scholarly journals Transdermal Delivery of Chemotherapeutics: Strategies, Requirements, and Opportunities

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 960
Author(s):  
Rabin Neupane ◽  
Sai H. S. Boddu ◽  
Mariam Sami Abou-Dahech ◽  
Rinda Devi Bachu ◽  
David Terrero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transdermal Delivery ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Drugs ◽  
Dose Frequency ◽  
Cancer Management ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
Carrier Systems ◽  
Transdermal Route

Chemotherapeutic drugs are primarily administered to cancer patients via oral or parenteral routes. The use of transdermal drug delivery could potentially be a better alternative to decrease the dose frequency and severity of adverse or toxic effects associated with oral or parenteral administration of chemotherapeutic drugs. The transdermal delivery of drugs has shown to be advantageous for the treatment of highly localized tumors in certain types of breast and skin cancers. In addition, the transdermal route can be used to deliver low-dose chemotherapeutics in a sustained manner. The transdermal route can also be utilized for vaccine design in cancer management, for example, vaccines against cervical cancer. However, the design of transdermal formulations may be challenging in terms of the conjugation chemistry of the molecules and the sustained and reproducible delivery of therapeutically efficacious doses. In this review, we discuss the nano-carrier systems, such as nanoparticles, liposomes, etc., used in recent literature to deliver chemotherapeutic agents. The advantages of transdermal route over oral and parenteral routes for popular chemotherapeutic drugs are summarized. Furthermore, we also discuss a possible in silico approach, Formulating for Efficacy™, to design transdermal formulations that would probably be economical, robust, and more efficacious.

A Comprehensive Review on Nanotechnology-Based Innovations in Topical Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Skin Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (44) ◽  
pp. 5720-5731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arun Singh Lalotra ◽  
Vishesh Singh ◽  
Bharat Khurana ◽  
Shelly Agrawal ◽  
Shubham Shrestha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Systemic Exposure ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
The Body ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Abnormal Growth ◽  
Dermal Layer ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Carrier Systems

Background: Skin is the largest organ of the body and helps to regulate several physiological functions. It acts as a barrier that protects the body against UV-radiation, toxic substances, infections, etc. The abnormal growth of the skin cells is called skin cancer. Different types of skin cancer can be classified as Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) and Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC); which mainly occur due to chronic exposure to UV- sunlight and pollution. Methods: The conventional topical treatments of skin cancer such as cream, gel, ointment, etc., are more occlusive and thus they do not penetrate deep into the skin (dermal layer) and remain at the upper part of the skin (epidermal layer). The stratum corneum acts as a physiological barrier for the drug-loaded in the conventional formulation. The novel carrier systems have the potential to facilitate the penetration of the drug deep into the skin (dermal layer) because these have less size and higher flexibility than conventional treatment. Conclusion: In the present review, we have discussed various novel carrier systems being investigated for the topical application of chemotherapeutic agents for efficient skin targeting and better dermatological as well as therapeutic benefits with minimal systemic exposure and toxicity.

Combination Therapy of Cisplatin and Other Agents for Osteosarcoma: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Zahid Kasiram ◽  
Hermizi Hapidin ◽  
Hasmah Abdullah ◽  
Azlina Ahmad ◽  
Sarina Sulong
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
New Combination ◽  
Rapid Progression ◽  
Combination Regimen ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Drugs ◽  
Primary Bone Tumor ◽  
Phytochemical Compounds

Background: Osteosarcoma is the most common type of primary bone tumor in children and adolescents, which is associated with rapid progression and poor prognosis. Multimodal therapy is the most common approach utilized for osteosarcoma management, such as the application of chemotherapy in combination with surgery or radiation therapy. Cisplatin is one of the predominantly used chemotherapeutic agents for osteosarcoma. Optimally, it is employed in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs along with surgery or radiation therapy. Despite the availability of numerous treatment approaches, patient survival rate has not definitively improved over the past three decades. Methods: We summarized all findings regarding the combination of cisplatin with other chemotherapeutic agents as well as with phytochemical compounds. Results: A combination of cisplatin with phytochemical compound synergistically enhances the killing effect of cisplatin on osteosarcoma cells with fewer side effects compared to combination with other chemotherapeutic agents. Conclusion: Conclusively, a combination of cisplatin with selected chemotherapeutic drugs, has been shown to be effective. However, the unchanged survival rate urges for the search of a new combination regimen. As a collaborative effort to substantiate the therapeutic efficacy, the combination with phytochemical compounds shows a promising response both in vitro as well as in the preclinical study.

