scholarly journals Enteroviral Infections in the First Three Months of Life

Pathogens ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Marcello Sandoni ◽  
Lidia Ciardo ◽  
Caterina Tamburini ◽  
Alessandra Boncompagni ◽  
Cecilia Rossi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Central Nervous System Involvement ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Neonatal Infections ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Paediatric Age ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Severe Infections ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Enteroviruses (EVs) are an important source of infection in the paediatric age, with most cases concerning the neonatal age and early infancy. Molecular epidemiology is crucial to understand the circulation of main serotypes in a specific area and period due to their extreme epidemiological variability. The diagnosis of EVs infection currently relies on the detection of EVs RNA in biological samples (usually cerebrospinal fluid and plasma, but also throat swabs and feces) through a polymerase chain reaction assay. Although EVs infections usually have a benign course, they sometimes become life threatening, especially when symptoms develop in the first few days of life. Mortality is primarily associated with myocarditis, acute hepatitis, and multi-organ failure. Neurodevelopmental sequelae have been reported following severe infections with central nervous system involvement. Unfortunately, at present, the treatment of EVs infections is mainly supportive. The use of specific antiviral agents in severe neonatal infections has been reported in single cases or studies including few neonates. Therefore, further studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of these drugs in clinical practice.

A Study of the Efficiency of Modern Domestic Disinfectants in the System of TB Control Activities

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Paliy ◽  
A. Zavgorodniy ◽  
B. Stegniy ◽  
A. Gerilovych
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Tb Control ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
And Control ◽  
Chemical Groups ◽  
Test Objects

Due to the absence of elaborated effi cient means for specifi c prevention of bovine tuberculosis, it is ex- tremely important to detect and eliminate the source of infection and to take veterinary and sanitary preven- tive measures. Here the critical role is attributed to disinfection, which breaks the epizootic chain due to the elimination of pathogenic microorganisms in the environment and involves the application of disinfectants of different chemical groups. Aim. To study the tuberculocidal properties of new disinfectants DZPT-2 and FAG against atypical mycobacteria Mycobacterium fortitum and a TB agent Mycobacterium bovis. Methods. The bacteriological and molecular-genetic methods were used. Results. It was determined that DZPT-2 prepara- tion has bactericidal effect on M. fortuitum when used in the concentration of 2.0 % of the active ingredient (AI) when exposed for 5–24 h, while disinfectant FAG has a bactericidal effect in the concentration of 2.0 % when exposed for 24 h. Disinfectant DZPT-2 in the concentration of 2.0 % of the AI, when exposed for 5–24 h, and FAG preparation in the concentration of 2.0 %, when exposed for 24 h, and with the norm of consump- tion rate of 1 cubic decimeter per 1 square meter disinfect the test-objects (batiste, wood, glazed tile, metal, glass), contaminated with the TB agent M. bovis. Conclusions. Disinfecting preparations of DZPT-2 in the concentration of 2.0 % of AI when exposed for 5 h and FAG in the concentration of 2.0 % when exposed for 24 h may be used in the complex of veterinary and sanitary measures to prevent and control TB of farm ani- mals. The possibility of using the polymerase chain reaction as an additional method of estimating tuberculo- cide activity of disinfectants was proven.

scholarly journals Application of a Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for Detection of Proliferative Enteritis-Affected Swine Herds

1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia K. Holyoake ◽  
Gary F. Jones ◽  
Peter R. Davies ◽  
Dennis L. Foss ◽  
Michael P. Murtaugh
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Clinically Normal ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Swine Herds ◽  
Age Range

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used to confirm the presence of ileal symbiont (IS) intracellularis in 3 swine herds with a history of proliferative enteritis (PE). Two pooled fecal specimens, each comprising 5 individual stool samples, were collected from pen floors to screen for the presence of IS intracellularis and determine the age range of pigs shedding the organism. IS intracellularis was detected in the feces of clinically normal 10–25week-old grower/finisher pigs, indicating that this age range of pigs was the main source of infection for younger nursery pigs. Shedding continued without clinical disease when 10–100 g/ton of tylosin or 10 g/ton of chlortetracycline was added to the feed. PCR testing of pooled fecal samples can be used to identify groups of pigs affected with PE. The results of this study indicate that this PCR assay has the potential to accurately assess the IS intracellularis infection status of swine herds and the association of IS intracellular-is with PE and growth performance.

