scholarly journals Evaluation of Preemergent Herbicides for Chloris virgata Control in Mungbean

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1632
Author(s):  
Gulshan Mahajan ◽  
Bhagirath S. Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Pot Experiments ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
High Dispersal ◽  
Chloris Virgata ◽  
Potential Use

Chloris virgata is a problematic weed in mungbean crops due to its high seed production, resistance to glyphosate and high dispersal ability. Pot and field experiments were conducted in 2020 and 2021 to evaluate a range of preemergent (PRE) herbicides for C. virgata control in mungbean. In the field and pot studies, isoxaflutole 75 g ai ha−1 caused crop injury, and in the field experiment, it reduced mungbean yield by 61% compared with the best treatment (pyroxasulfone 100 g ai ha−1). In the field and pot experiments, dimethenamid-P 720 g ai ha−1, pyroxasulfone 100 g ai ha−1 and S-metolachlor 1400 g ai ha−1 provided >88% control of C. virgata (for reduced biomass) and in the field experiment, these herbicides resulted in improved yield by 230%, 270% and 170%, respectively, compared with nontreated control (250 kg ha−1). Similarly, pendimethalin 1000 g ai ha−1 and trifluralin 600 g ai ha−1 provided >89% control (biomass) of C. virgata, and in the field experiment, these resulted in improved yields of 230% and 160%, respectively, compared with the nontreated control. PRE herbicides such as diuron 750 g ai ha−1, linuron 1100 g ai ha−1, metribuzin 360 g ha−1, terbuthylazine 750 g ai ha−1, imazapic 48 g ai ha−1 and imazethapyr 70 g ha−1 although did not cause crop injury; however, these herbicides did not control C. virgata. Flumioxazin 90 g ai ha−1 caused reduced biomass of C. virgata by 80% compared with the nontreated control, and in the field experiment, it resulted in improved yield by 140% compared with the nontreated control. This study suggests the potential use of herbicides, such as dimethenamid-P, pyroxasulfone and S-metolachlor in addition to pendimethalin and trifluralin, for C. virgata control in mungbean. Further studies are needed to determine the efficacy of dimethenamid-P, S-metolachlor and pyroxasulfone for controlling other troublesome weeds in mungbean.

High phosphorus concentrations in seed of wheat and annual medic are related to higher rates of dry matter production of seedlings and plants

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 765 ◽  
Author(s):  
MDA Bolland ◽  
MJ Baker
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Medicago Polymorpha ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Pot Experiments ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Burr Medic

Seed of 2 cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and 1 burr medic (Medicago polymorpha) with increasing phosphorus (P) concentrations (wheat 1.4-3.7 g P/kg dry matter, medic 3.3-7.9 g P/kg dry matter) were collected from field experiments with variable levels of applied superphosphate (wheat 0- 577 kg P/ha, medic 0-364 kg P/ha) in south-western Australia. These seeds were used in further experiments to examine the effect of seed P concentration on the subsequent dry matter (DM) production of seedlings and plants in 3 glasshouse pot experiments and 1 field experiment. Seed of the same size (wheat, 35 mg/seed; medic, 3.6 mg/seed) but with increasing P concentration produced substantially higher DM yields in the absence or presence of freshly applied superphosphate P up to 28-35 days after sowing in the pot experiments and 67 days after sowing in the field experiment.

scholarly journals Effect of Applying Potassumage and Banana Ash Combination as Bio-Fertilizers on Productivity of the Egyptian Wheat

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abou El Enin, MM - Abo-Remaila S.I - Maklad, K.M
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Pot Experiments ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
K Fertilizer ◽  
Biological Yield ◽  
And Control ◽  
Plot Design

