scholarly journals Agronomical, Physiological and Biochemical Characterization of In Vitro Selected Eggplant Somaclonal Variants under NaCl Stress

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2544
Author(s):  
Sami Hannachi ◽  
Stefaan Werbrouck ◽  
Insaf Bahrini ◽  
Abdelmuhsin Abdelgadir ◽  
Hira Affan Siddiqui

Previously, an efficient regeneration protocol was established and applied to regenerate plants from calli lines that could grow on eggplant leaf explants after a stepwise in vitro selection for tolerance to salt stress. Plants were regenerated from calli lines that could tolerate up to 120 mM NaCl. For further in vitro and in vivo evaluation, four plants with a higher number of leaves and longer roots were selected from the 32 plants tested in vitro. The aim of this study was to confirm the stability of salt tolerance in the progeny of these four mutants (‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’). After three years of in vivo culture, we evaluated the impact of NaCl stress on agronomic, physiological and biochemical parameters compared to the parental control (‘P’). The regenerated and control plants were assessed under in vitro and in vivo conditions and were subjected to 0, 40, 80 and 160 mM of NaCl. Our results show significant variation in salinity tolerance among regenerated and control plants, indicating the superiority of four regenerants (‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’) when compared to the parental line (‘P’). In vitro germination kinetics and young seedling growth divided the lines into a sensitive and a tolerant group. ‘P’ tolerate only moderate salt stress, up to 40 mM NaCl, while the tolerance level of ‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’ was up to 80 mM NaCl. The quantum yield of PSII (ΦPSII) declined significantly in ‘P’ under salt stress. The photochemical quenching was reduced while nonphotochemical quenching rose in ‘P’ under salt stress. Interestingly, the regenerants (‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’) exhibited high apparent salt tolerance by maintaining quite stable Chl fluorescence parameters. Rising NaCl concentration led to a substantial increase in foliar proline, malondialdehyde and soluble carbohydrates accumulation in ‘P’. On the contrary, ‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’ exhibited a decline in soluble carbohydrates and a significant enhancement in starch under salinity conditions. The water status reflected by midday leaf water potential (ψl) and leaf osmotic potential (ψπ) was significantly affected in ‘P’ and was maintained a stable level in ‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’ under salt stress. The increase in foliar Na+ and Cl− content was more accentuated in parental plants than in regenerated plants. The leaf K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ content reduction was more aggravated under salt stress in ‘P’. Under increased salt concentration, ‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’ associate lower foliar Na+ content with a higher plant tolerance index (PTI), thus maintaining a normal growth, while foliar Na+ accumulation was more pronounced in ‘P’, revealing their failure in maintaining normal growth under salinity stress. ‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’ showed an obvious salt tolerance by maintaining significantly high chlorophyll content. In ‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’, the enzyme scavenging machinery was more performant in the roots compared to the leaves. Salt stress led to a significant augmentation of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase activities in the roots of ‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’. In contrast, enzyme activities were less enhanced in ‘P’, indicating lower efficiency to cope with oxidative stress than in ‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’. ACC deaminase activity was significantly higher in ‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’ than in ‘P’. The present study suggests that regenerated plants ‘R18’, ‘R19’, ‘R23’ and ‘R30’ showed an evident stability in tolerating salinity, which shows their potential to be adopted as interesting selected mutants, providing the desired salt tolerance trait in eggplant.

