scholarly journals Opportunities for Improving Waterlogging Tolerance in Cereal Crops—Physiological Traits and Genetic Mechanisms

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1560
Author(s):  
Cen Tong ◽  
Camilla Beate Hill ◽  
Gaofeng Zhou ◽  
Xiao-Qi Zhang ◽  
Yong Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Tolerance Mechanism ◽  
Waterlogging Tolerance ◽  
Aerenchyma Formation ◽  
Homologous Genes ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Modern Breeding ◽  
Biomass Reduction

Waterlogging occurs when soil is saturated with water, leading to anaerobic conditions in the root zone of plants. Climate change is increasing the frequency of waterlogging events, resulting in considerable crop losses. Plants respond to waterlogging stress by adventitious root growth, aerenchyma formation, energy metabolism, and phytohormone signalling. Genotypes differ in biomass reduction, photosynthesis rate, adventitious roots development, and aerenchyma formation in response to waterlogging. We reviewed the detrimental effects of waterlogging on physiological and genetic mechanisms in four major cereal crops (rice, maize, wheat, and barley). The review covers current knowledge on waterlogging tolerance mechanism, genes, and quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with waterlogging tolerance-related traits, the conventional and modern breeding methods used in developing waterlogging tolerant germplasm. Lastly, we describe candidate genes controlling waterlogging tolerance identified in model plants Arabidopsis and rice to identify homologous genes in the less waterlogging-tolerant maize, wheat, and barley.

Identification of aerenchyma formation-related QTL in barley that can be effective in breeding for waterlogging tolerance

2016 ◽  
Vol 129 (6) ◽  
pp. 1167-1177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuechen Zhang ◽  
Gaofeng Zhou ◽  
Sergey Shabala ◽  
Anthony Koutoulis ◽  
Lana Shabala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waterlogging Tolerance ◽  
Aerenchyma Formation

Transgressive segregation and maternal genetic effects of non–target site fluazifop-P-butyl tolerance in Zoysia spp.

Weed Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (05) ◽  
pp. 504-509
Author(s):  
Wenwen Liu ◽  
Kevin E. Kenworthy ◽  
Gregory E. MacDonald ◽  
J. Bryan Unruh ◽  
Laurie E. Trenholm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Breeding Population ◽  
Transgressive Segregation ◽  
Target Site ◽  
Multiple Traits ◽  
Intermediate Phenotypes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Tolerant Line ◽  
Biomass Reduction

AbstractZoysia germplasm exhibit different levels of sensitivity to fluazifop-P-butyl, but the genetic factors responsible for such differences are unknown. Segregation patterns of the fluazifop-P-butyl tolerance trait were studied under greenhouse conditions. In total, 244 F1 lines were generated from multiple crosses between the tolerant line 5337-2 (non–target site tolerance) and three more-sensitive lines (123, 252, and 5330-23). Progeny segregation showed that fluazifop-P-butyl tolerance within zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) is expressed as a quantitative trait with a wide range of intermediate phenotypes between parental phenotypes. Transgressive segregation was extensive and largely favored susceptibility in most families, but was especially evident for 5337-2 × 123 and 5337-2 × 5330-23. The segregation patterns for biomass reduction and percent injury were different within reciprocal crosses and among three different family crosses. Reciprocal effects were observed in growth reduction for 5337-2 × 5330-23, in percent injury at 3 wk after the treatment (WAT), and for 5337-2 × 252 at 6 WAT. This indicated that fluazifop-P-butyl tolerance was not completely controlled by nuclear genetic factors in 5337-2 and maternal/cytoplasmic inheritance was also partially responsible. These results suggested that fluazifop-P-butyl tolerance may be attributed to multiple genetic mechanisms, which could present a challenge for future breeding efforts because of the difficulty of fixing multiple traits within a breeding population.

scholarly journals Genomics of Avian Viral Infections

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Smith
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Poultry Industry ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Global Population

