scholarly journals Monoseeding Increases Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Yield by Regulating Shade-Avoidance Responses and Population Density

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2405
Author(s):  
Tingting Chen ◽  
Jialei Zhang ◽  
Xinyue Wang ◽  
Ruier Zeng ◽  
Yong Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Shade Avoidance ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Bhlh Transcription Factors ◽  
Avoidance Responses

We aimed to elucidate the possible yield-increasing mechanisms through regulation of shade-avoidance responses at both physiological and molecular levels under monoseeding. Our results revealed that monoseeding decreased the main stem height but increased the main stem diameter and the number of branches and nodes compared to the traditional double- and triple-seeding patterns. The chlorophyll contents were higher under monoseeding than that under double- and triple-seeding. Further analysis showed that this, in turn, increased the net photosynthetic rate and reallocated higher levels of assimilates to organs. Monoseeding induced the expression patterns of Phytochrome B (Phy B) gene but decreased the expression levels of Phytochrome A (Phy A) gene. Furthermore, the bHLH transcription factors (PIF 1 and PIF 4) that interact with the phytochromes were also decreased under monoseeding. The changes in the expression levels of these genes may regulate the shade-avoidance responses under monoseeding. In addition, monoseeding increased pod yield at the same population density through increasing the number of pods per plant and 100-pod weight than double- and triple-seeding patterns. Thus, we inferred that monoseeding is involved in the regulation of shade-avoidance responsive genes and reallocating assimilates at the same population density, which in turn increased the pod yield.

Plant population studies on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in subtropical Australia. 2. Water-limited conditions

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 189 ◽  
Author(s):  
GC Wright ◽  
MJ Bell
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Plant Population Density

The effects of plant population density on total dry matter (TDM) production, and on pod and kernel yields, of 2 peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars (Virginia and Spanish) were investigated under a range of contrasting soil water availability regimes. Protracted crop water deficits were applied to each plant population density treatment in 3 experiments: (i) from planting until the early pod-filling phase (DSWF, dry start, wet finish); (ii) during the pod-filling to maturity phase (WSDF, wet start, dry finish); (iii) from flowering to maturity (TS, terminal stress). Crop water deficits of varying timing and severity were shown to modify substantially the effect of plant population on yield response compared with that observed under well-watered conditions. In most cases, TDM was maximised at the lowest density (40000 Plants/ha). In the WSDF and DSWF experiments, significant cultivar x plant population interactions for pod yield were found. The Spanish cultivar, McCubbin, showed strong pod yield response to S30000 plants/ha, while the Virginia cultivar, Early Bunch, did not respond to increases in plant population above 40000 plants/ha. These differing responses were probably associated with cultivar differences in branching pattern. Under extreme water stress situations where crops were forced to rely solely on soil water reserves (TS), pod yields were highest at the lowest plant population density and declined rapidly as plant population increased. The Gardner and Gardner (1983) model provided a useful framework to characterise the plant population-pod yield response under reduced water availability. The assumptions that both partitioning of dry matter to pods and the hypothetical minimum plant size capable of producing pods were crop constants, irrespective of crop water deficits experienced, were shown to be invalid. These constants may, however, be linearly related to water availability. Relationships relating these parameters to an index of crop or soil water status may improve the predictive capability of the model under water-limited conditions.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Response to Cyclanilide and Prohexadione Calcium

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Jordan ◽  
J. B. Beam ◽  
J. E. Lanier ◽  
S. H. Lancaster ◽  
P. D. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Regulator ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Stem Height ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Vine Growth ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium

Abstract Excessive growth of Virginia market-type peanut affects row visibility and pod yield of peanut. Ten experiments were conducted from 2000 to 2002 in North Carolina to compare peanut response to cyclanilide and prohexadione calcium applied at 50% row closure followed by a repeat application 2 wk later. Cyclanilide and prohexadione calcium increased row visibility in all experiments. Main stem height was shorter at the end of the season when cyclanilide and prohexadione calcium were applied compared with non-treated peanut in all experiments except one. Prohexadione calcium improved row visibility compared with cyclanilide in three experiments and equaled cyclanilide in seven experiments. Main stem height was similar following application of cyclanilide and prohexadione calcium in eight of the 10 experiments. When pooled over experiments, pod yield ranged from 4210 to 4480 kg/ha and did not differ between non-treated peanut and peanut treated with either plant growth regulator. However, prohexadione calcium did increase pod yield of peanut compared with cyclanilide. Results indicate that cyclanilide is not as effective as prohexadione calcium in managing peanut vine growth because of inconsistent enhancement of row visibility and possible negative impacts on pod yield.

scholarly journals Effects of Succinic Acid 2,2-Dimethylhydrazide on Yield and Other Characteristics of Peanut Cultivars1

