarily by fresh food production, natural unprocessed foods as diets, nutrient recycling of food scraps and cultivation systems, and the establishment of closed-loop biospheres or landscape-based space habitats as long-term life support systems.

scholarly journals Long-Term Growth in Phenylketonuria: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatma Ilgaz ◽  
Alex Pinto ◽  
Hülya Gökmen-Özel ◽  
Julio César Rocha ◽  
Esther van Dam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Dietary Practices ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
The Impact

There is an ongoing debate regarding the impact of phenylketonuria (PKU) and its treatment on growth. To date, evidence from studies is inconsistent, and data on the whole developmental period is limited. The primary aim of this systematic review was to investigate the effects of a phenylalanine (Phe)-restricted diet on long-term growth in patients with PKU. Four electronic databases were searched for articles published until September 2018. A total of 887 results were found, but only 13 articles met eligibility criteria. Only three studies had an adequate methodology for meta-analysis. Although the results indicate normal growth at birth and during infancy, children with PKU were significantly shorter and had lower weight for age than reference populations during the first four years of life. Impaired linear growth was observed until the end of adolescence in PKU. In contrast, growth impairment was not reported in patients with mild hyperphenylalaninemia, not requiring dietary restriction. Current evidence indicates that even with advances in dietary treatments, “optimal” growth outcomes are not attained in PKU. The majority of studies include children born before 1990s, so further research is needed to show the effects of recent dietary practices on growth in PKU.

scholarly journals Training general practitioners in melanoma diagnosis: a scoping review of the literature

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. e043926
Author(s):  
Evelyne Harkemanne ◽  
Marie Baeck ◽  
Isabelle Tromme
Keyword(s):  
General Practitioners ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Training Material ◽  
Melanoma Diagnosis ◽  
Refresher Training ◽  
Educational Programmes ◽  
Training Programmes

BackgroundGeneral practitioners (GPs) play a key role in early melanoma detection. To help GPs deal with suspicious skin lesions, melanoma diagnostic training programmes have been developed. However, it is unclear whether these programmes guarantee the acquisition of skills that will be applied by GPs in their daily clinical practice and maintained over time.ObjectivesThis scoping review aimed to examine and compare educational programmes designed to train GPs in melanoma diagnosis using clinical (naked eye) examination alone or dermoscopy±clinical examination, and sought to inform on the long-term sustainability of the GPs’ acquired skills.Eligibility criteriaStudies eligible for inclusion evaluated educational programmes for teaching diagnosis of melanoma to GPs. MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane databases were searched for relevant articles from 1995 to May 2020.ResultsForty-five relevant articles were found assessing 31 educational programmes. Most programmes that improved the diagnostic accuracy and long-term performances of the GPs, that is, increase in confidence, decrease in dermatologist referral for benign skin lesions and improvement in the benign/malignant ratio of excised skin lesions, trained the GPs in clinical diagnosis, followed by dermoscopy. To maintain long-term performances, these programmes provided refresher training material.ConclusionThis review shows that studies generally report positive outcomes from the training of GPs in melanoma diagnosis. However, refresher training material seemed necessary to maintain the acquired skills. The optimal form and ideal frequency for these updates have yet to be defined.

scholarly journals Retention of doctors in emergency medicine: a scoping review of the academic literature

2021 ◽  
pp. emermed-2020-210450
Author(s):  
Daniel Darbyshire ◽  
Liz Brewster ◽  
Rachel Isba ◽  
Richard Body ◽  
Usama Basit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Medicine ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Staff Retention ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Research Reporting ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Emotional Strain

IntroductionWorkforce issues prevail across healthcare; in emergency medicine (EM), previous work improved retention, but the staffing problem changed rather than improved. More experienced doctors provide higher quality and more cost-effective care, and turnover of these physicians is expensive. Research focusing on staff retention is an urgent priority.MethodsThis study is a scoping review of the academic literature relating to the retention of doctors in EM and describes current evidence about sustainable careers (focusing on factors influencing retention), as well as interventions to improve retention. The established and rigorous JBI scoping review methodology was followed. The data sources searched were MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, HMIC and PsycINFO, with papers published up to April 2020 included. Broad eligibility criteria were used to identify papers about retention or related terms, including turnover, sustainability, exodus, intention to quit and attrition, whose population included emergency physicians within the setting of the ED. Papers which solely measured the rate of one of these concepts were excluded.ResultsEighteen papers met the inclusion criteria. Multiple factors were identified as linked with retention, including perceptions about teamwork, excessive workloads, working conditions, errors, teaching and education, portfolio careers, physical and emotional strain, stress, burnout, debt, income, work–life balance and antisocial working patterns. Definitions of key terms were used inconsistently. No factors clearly dominated; studies of correlation between factors were common. There were minimal research reporting interventions.ConclusionMany factors have been linked to retention of doctors in EM, but the research lacks an appreciation of the complexity inherent in career decision-making. A broad approach, addressing multiple factors rather than focusing on single factors, may prove more informative.