Transcending the Cutaneous Barrier Through Nanocarrier Exploration for Passive Delivery of Anti-hypertensive Drugs: A Critical Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-209
Author(s):  
Lalit Kumar ◽  
Puneet Utreja
Keyword(s):  
Patient Compliance ◽  
Transdermal Delivery ◽  
Antihypertensive Drugs ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
First Pass ◽  
Transdermal Route

Background: Hypertension comes under the category of chronic disease, which requires long term treatment. Hypertension is usually treated by oral administration of various therapeutic agents. There are several limitations of the oral route, making pharmaceutical scientists to discover an alternative route for drug delivery. Methods: The transdermal route may be a better alternative as it shows various advantages like lack of first-pass effect and high patient compliance. The skin may act as a primary barrier for the transdermal delivery of anti-hypertensive drugs; therefore, new approaches are required to cross this barrier. Nanocarrier systems come under these new approaches to cross the skin barrier. Various nanocarrier systems explored for transdermal delivery of antihypertensive drugs are liposomes, elastic liposomes, ethosomes, transethosomes, oleic acid vesicles, niosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, nanoemulsions/microemulsions, and carbon nanotubes. Results: This review summarizes the potential of advanced nanocarrier systems for effective management of hypertension following the transdermal route. The entire literature search regarding the utility of nanocarrier systems in transdermal delivery of antihypertensive drugs was done by using Pubmed and Google Scholar. Conclusion: Nanocarrier systems are capable of reducing various drawbacks of conventional formulations of antihypertensive drugs like excessive first-pass effects, high dosing frequency, and toxicity promoting high patient compliance. However, the clinical efficacy determination of such nanocarrier systems is still a challenge and it will govern their presence in the global pharmaceutical market.

Application of Immunohistochemistry to Liver and Gastrointestinal Neoplasms: Liver, Stomach, Colon, and Pancreas

2008 ◽  
Vol 132 (3) ◽  
pp. 490-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen A. Geller ◽  
Deepti Dhall ◽  
Randa Alsabeh
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Personal Experience ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Gastrointestinal System ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Gastrointestinal Neoplasms ◽  
Metastatic Neoplasm ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Context.—Immunohistochemistry has become an integral component of the practice of pathology. Newer antibodies allow for increasingly precise diagnoses for tumors that previously could not be easily identified. Recently, immunohistochemical evaluations have begun to allow pathologists to actively assist in determining prognosis and even in selecting therapies. Objective.—To summarize the usefulness of currently available immunostains for the study of liver and gastrointestinal system neoplasms and to make recommendations for panels of immunostains that can be particularly helpful. Data Sources.—Information has been collected from recent literature as well as from personal experience and practice. Conclusions.—Many immunostains are now available for the practicing pathologist that allow for increasing accuracy in diagnosis of liver and gastrointestinal tract neoplasms. Panels of immunostains can be used to differentiate between various tumors and also to identify site of origin in the case of a metastatic neoplasm. Immunostains that allow for prognostic determinations and for guidance in the selection of chemotherapeutic agents can also be used by pathologists to assist in the management of patients with malignant tumors affecting the liver and gastrointestinal tract.

scholarly journals Low-dose Chemotherapeutic Agents Regulate Small Rho GTPase Activity in Dendritic Cells

2008 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 491-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Galina V. Shurin ◽  
Irina L. Tourkova ◽  
Michael R. Shurin
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Rho Gtpase ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Gtpase Activity

scholarly journals Secondary Metabolites from Saccharomyces cerevisiae Species with Anticancer Potential

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Jahangeer ◽  
Areej Riasat ◽  
Zahed Mahmood ◽  
Muhammad Numan ◽  
Naveed Munir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Apoptotic Cell ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Drugs ◽  
Central Metabolism ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
New Chemotherapeutic Agents

Chemotherapeutic agents produce from numerous sources such as animals, plants and micro-organisms are derived from the natural products. Although the existing therapeutic pipeline lacks fungal-derived metabolites, but hundreds of secondary metabolites derived from fungi are known to be possible chemotherapies. Over the past three decades, several secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic and polyketides have been developed by Saccharomyces cerevisiae species with exciting activities that considered valued for the growth of new chemotherapeutic agents. Many secondary metabolites are protective compounds which prevent abiotic and biotic stresses, i.e. predation, infection, drought and ultraviolet. Though not taking part in a living cell’s central metabolism, secondary metabolites play an important role in the function of an organism. Nevertheless, due to slow biomass build-up and inadequate synthesis by the natural host the yield of secondary metabolites is low by direct isolation. A detailed comprehension of biosynthetic pathways for development of secondary metabolites are necessary for S. cerevisiae biotransformation. These metabolites have higher inhibitory effect, specificity among cancer and normal cells, and the mechanism of non-apoptotic cell killing. This study shows the significance of bioactive compounds produced by S. cerevisiae species with their possible activity and value in chemotherapeutic drugs pipeline. The isolation and alteration of these natural secondary metabolites would promote the development of chemotherapeutic drugs.