The poultry industry currently accounts for the production of around 118 million metric tons of meat and around 74 million metric tons of eggs annually. As the global population continues to increase, so does our reliance on poultry as a food source. It is therefore of vital importance that we safeguard this valuable resource and make the industry as economically competitive as possible. Avian viral infections, however, continue to cost the poultry industry billions of dollars annually. This can be in terms of vaccination costs, loss of birds and decreased production. With a view to improving the health and welfare of commercial birds and to minimizing associated economic losses, it is therefore of great importance that we try to understand the genetic mechanisms underlying host susceptibility and resilience to some of the major viral pathogens that threaten the poultry species. Some avian viruses, through their zoonotic potential, also pose a risk to human health. This Special Issue will present papers that describe our current knowledge on host responses to various viral pathogens, the genetics underlying those responses and how genomics can begin to provide a solution for resolving the threat posed by these infections.

scholarly journals Ovarian Cancer: Prevention, Detection, and Treatment of the Disease and its Recurrence. Molecular Mechanisms and Personalized Medicine Meeting Report

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (Supp 2) ◽  
pp. S45-S57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesmary Modugno ◽  
Robert P. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Meeting Report ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
New Research

ObjectiveTo review the current understanding of the underlying molecular, biologic, and genetic mechanisms involved in ovarian cancer development and how these mechanisms can be targets for prevention, detection, and treatment of the disease and its recurrence.MethodsIn May 2012, we convened a meeting of researchers, clinicians, and consumer advocates to review the state of current knowledge on molecular mechanisms and identify fruitful areas for further investigations.ResultsThe meeting consisted of 7 scientific sessions ranging from Epidemiology, Early Detection, and Biology to Therapeutics and Quality of Life. Sessions consisted of talks and panel discussions by international leaders in ovarian cancer research. A special career development session by the Congressionally Directed Medical Research Program Department of Defense Ovarian Cancer Academy as well as an oral abstract and poster session showcased promising new research by junior scientists.ConclusionsTechnological advances in the last decade have increased our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in a host of biological activities related to ovarian cancer. Understanding the role these mechanisms play in cancer initiation and progression will help lead to the development of prevention and treatment modalities that can be personalized to each patient, thereby helping to overcome this highly fatal malignancy.

scholarly journals Improving Flooding Tolerance of Crop Plants

Agronomy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelika Mustroph
Keyword(s):  
Crop Plants ◽  
Flooding Tolerance ◽  
Waterlogging Tolerance ◽  
Aerenchyma Formation ◽  
Crop Resistance ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Anatomical Adaptations ◽  
Trait Locus ◽  
Heavy Rainfall Events ◽  
Gwa Studies

A major problem of climate change is the increasing duration and frequency of heavy rainfall events. This leads to soil flooding that negatively affects plant growth, eventually leading to death of plants if the flooding persists for several days. Most crop plants are very sensitive to flooding, and dramatic yield losses occur due to flooding each year. This review summarizes recent progress and approaches to enhance crop resistance to flooding. Most experiments have been done on maize, barley, and soybean. Work on other crops such as wheat and rape has only started. The most promising traits that might enhance crop flooding tolerance are anatomical adaptations such as aerenchyma formation, the formation of a barrier against radial oxygen loss, and the growth of adventitious roots. Metabolic adaptations might be able to improve waterlogging tolerance as well, but more studies are needed in this direction. Reasonable approaches for future studies are quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses or genome-wide association (GWA) studies in combination with specific tolerance traits that can be easily assessed. The usage of flooding-tolerant relatives or ancestral cultivars of the crop of interest in these experiments might enhance the chances of finding useful tolerance traits to be used in breeding.

scholarly journals Aerenchyma Formation in Adventitious Roots of Tall Fescue and Cocksfoot under Waterlogged Conditions