scholarly journals Pertussis in north-central and northwestern regions of Algeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1191-1199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabila Benamrouche ◽  
Hassiba Tali Maamar ◽  
Malika Lazri ◽  
Sonia Hasnaoui ◽  
Abdelkarim Radoui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
North Central ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Antimicrobial Sensitivity ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Introduction: Pertussis outbreaks continue to occur in many countries despite high vaccination coverage. Under-diagnosed cases in adolescents and adults may result in increased transmission to infants, who are at risk of severe pertussis. Additional measures to protect both groups should be considered. Methodology: Nasopharyngeal samples and sera were collected from patients and household contacts with clinically suspected pertussis. Diagnoses were confirmed by culture, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and serology. Bordetella pertussis isolates were characterized by antimicrobial sensitivity and fimbrial serotyping. Results: Of 392 participants, 134/248 patients (54%) and 66/144 contacts (45.8%) had confirmed pertussis infections. B. parapertussis was not detected. All B. pertussis isolates were sensitive to the antibiotics tested, and all expressed the Fim3, not the Fim2, fimbrial serotype. Most patients (81.2%) were <6 months (51.8% of whom were <3 months) of age; 77.6% were unvaccinated, and most positive contacts were mothers 20–40 years of age. Conclusions: Despite high vaccination coverage, pertussis is circulating in Algeria. Most infections occur in unvaccinated infants <6 months of age, with mothers as the main source of infection. An adolescent/adult booster should be considered. Adoption of sensitive and specific laboratory tests would improve pertussis diagnosis and surveillance.

scholarly journals Occurrence of zoonotic Enterocytozoon bieneusi in cats in Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamille Batista Faria Prado ◽  
Carlos Alberto do Nascimento Ramos ◽  
Vagner Ricardo da Silva Fiuza ◽  
Veronica Jorge Babo Terra
Keyword(s):  
Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽  
Domestic Cat ◽  
Domestic Cats ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Intestinal Pathogen ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Mato Grosso Do Sul

Abstract Enterocytozoon bieneusi is an opportunistic intestinal pathogen that infects humans and a wide variety of animals worldwide. Our aim in this study was to investigate the occurrence of E. bieneusi in a domestic cat population in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Sixty fecal samples from diarrheic cats were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the amplicons were sequenced for identification. E. bieneusi was detected in two samples (3.3%), both identified as genotype D. This genotype has already been reported in animals and humans and is considered a zoonotic genotype. Our findings represent the first report of E. bieneusi in domestic cats in Brazil, reinforcing the importance of identifying this agent as a source of infection in animals and humans.

scholarly journals Fatal Chemotherapy-induced Combined Infection in a Hodgkin’s Disease Patient: a Case Report

Folia Medica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 620-623
Author(s):  
Yordan I. Kalchev ◽  
Gergana B. Lengerova ◽  
Uswah Asif ◽  
Hasan A. Burnusuzov ◽  
Marianna A. Murdjeva
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Multimodal Therapy ◽  
Disease Patient ◽  
Infectious Complications ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Combined Infection

Multimodal therapy, used for the treatment of patients with Hodgkin&rsquo;s disease (HD), makes them prone to life-threatening infections, attributed mainly to febrile neutropenia. Herein, we present a case report of fatal combined bacterial and viral infection in a 49-year-old female patient, subject to polychemotherapy for HD. Rapid microbiological diagnosis performed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction elucidated the causes of the infection within hours. Listeria monocytogenes was detected in both the cerebrospinal fluid and blood samples. Nasopharyngeal swabs returned positive for two swine-derived strains of influenza A virus. We aimed to emphasize the importance of these pathogens and draw attention to their association in the aetiology of infections among patients receiving chemotherapy. In conclusion, better surveillance is needed to improve the early diagnosis of infectious complications in these patients.

scholarly journals The Prevalence of Shiga toxin-1 in Shigella spp. Isolates Collected from Diarrhea Patients, Ahvaz, Iran

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nahid Mahdian ◽  
Ali Gheysarzadeh ◽  
Hassan Valadbeigi ◽  
Sobhan Ghafourian ◽  
Abbas Maleki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Shigella Species ◽  
Shigella Spp ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Tropical Infectious Diseases

Abstract Objective Shigellosis is one of the substantial causative agents of microbial dysentery and still has a remarkable prevalence particularly in areas with poor hygienic infrastructures. The probable existence of the deadly Shiga toxin-1(Stx1) protein in some Shigella strains would manifest life-threatening clinical symptoms of the infection. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of Stx1 in isolated from patients with diarrhea. Results Totally, 227 Shigella species including 60 S. flexneri, 157 S. sonnei, and 10 S. boydii were collected from diarrheal patients in tropical infectious diseases research center of Ahvaz, Iran, from 2013 till 2015. The isolates were collected mostly from the intensive care unit, infectious disease, and surgery settings. The isolates were identified and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect the stx gene. The results indicated that none of them encode the stx gene. In conclusion isolates of this study were not capable of stx1 encoding.