scholarly journals Long-term patient-reported outcome measures after injury: National Trauma Research Action Plan (NTRAP) scoping review protocol

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. e000512
Author(s):  
Juan Pablo Herrera-Escobar ◽  
Manuel A Castillo-Angeles ◽  
Samia Y Osman ◽  
Claudia P Orlas ◽  
Mahin B Janjua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Patient Reported Outcomes ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Trauma Research ◽  
National Trauma ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Research Action ◽  
Outcome Metrics

BackgroundA significant proportion of patients who survive traumatic injury continue to suffer impaired functional status and increased mortality long after discharge. However, despite the need to improve long-term outcomes, trauma registries in the USA do not collect data on outcomes or care processes after discharge. One of the main barriers is the lack of consensus regarding the optimal outcome metrics.ObjectivesTo describe the methodology of a scoping review evaluating current evidence on the available measures for tracking functional and patient-reported outcomes after injury. The aim of the review was to identify and summarize measures that are being used to track long-term functional recovery and patient-reported outcomes among adults after injury.MethodsA systematic search of PubMed and Embase will be performed using the search terms for the population (adult trauma patients), type of outcomes (long-term physical, mental, cognitive, and quality of life), and measures available to track them. Studies identified will be reviewed and assessed for relevance by at least two reviewers. Data will be extracted and summarized using descriptive statistics and a narrative synthesis of the results. This protocol is being reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines.DisseminationThis scoping review will provide information regarding the currently available metrics for tracking functional and patient-reported outcomes after injury. The review will be presented to a multi-disciplinary stakeholder group that will evaluate these outcome metrics using an online Delphi approach to achieve consensus as part of the development of the National Trauma Research Action Plan (NTRAP). The results of this review will be presented at relevant national surgical conferences and published in peer-reviewed scientific journals.

scholarly journals Seizure Diaries and Forecasting With Wearables: Epilepsy Monitoring Outside the Clinic

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin H. Brinkmann ◽  
Philippa J. Karoly ◽  
Ewan S. Nurse ◽  
Sonya B. Dumanis ◽  
Mona Nasseri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrodermal Activity ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Wearable Devices ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Probabilistic Forecasts ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Epilepsy Monitoring

It is a major challenge in clinical epilepsy to diagnose and treat a disease characterized by infrequent seizures based on patient or caregiver reports and limited duration clinical testing. The poor reliability of self-reported seizure diaries for many people with epilepsy is well-established, but these records remain necessary in clinical care and therapeutic studies. A number of wearable devices have emerged, which may be capable of detecting seizures, recording seizure data, and alerting caregivers. Developments in non-invasive wearable sensors to measure accelerometry, photoplethysmography (PPG), electrodermal activity (EDA), electromyography (EMG), and other signals outside of the traditional clinical environment may be able to identify seizure-related changes. Non-invasive scalp electroencephalography (EEG) and minimally invasive subscalp EEG may allow direct measurement of seizure activity. However, significant network and computational infrastructure is needed for continuous, secure transmission of data. The large volume of data acquired by these devices necessitates computer-assisted review and detection to reduce the burden on human reviewers. Furthermore, user acceptability of such devices must be a paramount consideration to ensure adherence with long-term device use. Such devices can identify tonic–clonic seizures, but identification of other seizure semiologies with non-EEG wearables is an ongoing challenge. Identification of electrographic seizures with subscalp EEG systems has recently been demonstrated over long (>6 month) durations, and this shows promise for accurate, objective seizure records. While the ability to detect and forecast seizures from ambulatory intracranial EEG is established, invasive devices may not be acceptable for many individuals with epilepsy. Recent studies show promising results for probabilistic forecasts of seizure risk from long-term wearable devices and electronic diaries of self-reported seizures. There may also be predictive value in individuals' symptoms, mood, and cognitive performance. However, seizure forecasting requires perpetual use of a device for monitoring, increasing the importance of the system's acceptability to users. Furthermore, long-term studies with concurrent EEG confirmation are lacking currently. This review describes the current evidence and challenges in the use of minimally and non-invasive devices for long-term epilepsy monitoring, the essential components in remote monitoring systems, and explores the feasibility to detect and forecast impending seizures via long-term use of these systems.