1974 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Brown ◽  
W. J. Ethredge
Keyword(s):  
Succinic Acid ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L

Abstract Succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) was applied at 0.95 kg/ha 60 days after planting to seven peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars in 1970 and eight cultivars in 1971 and 1972. Pod yield of all cultivars were increased by SADH in 1970 by an average of 20%. Yields of Spanish type cultivars were increased in 1971 but not in 1972, while yields of runner and Virginia cultivars were not affected in 1971 nor 1972. There was a trend for increases in the number of pods per plant in Spanish cultivars in all three years and in runner and Virginia types in 1970. Weight per 100 pods was reduced in the Spanish cultivars only in 1972. Main stem lengths were reduced by SADH treatment by an average of 32% in 1970 and 27% in 1971.

scholarly journals Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of Raffinose synthetase family in cotton

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruifeng Cui ◽  
Xiaoge Wang ◽  
Waqar Afzal Malik ◽  
Xuke Lu ◽  
Xiugui Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Plant Leaves ◽  
Motif Analysis ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Salt And Drought Stress ◽  
Key Genes ◽  
Stress Gene

Abstract Background The Raffinose synthetase (RAFS) genes superfamily is critical for the synthesis of raffinose, which accumulates in plant leaves under abiotic stress. However, it remains unclear whether RAFS contributes to resistance to abiotic stress in plants, specifically in the Gossypium species. Results In this study, we identified 74 RAFS genes from G. hirsutum, G. barbadense, G. arboreum and G. raimondii by using a series of bioinformatic methods. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the RAFS gene family in the four Gossypium species could be divided into four major clades; the relatively uniform distribution of the gene number in each species ranged from 12 to 25 based on species ploidy, most likely resulting from an ancient whole-genome polyploidization. Gene motif analysis showed that the RAFS gene structure was relatively conservative. Promoter analysis for cis-regulatory elements showed that some RAFS genes might be regulated by gibberellins and abscisic acid, which might influence their expression levels. Moreover, we further examined the functions of RAFS under cold, heat, salt and drought stress conditions, based on the expression profile and co-expression network of RAFS genes in Gossypium species. Transcriptome analysis suggested that RAFS genes in clade III are highly expressed in organs such as seed, root, cotyledon, ovule and fiber, and under abiotic stress in particular, indicating the involvement of genes belonging to clade III in resistance to abiotic stress. Gene co-expressed network analysis showed that GhRFS2A-GhRFS6A, GhRFS6D, GhRFS7D and GhRFS8A-GhRFS11A were key genes, with high expression levels under salt, drought, cold and heat stress. Conclusion The findings may provide insights into the evolutionary relationships and expression patterns of RAFS genes in Gossypium species and a theoretical basis for the identification of stress resistance materials in cotton.

scholarly journals Genome-wide analysis of changes in miRNA and target gene expression reveals key roles in heterosis for Chinese cabbage biomass

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peirong Li ◽  
Tongbing Su ◽  
Deshuang Zhang ◽  
Weihong Wang ◽  
Xiaoyun Xin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Cabbage ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Small Rna Sequencing ◽  
Leaf Morphogenesis ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Parental Lines

AbstractHeterosis is a complex phenomenon in which hybrids show better phenotypic characteristics than their parents do. Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. spp. pekinensis) is a popular leafy crop species, hybrids of which are widely used in commercial production; however, the molecular basis of heterosis for biomass of Chinese cabbage is poorly understood. We characterized heterosis in a Chinese cabbage F1 hybrid cultivar and its parental lines from the seedling stage to the heading stage; marked heterosis of leaf weight and biomass yield were observed. Small RNA sequencing revealed 63 and 50 differentially expressed microRNAs (DEMs) at the seedling and early-heading stages, respectively. The expression levels of the majority of miRNA clusters in the F1 hybrid were lower than the mid-parent values (MPVs). Using degradome sequencing, we identified 1,819 miRNA target genes. Gene ontology (GO) analyses demonstrated that the target genes of the MPV-DEMs and low parental expression level dominance (ELD) miRNAs were significantly enriched in leaf morphogenesis, leaf development, and leaf shaping. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the expression levels of photosynthesis and chlorophyll synthesis-related MPV-DEGs (differentially expressed genes) were significantly different in the F1 hybrid compared to the parental lines, resulting in increased photosynthesis capacity and chlorophyll content in the former. Furthermore, expression of genes known to regulate leaf development was also observed at the seedling stage. Arabidopsis plants overexpressing BrGRF4.2 and bra-miR396 presented increased and decreased leaf sizes, respectively. These results provide new insight into the regulation of target genes and miRNA expression patterns in leaf size and heterosis for biomass of B. rapa.