scholarly journals Factors associated to the positive cerebrospinal fuid culture in the tuberculous meningitis

2007 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marzia Puccioni-Sohler ◽  
Carlos Otávio Brandão
Keyword(s):  
Tuberculous Meningitis ◽  
Neurological Complication ◽  
Central Nervous System Involvement ◽  
Positive Culture ◽  
Acute Stage ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
High Protein Content ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Csf Examination

Central nervous system involvement is the most common neurological complication in the course of tuberculosis. The lack of rapid and sensitive tests delays the early diagnosis. Here, we retrospectively reviewed the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination of 30 patients with tuberculous meningitis confirmed by bacteriological tests (culture and/or polymerase chain reaction). The purpose of the present study was to determine the CSF parameters associated to the positive CSF culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in tuberculous meningitis. We found higher frequency of positive CSF culture in patients infected with HIV as well in patients with high number of neutrophils and high protein content (characteristic in the early or acute-stage patients), which suggests that the positive culture found in these patients may be associated with the presence of high bacillary load in CSF occurring in these stages.

Wild boars meat as a potential source of human trichinellosis in Poland: current data

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bożena Moskwa ◽  
Aleksandra Cybulska ◽  
Aleksandra Kornacka ◽  
Władysław Cabaj ◽  
Justyna Bień
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Sylvatic Cycle ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Current Prevalence ◽  
Wild Boar Meat ◽  
Polymerase Chain

AbstractTrichinellosis is an epidemiological problem with a global distribution. In Poland a substantial increase of the wild boar population has been observed since 2010, together with an increased incidence of trichinellosis after ingestion of raw or undercooked wild boar products containing Trichinella spp. larvae. However, the actual number of human cases remains particularly difficult to determine. The aim of the present study was to determine the current prevalence and spread of these parasites within wild boars. The diaphragm pillars and tongue from 833 wild boars were collected from 2010 to 2014, as well as one wild boar meat sausage known to be a source of infection. The samples were tested for Trichinella spp. using pepsin digestion. Recovered larvae were identified at species level by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (multiplex PCR). The overall prevalence in all examined samples was found to be 2.0% (17/833). Recovered larvae were identified as T. spiralis and T. britovi (9/18 and 5/18, respectively). T. spiralis larvae were isolated from the sausage. Mixed infection was confirmed only once. Three isolates were not identified. The results of our study confirm that the wild boar plays a key role in the maintenance of Trichinella nematodes through the sylvatic cycle.

A polymerase chain reaction assay for cucumber mosaic virus in lupin seeds

1993 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Wylie ◽  
CR Wilson ◽  
RAC Jones ◽  
MGK Jones
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Seed Infection ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Routine Testing ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Lupin Seed ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Seed is the main source of infection of narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) crops by cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). The ELISA procedure is currently used for large-scale, routine testing of lupin seed samples, but a more sensitive, reliable and labour-saving assay is needed which detects levels of seed infection as low as 0.1%. A Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using ground dry seed samples was developed for this purpose. Primers based on concensus sequences of eight published CMV coat protein cDNAs (RNA3) of CMV subgroups 1 and 2 were used. The assay involved (1) a reverse transcription step for cDNA synthesis and (2) amplification of a specific fragment (482-501 bp depending on the strain) by PCR. Two methods of extracting virus from infected lupin material were used: (i) a rapid procedure which was effective for samples with higher levels of infection, e.g. infected leaves and 20.5% infected seed; (ii) a phenol-chloroform procedure, which led to greater sensitivity, enabling reliable detection of 0.1% seed infection. It detected CMV in 16 commercial seed samples (0.1-8% seed infection) belonging to seven cultivars from 12 different localities. Both methods were suitable for routine testing of the flour derived from grinding dry seed. On dissection of infected seeds, CMV was detected in the cotyledons and embryo and usually in or on the testa. The PCR assay detected virus from both CMV subgroups, but only subgroup 2 was found in lupin seed samples. The two CMV subgroups can be distinguished by digestion of amplified DNA with the restriction enzyme EcoRI; only CMV strains of subgroup 2 are digested to yield two fragments of size 330 and 170 bp.

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