scholarly journals Liposomal drug delivery system as an effective treatment approach for lung cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3-s) ◽  
pp. 367-370
Author(s):  
Kinjal Patel ◽  
Devanshi Patel
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
The Body ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Target Delivery ◽  
Liposomal Drug ◽  
Cancer Management ◽  
Important Field

Worldwide, cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality and cancer rates are set to increase at alarming rate globally. There are various types of cancer in which the leading type is the lung cancer.   In recent years lipid-based carriers, such as liposomes, have successfully encapsulated chemotherapeutic agents ameliorating some toxicity issues, while enhancing the overall therapeutic activity in cancer patients. In addition to this, nanomaterials can help to improved half-life in the body, morphology, for increased drug loading and many other ways. The survey discussed in this review will lead the anticancer therapy and cancer management which will provide the platform to the next generation.  Therefore, this critical review includes the therapeutic interventions, liposomes target delivery, active and passive drug loading. Finally, we attempt to summarize the current challenges in nanotherapeutics and provide an outlook on the future of this important field. Keywords: Drug Delivery, Liposomes target Delivery, Nanostructures, Drug loading

Development and evaluation of a heparin gel for transdermal delivery via laser-generated micropores

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-144
Author(s):  
Deepal Vora ◽  
Yujin Kim ◽  
Ajay K Banga
Keyword(s):  
Transdermal Delivery ◽  
Continuous Intravenous Infusion ◽  
In Vitro Permeation ◽  
Assisted Delivery ◽  
Permeation Studies ◽  
Franz Diffusion Cells ◽  
Transdermal Route ◽  
Poloxamer Gel ◽  
Ablative Laser

Aim: Our study investigated the feasibility of transdermal delivery of heparin, an anticoagulant used against venous thromboembolism, as an alternative to intravenous administration. Materials & methods: Skin was pretreated using ablative laser (Precise Laser Epidermal System [P.L.E.A.S.E.®] technology) for enhanced delivery of heparin. In vitro permeation studies using static Franz diffusion cells provided a comparison between delivery from 0.3% w/v heparin-loaded poloxamer gel and solution across untreated and laser-treated dermatomed porcine ear skin. Results: No passive delivery of heparin was observed. Laser-assisted delivery from solution (26.07 ± 1.82 μg/cm2) was higher (p < 0.05) than delivery from heparin gel (11.28 ± 5.32 μg/cm2). However, gel is likely to sustain the delivery over prolonged periods like a maintenance dose via continuous intravenous infusion. Conclusion: Thus, ablative laser pretreatment successfully delivered heparin, establishing the feasibility of delivering hydrophilic macromolecules using the transdermal route.

Combinational Therapy Using Chemotherapeutic Agents and Dietary Bioactive Compounds

2021 ◽  
pp. 188-214
Author(s):  
Madhumitha Kedhari Sundaram ◽  
Shefina Silas ◽  
Arif Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Molecular Targets ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Chemopreventive Agents ◽  
Cancer Management ◽  
Combinational Therapy ◽  
Synergistic Response ◽  
Dietary Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Dietary Agents ◽  
Cell Signaling Pathways

Diet-derived phytochemicals find prominent use in traditional medicine and have been credited with lowering cancer risk significantly. Dietary agents demonstrate anticancer activity by modulating various molecular targets and cell signaling pathways. Several studies have focused on combinations of dietary bioactive compounds and conventional chemotherapeutic agents to augment their therapeutic response and mitigate the side effects of conventional chemotherapy. The observed synergistic response heralds promise for successful future chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic strategies in cancer management. Animal models and pre-clinical trials of the effective combinations must be undertaken to clearly understand the mechanism of action. This chapter catalogues recent studies that have used dietary bioactive compounds (sulforaphane, EGCG, curcumin, genistein, resveratrol, eugenol) in combination with conventional chemopreventive agents and with other phytochemicals.

scholarly journals Evidence-Based Prevention of Preeclampsia: Commonly Asked Questions in Clinical Practice

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dagmar Wertaschnigg ◽  
Maya Reddy ◽  
Ben W. J. Mol ◽  
Fabricio da Silva Costa ◽  
Daniel L. Rolnik
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Calcium Supplementation ◽  
Dose Aspirin ◽  
Low Dose Aspirin ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
Risk Patients ◽  
Routine Antenatal Care ◽  
Risk Of Preeclampsia

In this review, we discuss the recent literature regarding the prevention of preeclampsia and aim to answer common questions that arise in the routine antenatal care of pregnant women. Prescription of low-dose aspirin for high-risk patients has been shown to reduce the risk of preeclampsia (PE). A daily dose between 100 and 150 mg taken in the evening should be initiated prior to 16 weeks of gestation and can be continued until delivery. Calcium supplementation seems to be advantageous but currently it is only considered for patients with poor dietary intake and high risk for PE. Recent data about heparin are still conflicting, and therefore, heparin can currently not be recommended in the prevention of PE.

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