Two pot experiments and field experiment were carried out at Agric. Res. Station, Fac. Agric., Al-Azhar Univ. Nasr City and El-Aleg region, Kaliobia governorate, Egypt, during 2011/2012, 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 to investigate the influence of K fertilizer packages as bio fertilizer on the productivity of wheat varieties. The three studied K fertilizer packages treatments were Potassiumag (bio fertilizer), Banana ash 4%, Potassumage +Banana ach 4% and control (without K fertilizer), as well as three wheat varieties (Sakha-93. Masry-1 and Banisweif). Complete randomized design was applied for the pot experiments, whereas, split plot design was conducted for the experimental field. Results showed significant differences between the three tested wheat varieties such as number of spikes/plant, number of grains/ spike, 1000 grains weight, yields of grains, straw and biological/yield per plant or per Fadden, as well as harvest index, Sakha 93 variety significantly surpassed Masr-1 and Baniswif-6 varieties in straw yield characters, while Masr-1 variety exceeded sakha-93 and Baniswif- 6 in grain yield characters. Moreover, Baniswif-6 gave grains quality characters higher than Sakha-93 and Masr-1 varieties in cache season under pot and field experiments. As for K fertilizer treatments, results showed that, significant differences were observed between the four studied potassium fertilizers packages for all studied characters under pot and field experiment in both seasons, whereas K4 treatments gave the highest values of growth, yield and yield components as well as technological characters. Also K3 treatment ranked the second and produced the highest values of the previous traits in both seasons. It worthy to mentioned that the differences between K3 and K4 treatments did not reach to the significant level. The interaction effect between the tested varieties and the studied K fertilizer packages was significant in most characters under study. Finally, applying 50% of recommended mineral K fertilizers with bio fertilizers (potassiumag + banana ash) are suitable fertilization treatment for maximizing the productivity of wheat varieties Sakha-93, Masr-1 and Baniswif-6 in pot or field experiments 

scholarly journals Studies on The Effect of Bio Fertilization on the Technological Characteristics of Some Egyptian Wheat Varieties

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Abou El Enin, MM, Dr. Abo-Remaila S.I
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Technological Properties ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Pot Experiments ◽  
K Fertilizer ◽  
And Control

 Three pot experiments were carried out at Agric. Res. Station, Fac. Agric., Al-Azhar Univ. Nasr City during 2011/2012, 2012/2013 seasons, each one was to investigate the effect of four un mineral package for each N, P and K on quality of three wheat Egyptian varieties, such as, Sakha-93, Masr-1 and Banisweif-6. The N package were 75 kg N/fed (control), 75 kg N/fed + the twice cysteine spraying (each 150 ppm), 37,5 kg N/fed + bio N fertilizer (cerialen) + the twice cysteine spraying and 37,5 kg N/fed + bio N fertilizer (biogen) + the twice cysteine spraying. The p fertilizer packages were phosphorine, humic acid 6%, phosphorine+ humic 6% acid and control (without P). The K fertilizer package were Potassiumage, Banana ash 4%, Potassiumage + Banana ach 4% and control (without K fertilizer). On the other hand, a field experiment was applied in 2013/2014 session at El Klag region, Kaliobia Governorate, Egypt to confirm the result gaved from the pot experiments. However pot experiments were designed in complete randomizes design, the field experiment was in split plot design. Results showed significant differences between the three tested wheat varieties such as grain protein contents, wet and dry gluten content. Baniswif-6 gave grains quality characters higher than Sakha-93 and Masr-1 varieties in cache season under pot and field experiments. Technological properties were differed significantly between the studied nitrogen fertilizers packages treatments during the three growing seasons under pot or field experiments. In the second experiments, there were significant differences between the various phosphorus fertilizer packages treatments in both seasons under pot and field experiments. P4 and P3 treatments recorded the highest values of technological properties as compared with P1 treatment in the three seasons in pot or field experiments. The interaction effect between (var. X P. packages) showed that must of the studied characters were significant by the interaction between the two studied factors. Finally, in the third experiment, significant differences were observed between the four studied potassium fertilizers packages for all studied characters under pot and field experiment in both seasons, whereas K4 treatments gave the highest values of   technological characters. Also K3 treatment ranked the second and produced the highest values of the previous traits in both seasons. Accordingly, the three wheat varieties showed highest responsibility to different N, P and K fertilizer packages in relation to some technological properties in pot or field experiments under these conditions  

POST Herbicide Combinations for Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) Control in Sugarbeet

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslav Jursík ◽  
Josef Soukup ◽  
Veronika Venclová ◽  
Josef Holec
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Abutilon Theophrasti ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
True Leaf ◽  
Cotyledon Stage ◽  
Pot Experiments