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2487
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thi Mui ◽  
Meixue Zhou ◽  
David Parsons ◽  
Rowan William Smith
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Adventitious Root ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Adventitious Root Formation ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Waterlogging Tolerance ◽  
Aerenchyma Formation ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L

The formation of aerenchyma in adventitious roots is one of the most crucial adaptive traits for waterlogging tolerance in plants. Pasture grasses, like other crops, can be affected by waterlogging, and there is scope to improve tolerance through breeding. In this study, two summer-active cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) cultivars, Lazuly and Porto, and two summer-active tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum Schreb., syn. Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) cultivars, Hummer and Quantum II MaxP, were selected to investigate the effects of waterlogging on root growth and morphological change. Cultivars were subjected to four periods of waterlogging treatments (7, 14, 21 and 28 days), while comparable plants were kept under free drained control conditions. The experiment was arranged as a split–split plot design, with waterlogging treatments (waterlogged, control) considered as main plots, time periods (days of waterlogging) as subplots and cultivars as sub-subplots. Plants began to show signs of waterlogging stress 14–21 days after the onset of waterlogging treatments. There were no significant differences in shoot biomass between the waterlogged and control plants of any cultivar. However, waterlogging significantly reduced root dry matter in all cultivars, with greater reduction in cocksfoot (56%) than in tall fescue (38%). Waterlogging also led to increased adventitious root and aerenchyma formation in both species. Cocksfoot cultivars showed a greater increase in adventitious roots, while tall fescue cultivars had a greater proportion of aerenchyma. Both cultivars within each species showed similar responses to waterlogging treatments. However, an extended screening program is needed to identify whether there are varietal differences within species, which could be used to discover genes related to aerenchyma or adventitious root formation (waterlogging tolerance) for use in breeding programs.

scholarly journals Biomechanical Cues Direct Valvulogenesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Neha Ahuja ◽  
Paige Ostwald ◽  
David Bark ◽  
Deborah Garrity
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Valve Development ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Clinical Interest ◽  
Physical Forces ◽  
Biomechanical Forces ◽  
Developmental Responses

The vertebrate embryonic heart initially forms with two chambers, a ventricle and an atrium, separated by the atrioventricular junction. Localized genetic and biomechanical information guides the development of valves, which function to ensure unidirectional blood flow. If the valve development process goes awry, pathology associated with congenital valve defects can ensue. Congenital valve defects (CVD) are estimated to affect 1–2% of the population and can often require a lifetime of treatment. Despite significant clinical interest, molecular genetic mechanisms that direct valve development remain incompletely elucidated. Cells in the developing valve must contend with a dynamic hemodynamic environment. A growing body of research supports the idea that cells in the valve are highly sensitive to biomechanical forces, which cue changes in gene expression required for normal development or for maintenance of the adult valve. This review will focus on mechanotransductive pathways involved in valve development across model species. We highlight current knowledge regarding how cells sense physical forces associated with blood flow and pressure in the forming heart, and summarize how these changes are transduced into genetic and developmental responses. Lastly, we provide perspectives on how altered biomechanical cues may lead to CVD pathogenesis.

scholarly journals Dissection of the general two-step di-C-glycosylation pathway for the biosynthesis of (iso)schaftosides in higher plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (48) ◽  
pp. 30816-30823
Author(s):  
Zi-Long Wang ◽  
Hao-Meng Gao ◽  
Shuang Wang ◽  
Meng Zhang ◽  
Kuan Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
High Homology ◽  
Efficient Synthesis ◽  
Bioactive Natural Products ◽  
Homologous Genes ◽  
Glycosylation Pathway

