scholarly journals Targeting the Gut Microbiota to Relieve the Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1545
Author(s):  
Tomasz Wollny ◽  
Tamara Daniluk ◽  
Ewelina Piktel ◽  
Urszula Wnorowska ◽  
Anna Bukłaha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
World Population ◽  
Functional Disorder ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
Functional Responsiveness

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common, chronic, functional disorder with a large impact on world population. Its pathophysiology is not completely revealed; however, it is certain that dysregulation of the bidirectional communications between the central nervous system (CNS) and the gut leads to motility disturbances, visceral hypersensitivity, and altered CNS processing characterized by differences in brain structure, connectivity and functional responsiveness. Emerging evidence suggests that gut microbiota exerts a marked influence on the host during health and disease. Gut microbiome disturbances can be also important for development of IBS symptoms and its modulation efficiently contributes to the therapy. In this work, we review the current knowledge about the IBS therapy, the role of gut microbiota in pathogenesis of IBS, and we discuss that its targeting may have significant impact on the effectiveness of IBS therapy.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in Irritable Bowel Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Xiao ◽  
Qin Liu ◽  
Mei Luo ◽  
Lishou Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Functional Bowel Disorder ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Bowel Disorder

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most common functional bowel disorder worldwide and is associated with visceral hypersensitivity, gut motility, immunomodulation, gut microbiota alterations, and dysfunction of the brain-gut axis; however, its pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Gut microbiota and its metabolites are proposed as possible etiological factors of IBS. The aim of our study was to investigate specific types of microbiota-derived metabolites, especially bile acids, short-chain fatty acids, vitamins, amino acids, serotonin and hypoxanthine, which are all implicated in the pathogenesis of IBS. Metabolites-focused research has identified multiple microbial targets relevant to IBS patients, important roles of microbiota-derived metabolites in the development of IBS symptoms have been established. Thus, we provide an overview of gut microbiota and their metabolites on the different subtypes of IBS (constipation-predominant IBS-C, diarrhea-predominant IBS-D) and present controversial views regarding the role of microbiota in IBS.

The Role of Acupuncture on the Gut–Brain–Microbiota Axis in Irritable Bowel Syndrome

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
Kiangyada Yaklai ◽  
Sintip Pattanakuhar ◽  
Nipon Chattipakorn ◽  
Siriporn C. Chattipakorn
Keyword(s):  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Work Productivity ◽  
Action Mechanisms ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Potential Link ◽  
Irritable Bowel

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract, commonly characterized by abdominal pain or abdominal discomfort. These symptoms can substantially reduce the quality of life and work productivity of the patients. The exact pathogenesis of IBS remains unclear, as it has become apparent that multiple pathways are activated in the condition, including inflammation, immunology, neurology and psychology. Recent evidence has shown that symptoms in IBS are related to the dysfunction of the nervous system, particularly the viscerosomatic pathway, through immune-to-brain communication. The potential link between brain–gut relationships is gut microbiota. The management of IBS mostly focuses on symptomatically treating the patients. There are a wide range of standard treatments, including pharmacological to psychological interventions which are effective in some patients. Therefore, a combination of therapies including both standard and complimentary treatments, including Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) such as acupuncture, have been used in treating IBS patients. Several in vivo and clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of acupuncture in treating IBS. Increasing attention has been paid to research regarding the action mechanisms of acupuncture for IBS. This paper summarizes and discusses the possible mechanisms associated with acupuncture on the pathophysiology of IBS, including gastrointestinal (GI) motility, visceral hypersensitivity, the immune system, neurotransmitters, and the brain–gut axis. The results fromin vivo and clinical studies have been included. In addition, the effects of acupuncture on gut microbiota in IBS are included and any contradictory findings are deliberated.

scholarly journals Chemical and molecular factors in irritable bowel syndrome: current knowledge, challenges, and unanswered questions

2016 ◽  
Vol 311 (5) ◽  
pp. G777-G784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Camilleri ◽  
Ibironke Oduyebo ◽  
Houssam Halawi
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Mucosal Barrier ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Enteroendocrine Cell ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Irritable Bowel