Velvetleaf is one of the most significant and fastest spreading alien weeds in Europe, and it is a difficult weed to control in conventional sugarbeet. Laboratory experiments were carried out in 2007 and 2008 and field experiments were carried out in 2006, 2007, and 2008 with the aim of finding effective herbicide combinations and optimum timing of control. Herbicides containing the active ingredients phenmedipham, desmedipham, ethofumesate, clopyralid, and triflusulfuron were all tested at different timings. Phenmedipham + desmedipham + ethofumesate gave 87% velvetleaf control in pot experiments when applied at the growth stages of velvetleaf cotyledons and one true leaf, but only 27 to 42% control in field trials. Triflusulfuron gave 76% control in pot experiments and 83 to 88% control in field experiments. The timing of the first and second herbicide applications was very important: the first application of herbicides must be at the cotyledon stage of velvetleaf. A 1-wk delay in first application reduced herbicide efficacy by 8%. A 5-d period between the first and second treatments gave 93% control, while a 10-d period between the first and second treatments gave only 77% control. Sugarbeet yield decreased by 60 to 86% due to competition with velvetleaf when a standard herbicide combination (phenmedipham + desmedipham + ethofumesate) was used, and the velvetleaf produced between 6,700 and 14,800 seeds m−2. Inclusion of triflusulfuron in the herbicide treatment significantly reduced velvetleaf seed production to between 200 and 4,700 seeds m−2. In most cases, inclusion of triflusulfuron increased sugarbeet yield. Better velvetleaf control occurred in years when the sugarbeet canopy developed early and the index of leaf area of sugarbeet was higher.

Comparative phosphorus requirements of Trifolium balansae and T. subterraneum measured at the same plant density

1993 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 307 ◽  
Author(s):  
MDA Bolland
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pot Experiments ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Phosphorus Requirements ◽  
Made In

The phosphorus (P) requirement of Trifolium balansae is unknown and was measured and compared with the P requirement of T. subterraneum in 2 glasshouse pot experiments and 3 field experiments. The same density of plants was used for each species in each experiment. Requirement for P was determined from the amount reqiired to produce 90% of maximum yield of each species at each harvest. The yield produced at nil P or low levels of applied P was also used to compare the P requirement of the 2 species. As estimated from the amount of P required to produce 90% of maximum yield, 4 comparisons of P requirement were made in the pot experiments. The 2 species had similar P requirements in 2 comparisons, and T. balansae required 40% more, and 50% less, P than T. subterraneum on the other 2 occasions. In dense swards in the field experiments, T. balansae required 12-75070 more P than T. subterraneum to produce 90% of maximum yield, except for the first harvest (about 105 days after sowing) in 2 experiments when T. balansue required 20-60% less P. In one field experiment, swards of T. balansae or T. subterraneum were either uncut or cut at weekly intervals from 110 to 166 days after sowing. Compared with the uncut swards, weekly cutting reduced dry herbage yields of both species by about 5-15% for the 2 lowest levels of P applied and by 3040% for the 3 highest levels.

scholarly journals Rattail fescue (Vulpia myuros) interference and seed production as affected by sowing time and crop density in winter wheat

Weed Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Muhammad Javaid Akhter ◽  
Per Kudsk ◽  
Solvejg Kopp Mathiassen ◽  
Bo Melander
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Crop Density ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Field experiments were conducted in the growing seasons of 2017 to 2018 and 2018 to 2019 to evaluate the competitive effects of rattail fescue [Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C. Gmel.] in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and to assess whether delayed crop sowing and increased crop density influence the emergence, competitiveness, and fecundity of V. myuros. Cumulative emergence showed the potential of V. myuros to emerge rapidly and under a wide range of climatic conditions with no effect of crop density and variable effects of sowing time between the two experiments. Grain yield and yield components were negatively affected by increasing V. myuros density. The relationship between grain yield and V. myuros density was not influenced by sowing time or by crop density, but crop–weed competition was strongly influenced by growing conditions. Due to very different weather conditions, grain yield reductions were lower in the growing season of 2017 to 2018 than in 2018 to 2019, with maximum grain yield losses of 22% and 50% in the two growing seasons, respectively. The yield components, number of crop ears per square meter, and 1,000-kernel weight were affected almost equally, reflecting that V. myuros’s competition with winter wheat occurred both early and late in the growing season. Seed production of V. myuros was suppressed by delaying sowing and increasing crop density. The impacts of delayed sowing and increasing crop density on seed production of V. myuros highlight the potential of these cultural weed control tactics in the long-term management programs of this species.

scholarly journals A Non-Uniform Broadcast Fertilization Method and Its Performance Analysis under Basin Irrigation

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 292
Author(s):  
Kai Zhang ◽  
Meijian Bai ◽  
Yinong Li ◽  
Shaohui Zhang ◽  
Di Xu
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Inflow Rate ◽  
Application Performance ◽  
Solute Content ◽  
Basin Surface ◽  
Movement Characteristics ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Basin Irrigation