Schaftoside and isoschaftoside are bioactive natural products widely distributed in higher plants including cereal crops and medicinal herbs. Their biosynthesis may be related with plant defense. However, little is known on the glycosylation biosynthetic pathway of these flavonoid di-C-glycosides with different sugar residues. Herein, we report that the biosynthesis of (iso)schaftosides is sequentially catalyzed by twoC-glycosyltransferases (CGTs), i.e., CGTa forC-glucosylation of the 2-hydroxyflavanone aglycone and CGTb forC-arabinosylation of the mono-C-glucoside. The two enzymes of the same plant exhibit high homology but remarkably different sugar acceptor and donor selectivities. A total of 14 CGTa and CGTb enzymes were cloned and characterized from seven dicot and monocot plants, includingScutellaria baicalensis,Glycyrrhiza uralensis,Oryza sativassp.japonica, andZea mays, and the in vivo functions for three enzymes were verified by RNA interference and overexpression. Through transcriptome analysis, we found homologous genes in 119 other plants, indicating this pathway is general for the biosynthesis of (iso)schaftosides. Furthermore, we resolved the crystal structures of five CGTs and realized the functional switch of SbCGTb to SbCGTa by structural analysis and mutagenesis of key amino acids. The CGT enzymes discovered in this paper allow efficient synthesis of (iso)schaftosides, and the general glycosylation pathway presents a platform to study the chemical defense mechanisms of higher plants.

scholarly journals Morphological and Genetic Mechanisms Underlying Awn Development in Monocotyledonous Grasses

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ntakirutimana ◽  
Xie
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Morphological And Physiological Traits

The identification of biological mechanisms underlying the development of complex quantitative traits, including those that contribute to plant architecture, yield and quality potential, and seed dispersal, is a major focus in the evolutionary biology and plant breeding. The awn, a bristle-like extension from the lemma in the floret, is one of the distinct morphological and physiological traits in grass species. Awns are taught as an evolutionary trait assisting seed dispersal and germination and increasing photosynthesis. Awn development seems to be complex process, involving dramatic phenotypic and molecular changes. Although recent advances investigated the underlying morphological and molecular genetic factors of awn development, there is little agreement about how these factors interact during awn formation and how this interaction affects variation of awn morphology. Consequently, the developmental sequence of the awn is not yet well understood. Here, we review awn morphological and histological features, awn development pathways, and molecular processes of awn development. We argue that morphological and molecular genetic mechanisms of awn development previously studied in major cereal crops, such as barley, wheat, and rice, offered intriguing insights helping to characterize this process in a comparative approach. Applying such an approach will aid to deeply understand factors involved in awn development in grass species.

scholarly journals The Evaluation of Alkali Grass (Puccinellia ciliata Bor) Populations in Aydin Province of Turkey

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 858
Author(s):  
İlkay Yavaş ◽  
Aydın Ünay
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Waterlogging Tolerance ◽  
Aerenchyma Formation ◽  
Adverse Environmental Conditions ◽  
Average Plant

Alkali grass grows in waterlogged, saline and alaline soils. The main problem in these soils is minerals at toxic level. The toxic ions are chloride, sodium and boron. A number of techniques have been investigated for removing toxic metals from the soil. Today, the cost-effective and environmentally technique is phytoremediation, using hyperaccumulator plants. Alkali grass (Puccinellia ciliata Bor) is suggested as a hyperaccumulator plant by the combination of more favourable characteristics with salt and waterlogging tolerance, high biomass value and convincing nutritive value for adverse environmental conditions. For this reason, we collected alkali grass and soil samples from five different locations in Aydın-Muğla highway, Turanlar and Sınırteke villages in Germencik-Aydın. In the soil analysis, we observed that K accumulation varies between root, shoot and panicle at least whereas Na and B shows more variation on whole plant portions among locations. Intense aerenchyma development on the root tips of Puccinellia plant was observed and it is determined as radial lysogenic aerenchyma formation. Average plant height and dry matter values were between 47.2-74.4 cm and 15.61-80.85 g/plant according to locations. The highest plant height value was obtained from the first location whereas the highest dry matter yield was detected in the fifth location. In conclusion, plants from fifth location can be regarded as fodder plants in these areas. Our results indicated that alkali grass can be effective for phytoextraction of sodium and boron from contaminated sites.

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