Several chemical and molecular factors in the intestine are reported to be altered and to have a potentially significant role in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), particularly in IBS with diarrhea. These include bile acids; short-chain fatty acids; mucosal barrier proteins; mast cell products such as histamine, proteases, and tryptase; enteroendocrine cell products; and mucosal mRNAs, proteins, and microRNAs. This article reviews the current knowledge and unanswered questions in the pathobiology of the chemical and molecular factors in IBS. Evidence continues to point to significant roles in pathogenesis of these chemical and molecular mechanisms, which may therefore constitute potential targets for future research and therapy. However, it is still necessary to address the interaction between these factors in the gut and to appraise how they may influence hypervigilance in the central nervous system in patients with IBS.

scholarly journals Food Additives, Gut Microbiota, and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Hidden Track

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (23) ◽  
pp. 8816
Author(s):  
Emanuele Rinninella ◽  
Marco Cintoni ◽  
Pauline Raoul ◽  
Antonio Gasbarrini ◽  
Maria Cristina Mele
Keyword(s):  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Visceral Pain ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
Few Data ◽  
The Impact

The interactions between diet, gut microbiota, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) have many complex mechanisms that are not fully understood. Food additives are one component of the modern human diet that deserves attention from science and government policies. This review aims at identifying the current knowledge about the impact of food additives on gut microbiota and their potential role in the development of IBS. To date, few data on the effect of food additives on gut microbiota in IBS patients are available. However, exposure to food additives could induce the dysbiosis and dysregulation of gut homeostasis with an alteration of the gut barrier and activation of the immune response. These microbial changes could exacerbate the gut symptoms associated with IBS, such as visceral pain, low-grade inflammation, and changes in bowel habits. Some additives (polyols) are excluded in the low fermentable oligo-, di- and monosaccharide, and polyol (FODMAP), diets for IBS patients. Even if most studies have been performed in animals, and human studies are required, many artificial sweeteners, emulsifiers, and food colorants could represent a potential hidden driver of IBS, through gut microbiota alterations. Consequently, food additives should be preventively avoided in the diet as well as dietary supplements for patients with IBS.

scholarly journals Peripheral Mechanisms of Symptom Generation in Irritable Bowel Syndrome

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (suppl b) ◽  
pp. 14B-16B ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M Collins
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Sensory Physiology ◽  
Somatic Pain ◽  
Inflammatory Stimuli ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Irritable Bowel

There is considerable interest in the mechanisms that underlie symptom generation in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and particularly those mechanisms peripheral to higher centres in the nervous system. While the central nervous system is important in IBS, it is restricted largely to the role of behaviour in stress perception and symptom reporting. The gut and the autonomic nervous system are principal areas of research in identifying mechanisms underlying symptom generation and in the identification of new targets for drug development. While motility changes occur in IBS, they are neither specific nor predictable, and this is one reason why drugs aimed at influencing motility patterns have enjoyed limited success to date. This success has prompted interest in sensory physiology to explain pain and other discomforts expressed by patients with IBS. Patients with IBS exhibit intolerance to rectal distension and other manoeuvres of the gut, while exhibiting normal or raised thresholds for somatic pain. The mechanisms underlying the development of hyperalgesia or allodynia in the gut remain to be determined. In other systems and experimental models, low grade inflammation is a predicable inducer of these states, and recent evidence suggests that a subpopulation of patients with IBS develop chronic symptoms after acute gastroenteritis. This and other inflammatory stimuli may induce a hyperalgesic state and alter motor function in patients with IBS. Substances that mediate these changes are not fully understood, but there is growing recognition of the role of serotonin as a sensitizing agent.

The Role of Dietary Approach in Irritable Bowel Syndrome

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (19) ◽  
pp. 3512-3520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piero Portincasa ◽  
Antony Lembo ◽  
Ornella de Bari ◽  
Domenica M. Di Palo ◽  
Anna Maggio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Motility ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Functional Disorder ◽  
First Line ◽  
Dietary Education ◽  
Irritable Bowel

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic functional disorder of the gastrointestinal tract and is one of the most frequent gastrointestinal diseases. In IBS multiple pathophysiological mechanisms including alterations in intestinal motility, permeability, nutrient absorption, and intestinal microbiota have been implicated. Foods are commonly reported by patients to be a trigger of symptoms and therefore are likely involved in the generation of symptoms in IBS. Among all possible therapeutic options, a first-line approach to IBS is dietary education and identification of foods potentially responsible for the onset or worsening of symptoms. Dietary approaches include reduction of gas-producing foods (i.e. fermentable oligo-, di-, and monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAPs)), lactose and gluten. Further studies are required to link the ultimate role of diets in different IBS subtypes.