scholarly journals Bioinformatics Analysis of Allele Frequencies and Expression Patterns of ACE2, TMPRSS2 and FURIN in Different Populations and Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1041
Author(s):  
Mohammad Tarek ◽  
Hana Abdelzaher ◽  
Firas Kobeissy ◽  
Hassan A. N. El-Fawal ◽  
Mohammed M. Salama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Bioinformatics Analysis ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Shed Light

The virus responsible for the COVID-19 global health crisis, SARS-CoV-2, has been shown to utilize the ACE2 protein as an entry point to its target cells. The virus has been shown to rely on the actions of TMPRSS2 (a serine protease), as well as FURIN (a peptidase), for the critical priming of its spike protein. It has been postulated that variations in the sequence and expression of SARS-CoV-2’s receptor (ACE2) and the two priming proteases (TMPRSS2 and FURIN) may be critical in contributing to SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. This study aims to examine the different expression levels of FURIN in various tissues and age ranges in light of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression levels using the LungMAP database. Furthermore, we retrieved expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) of the three genes and their annotation. We analyzed the frequency of the retrieved variants in data from various populations and compared it to the Egyptian population. We highlight FURIN’s potential interplay with the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and showcase a myriad of variants of the three genes that are differentially expressed across populations. Our findings provide insights into potential genetic factors that impact SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in different populations and shed light on the varying expression patterns of FURIN.

scholarly journals Eclipta (Eclipta prostrata L.) Control in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)1

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. V. Altom ◽  
R. B. Westerman ◽  
D. S. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Butanoic Acid ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Nitrobenzoic Acid ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Eclipta Prostrata ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Sequential Treatments

Abstract Field experiments were conducted from 1991 to 1993 to evaluate eclipta, Eclipta prostrata L., control and peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., response to herbicide treatments. Fomesafen {5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoro-methyl)phenoxy]-N-(methylsulfonyl)-2-nitrobenzamide} applied at cracking was the only preemergence-applied herbicide which provided season-long control (>84%). Herbicides applied postemergence were more effective when the eclipta was less than 5 cm in height. The most consistent early postemergence treatments were bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile), bentazon [3-(1-methylethyl)-(1H)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazm-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide], and bentazon + acifluorfen {5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid} + 2,4-DB [4-(2,4-dichloro-phenoxy)butanoic acid]. Various other early postemergence followed by late postemergence sequential treatments also were equally effective. Minor peanut injury was observed at the early season rating from several herbicides; however, all injury had disappeared by the late season rating. Eclipta control did not consistently improve peanut pod yield.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Response to the Hormonal Plant Growth Regulator Early Harvest®

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Beasley ◽  
W. J. Grichar ◽  
D. L. Jordan ◽  
R. G. Lemon ◽  
B. A. Besler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Plant Growth Regulator ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Indole Butyric Acid ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Commercial Plant ◽  
Commercial Mixture ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Early Harvest

Abstract Experiments were conducted from 1996 through 2001 in Georgia, North Carolina, and Texas to determine peanut response to the commercial plant growth regulator Early Harvest® (a commercial mixture of cytokinin, gibberellic acid, and indole butyric acid). Early Harvest (applied in the seed furrow) or Early Harvest TST (applied as a dry seed treatment) followed by four foliar applications (four-leaf peanut, initial pegging, 14 d after initial pegging, and pod fill), was compared to non-treated peanut in five, 13, and three experiments in these respective states. Early Harvest did not affect pod yield or gross economic value of peanut regardless of location, cultivar, or edaphic and environmental conditions. These data suggest that a spray program consisting of Early Harvest most likely will not improve pod yield or gross economic value of peanut.

scholarly journals Jonckheere–Terpstra–Kendall-based non-parametric analysis of temporal differential gene expression

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hitoshi Iuchi ◽  
Michiaki Hamada
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Non Parametric

Abstract Time-course experiments using parallel sequencers have the potential to uncover gradual changes in cells over time that cannot be observed in a two-point comparison. An essential step in time-series data analysis is the identification of temporal differentially expressed genes (TEGs) under two conditions (e.g. control versus case). Model-based approaches, which are typical TEG detection methods, often set one parameter (e.g. degree or degree of freedom) for one dataset. This approach risks modeling of linearly increasing genes with higher-order functions, or fitting of cyclic gene expression with linear functions, thereby leading to false positives/negatives. Here, we present a Jonckheere–Terpstra–Kendall (JTK)-based non-parametric algorithm for TEG detection. Benchmarks, using simulation data, show that the JTK-based approach outperforms existing methods, especially in long time-series experiments. Additionally, application of JTK in the analysis of time-series RNA-seq data from seven tissue types, across developmental stages in mouse and rat, suggested that the wave pattern contributes to the TEG identification of JTK, not the difference in expression levels. This result suggests that JTK is a suitable algorithm when focusing on expression patterns over time rather than expression levels, such as comparisons between different species. These results show that JTK is an excellent candidate for TEG detection.

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