67. Loving your child to death: Considerations of the care of chronically-ill children and euthanasia in Emil Sher's Mourning Dove and implications for medical educations

2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
K. Mukhida
Keyword(s):  
Life Support ◽  
Terminally Ill ◽  
Chronically Ill ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Mourning Dove ◽  
Medical Professionals ◽  
Constant Pain ◽  
Withdraw Life Support ◽  
Wheat Farmer

How do parents cope when their child is ill or dying, when he or she experiences constant pain or suffering? What do parents think of the contributions that medical professionals make to the care of their chronically or terminally ill child? Is it possible for a parent to love a child so much that the child is wished dead? The purpose of this paper is to explore those questions and aspects of the care of chronically or terminally ill children using Mourning Dove’s portrayal of one family’s attempt to care for their ill daughter. A play written by Canadian playwright Emil Sher, Mourning Dove is based on the case of Saskatchewan wheat farmer Robert Latimer who killed his 12 year old daughter Tracy who suffered with cerebral palsy and lived in tremendous pain. Rather than focusing on the medical or legal aspects of the care of a chronically ill child, the play offers a glimpse into how a family copes with the care of such a child and the effects the child’s illness has on a family. Reading and examination of non-medical literature, such as Mourning Dove, therefore serve as a useful means for medical professionals to better understand how illness affects and is responded to by patients and their families. This understanding is a prerequisite for them to be able to provide complete care of children with chronic or terminal illnesses and their families. Nuutila L, Salanterä S. Children with long-term illness: parents’ experiences of care. J Pediatr Nurs 2006; 21(2):153-160. Sharman M, Meert KL, Sarnaik AP. What influences parents’ decisions to limit or withdraw life support? Pediatr Crit Care Med 2005; 6(5):513-518. Steele R. Strategies used by families to navigate uncharted territory when a child is dying. J Palliat Care 2005; 21(2):103-110.

NEW VARIETIES OF FRUIT AND BERRIES IN SELECTION OF ALL-RUSSIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR NATURAL FOOD PRODUCTION

1970 ◽  
pp. 33-37
Author(s):  
N. S. Levgerova ◽  
Е. S. Salina ◽  
I. А. Sidorova
Keyword(s):  
Food Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Black Currant ◽  
Central Russia ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Processed Products

The results of the technological assessment of new apple, cherry, black currant, red currant and gooseberry cultivars of VNIISPK breeding for the suitability for the natural food production are given. As a result, the cultivars that are promising for cultivation in raw plantings have been selected. For the production of raw materials in the juice industry, apple cultivars with a high juice yield and content of soluble solids higher than 10.0% were selected: ‘Bolotovskoye’ (Vf), ‘Candil Orlovsky’ (Vf), ‘Osipovskoye’ (3x), ‘Rozhdestvenskoye’ ((Vf + 3x), ‘Zaryanka’ (Vm), ‘Priokskoye’ ((Vf + Co), etc. Based on the long-term study of cultivars for their suitability for compote, jam and jelly, the cultivars that are most suitable for these types of processing are identified. It has been found that taking into account the daily needs of vitamins C and P as the most important antioxidants, all processed products from black currant can serve as their sources, all processed products from cherries, as well as apple juice and gooseberry marmalade can serve as a source of P-active compounds. All columnar apple cultivars as well as ‘Bolotovskoye’, ‘Rozhdestvenskoye’, ‘Veteran’, ‘Imrus’, etc. show high suitability for the production of apple chips. Cherry cultivars ‘Rovesnitsa’, ‘Putinka’, ‘Podarok Uchitelyam’ and ‘Novella’ are suitable for dried fruit. Based on the long-term studies of the technological qualities of the VNIISPK gene pool, a new generation assortment has been formed that has an optimal combination of chemical and technological indicators of fruits that meet modern technological requirements and are suitable for cultivation in the raw plantations of Central Russia.

Integrated Biomarkers for Depression in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Critical Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia Wenzler ◽  
Christian Knochel ◽  
Ceylan Balaban ◽  
Dominik Kraft ◽  
Juliane Kopf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Affect Regulation ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Diagnostic Process ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Manifestation ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Control Functional

Depression is a common neuropsychiatric manifestation among Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. It may compromise everyday activities and lead to a faster cognitive decline as well as worse quality of life. The identification of promising biomarkers may therefore help to timely initiate and improve the treatment of preclinical and clinical states of AD, and to improve the long-term functional outcome. In this narrative review, we report studies that investigated biomarkers for AD-related depression. Genetic findings state AD-related depression as a rather complex, multifactorial trait with relevant environmental and inherited contributors. However, one specific set of genes, the brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), specifically the Val66Met polymorphism, may play a crucial role in AD-related depression. Regarding neuroimaging markers, the most promising findings reveal structural impairments in the cortico-subcortical networks that are related to affect regulation and reward / aversion control. Functional imaging studies reveal abnormalities in predominantly frontal and temporal regions. Furthermore, CSF based biomarkers are seen as potentially promising for the diagnostic process showing abnormalities in metabolic pathways that contribute to AD-related depression. However, there is a need for standardization of methodological issues and for replication of current evidence with larger cohorts and prospective studies.

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