scholarly journals The Evolving Role of Gut Microbiota in the Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: An Overview of the Current Knowledge

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Mari ◽  
Fadi Abu Baker ◽  
Mahmud Mahamid ◽  
Wisam Sbeit ◽  
Tawfik Khoury
Keyword(s):  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disorder ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Attractive Option ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
Substantial Morbidity

The intestinal microbiota is one of the most rapidly evolving areas in biology and medicine. Extensive research in the last decade has escalated our understanding of the role of the microbiota in the pathogenesis of several intestinal and extra-intestinal disorders. Marked by high prevalence, substantial morbidity, and enormous costs, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is an important chronic gastrointestinal disorder that is widely encountered by gastroenterologists. Despite advances in our understanding of its pathophysiology, curative interventions have yet to be discovered, and therapeutic approaches remain symptom-driven. Recently, accumulating evidence has enlightened the possible impact of an imbalanced gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of IBS. In fact, several studies have documented altered microbiota in patients, while others have shown that IBS severity was associated with a distinct microbiota signature. These findings may pave the way for the use of microbiota manipulation strategies as an attractive option for IBS management, and may have an essential role in efforts to reduce the societal and economic effects of this ever-growing disorder. In this review, we have outlined the results of the latest research on the association between microbiota and IBS and their implications for the clinical management of affected patients.

scholarly journals Irritable bowel syndrome: a gut microbiota-related disorder?

2017 ◽  
Vol 312 (1) ◽  
pp. G52-G62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yogesh Bhattarai ◽  
David A. Muniz Pedrogo ◽  
Purna C. Kashyap
Keyword(s):  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
Related Disorder ◽  
Next Generation Sequencing Technology ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
Connecting The Dots

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Despite its prevalence, the pathophysiology of IBS is not well understood although multiple peripheral and central factors are implicated. Recent studies suggest a role for alterations in gut microbiota in IBS. Significant advances in next-generation sequencing technology and bioinformatics and the declining cost have now allowed us to better investigate the role of gut microbiota in IBS. In the following review, we propose gut microbiota as a unifying factor in the pathophysiology of IBS. We first describe how gut microbiota can be influenced by factors predisposing individuals to IBS such as host genetics, stress, diet, antibiotics, and early life experiences. We then highlight the known effects of gut microbiota on mechanisms implicated in the pathophysiology of IBS including disrupted gut brain axis (GBA), visceral hypersensitivity (VH), altered GI motility, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and immune activation. While there are several gaps in the field that preclude us from connecting the dots to establish causation, we hope this overview will allow us to identify and fill in the voids.

scholarly journals The role of serotonin and diet in the prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khushi Bruta ◽  
Vanshika ◽  
Kishnoor Bhasin ◽  
Bhawana
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Conventional Treatment ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dietary Regulation ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
Indian Diet

AbstractSerotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)- a neurotransmitter of both the Enteric Nervous System and the Central Nervous System is synthesized by the hydroxylation of L- tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan.Serotonin has been associated with gut functions like assimilation and absorption, alongside the regulation of particle transport and fluid discharge in the gastrointestinal tract and its deficiency is found to be a prominent factor in the prevalence of gut disorders like Irritable Bowel Syndrome.For this review, we assessed the conventional treatment methods of common drugs, with the recently accredited treatment options like dietary regulation, exercise, meditation, and acupuncture. Having found that the most commonly used drugs exhibited various side effects like nausea, fatigue, rash, and dizziness, an in-depth evaluation of different Indian dietary patterns and their respective effects on tryptophan levels has been highlighted to formulate an ideal diet for patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). This review seeks to explore the numerous studies conducted to link IBS with the lack of serotonin production in the body, alongside exploring the evidence associating certain foods with raised tryptophan levels to hypothesize a suitable Indian diet.This review, in its essence, stresses the crucial need for further research on the dietary implications of common Indian foods and their FODMAP (Fermented Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides, And Polyols) contents, while underscoring the benefits of using unconventional and natural methods for the treatment of tryptophan-related gut disorders.

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