The broadcast fertilization method is widely used under basin irrigation in China. A reasonable broadcast fertilization method can effectively improve application performance of fertilization and reduce pollution from non-point agricultural sources. In this study, firstly, a non-uniform broadcast fertilization method and a non-uniform application coefficient were proposed. The value of non-uniform application coefficient is defined in this paper. It represents the ratio of the difference between the maximum and the average fertilization amount of fertilizer applied on the basin surface to the average fertilization amount of fertilizer applied on the basin surface. Secondly, field experiments were conducted to study the movement characteristics of fertilizer under non-uniform broadcast fertilization for basin irrigation. Field experiment results showed that under the condition of basin irrigation, the non-uniform broadcast fertilization method could weaken the non-uniform distribution of fertilizer due to erosion and transport capacity of solid fertilizer by irrigation water flow, which could significantly improve the uniformity of soil solute content. Thirdly, the solute transport model for broadcast fertilization was corroborated by the field experiment results. The variation rule of fertilization performance with non-uniform application coefficient under different basin length and inflow rate was achieved by simulation. The simulation results showed that fertilization uniformity and fertilization storage efficiency increased first and then decreased with the increase of non-uniform application coefficient. In order to be practically applicable, suitable irrigation programs of non-uniform application coefficient under different basin length and inflow rate conditions were proposed by numerical simulation.

scholarly journals Dispersal and Differentiation of Deep-Sea Mussels of the GenusBathymodiolus(Mytilidae, Bathymodiolinae)

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akiko Kyuno ◽  
Mifue Shintaku ◽  
Yuko Fujita ◽  
Hiroto Matsumoto ◽  
Motoo Utsumi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Shallow Water ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Evolutionary Transition ◽  
Significant Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Evolutionary Processes ◽  
High Dispersal ◽  
High Gene

We sequenced the mitochondrial ND4 gene to elucidate the evolutionary processes ofBathymodiolusmussels and mytilid relatives. Mussels of the subfamily Bathymodiolinae from vents and seeps belonged to 3 groups and mytilid relatives from sunken wood and whale carcasses assumed the outgroup positions to bathymodioline mussels. Shallow water mytilid mussels were positioned more distantly relative to the vent/seep mussels, indicating an evolutionary transition from shallow to deep sea via sunken wood and whale carcasses.Bathymodiolus platifronsis distributed in the seeps and vents, which are approximately 1500 km away. There was no significant genetic differentiation between the populations. There existed high gene flow betweenB. septemdierumandB. breviorand low but not negligible gene flow betweenB. marisindicusandB. septemdierumorB. brevior, although their habitats are 5000–10 000 km away. These indicate a high adaptability to the abyssal environments and a high dispersal ability ofBathymodiolusmussels.

Growth, freezing tolerance, and yield performance of alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) cultivars grown under controlled and field conditions in northern latitudes

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 1109-1118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mervi M. Seppänen ◽  
Ville Alitalo ◽  
Hanna K. Bäckström ◽  
Kirsi Mäkiniemi ◽  
Venla Jokela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Freezing Tolerance ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Forage Legume ◽  
Northern Latitudes ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Second Year

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is one of the most popular forage legume crops worldwide. Its cultivation in the boreal and sub-boreal zone is restricted by inadequate winter hardiness, but global warming may increase its adaptability in these latitudes. Here, we examined variation in growth and freezing tolerance of four alfalfa cultivars recommended for the northern temperate climates of Europe (Alexis, Lavo, Live, and Nexus) and two cultivars with adaptation to milder or Mediterranean climates (Rangelander and Hunter River). Two experiments under controlled conditions (growth cessation and cold acclimation experiments) along with a 2-yr field experiment were conducted. Lavo was the most freezing-tolerant cultivar in both the cold acclimation and field experiments. Both Rangelander and Hunter River showed poor freezing tolerance. Lavo responded to decreasing temperatures, unlike the response to shorter day length, by allocating biomass to the roots. In general, better freezing tolerance was associated with high total nonstructural carbohydrate and low starch content. The field experiment results revealed that the more freezing-tolerant cultivars may have some advantages regarding yield, especially in the second year, but the differences between the cultivars were modest.

THE EFFECT OF Ca ON TRIALLATE ACTIVITY

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. McKERCHER ◽  
W. R. McGREGOR
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Solution Phase ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Pot Experiments

Applications of Ca to soil in both growth chamber and field experiments increased triallate [S-(2,3,3-trichloroallyl)-diisopropylthiocarbamate] activity. Ca appears to affect the distribution of triallate between the colloid and soil solution causing a shift of triallate toward the solution phase. These effects are measurable in pot experiments at Ca additions of about 1 meq/100 g soil or at field applications of 2.5 tonnes per hectare (1 ton per acre) of Ca(OH)2.

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