Author(s):  
Ирина Ильинична Рыфф ◽  
Светлана Петровна Березовская

В связи с усиливающейся засоленностью почв в мировом масштабе возникает настоятельная потребность в методах тестирования солетолерантности у сельскохозяйственных культур. Цель настоящего исследования заключалась в оценке толерантности трех корнесобственных сортов винограда к хлориду натрия в условиях in vitro и в вегетационной культуре. Солевой стресс in vitro моделировали добавлением в среду NaCl в концентрациях 0, 50 и 100 mM. В качестве индикаторов солетолерантности использовали площадь листьев и общую длину корней. Солевой стресс in vivo обеспечивался орошением в течение 75 дней водой с содержанием NaCl в концентрациях 0, 80, 100 and 120 mM. Солетолерантность растений оценивали на основании агробиологических параметров (площадь листьев, длина побегов, нагрузка побегами, одревеснение побегов) и анализом урожая (характеристики гроздей, урожай с куста, массовая концентрация сахаров, титруемая кислотность и pH сока). Также определяли водные потенциалы листьев как показатели водного баланса растений и электропроводность почвы в качестве показателя засоленности. Реакции на солевой стресс растений, выращиваемых in vitro и в горшечной культуре, продемонстрировали полную корреляцию. Increasing soil salinity on a global level gives rise to an imperative need for methods to test salt tolerance in crops. This study aimed to evaluate the tolerance of three own-rooted grape cultivars to potassium chloride both in an in vitro testing system and potted culture. Salt stress in vitro was modeled by treating in vitro-grown plants with NaCl at 0, 50, and 100 mM. Leaf area and total root length were used as indicators of salt tolerance. Salt stress in potted culture was achieved by irrigation for 75 days with water containing NaCl at 0, 80, 100, and 120 mM. Salt tolerance of potted plants was evaluated by parameters of viticultural performance (leaf area, shoot length, shoot number, shoot lignification), yield (characteristics of bunches, yield per plant, sugars, titratable acids and pH of grape juice). Leaf water potentials as a measure of the water balance of the plants and electrical conductivity of the soil as another indicator of salinity were also determined. Responses of in vitro-grown and potted plants to salt stress correlated closely.


2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (18) ◽  
pp. 5589-5602
Author(s):  
Shasha Liu ◽  
Rui Yang ◽  
Miao Liu ◽  
Shizhong Zhang ◽  
Kang Yan ◽  
...  

Abstract Although the salt overly sensitive (SOS) pathway plays essential roles in conferring salt tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana, the regulatory mechanism underlying SOS gene expression remains largely unclear. In this study, AtPLATZ2 was found to function as a direct transcriptional suppressor of CBL4/SOS3 and CBL10/SCaBP8 in the Arabidopsis salt stress response. Compared with wild-type plants, transgenic plants constitutively overexpressing AtPLATZ2 exhibited increased sensitivity to salt stress. Loss of function of PLATZ2 had no observed salt stress phenotype in Arabidopsis, while the double mutant of PLATZ2 and PLATZ7 led to weaker salt stress tolerance than wild-type plants. Overexpression of AtPLATZ2 in transgenic plants decreased the expression of CBL4/SOS3 and CBL10/SCaBP8 under both normal and saline conditions. AtPLATZ2 directly bound to A/T-rich sequences in the CBL4/SOS3 and CBL10/SCaBP8 promoters in vitro and in vivo, and inhibited CBL4/SOS3 promoter activity in the plant leaves. The salt sensitivity of #11 plants constitutively overexpressing AtPLATZ2 was restored by the overexpression of CBL4/SOS3 and CBL10/SCaBP8. Salt stress-induced Na+ accumulation in both the shoots and roots was more exaggerated in AtPLATZ2-overexpressing plants than in the wild type. The salt stress-induced Na+ accumulation in #11 seedlings was also rescued by the overexpression of CBL4/SOS3 and CBL10/SCaBP8. Furthermore, the transcription of AtPLATZ2 was induced in response to salt stress. Collectively, these results suggest that AtPLATZ2 suppresses plant salt tolerance by directly inhibiting CBL4/SOS3 and CBL10/SCaBP8, and functions redundantly with PLATZ7.


Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1010
Author(s):  
Johannes Loubser ◽  
Paul Hills

Aims: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of BC204 as a plant biostimulant on Arabidopsis thaliana plants under normal and NaCl-stressed conditions. Methods: For this study, ex vitro and in vitro growth experiments were conducted to assess the effect of both NaCl and BC204 on basic physiological parameters such as biomass, chlorophyll, proline, malondialdehyde, stomatal conductivity, Fv/Fm and the expression of four NaCl-responsive genes. Results: This study provides preliminary evidence that BC204 mitigates salt stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. BC204 treatment increased chlorophyll content, fresh and dry weights, whilst reducing proline, anthocyanin and malondialdehyde content in the presence of 10 dS·m−1 electroconductivity (EC) salt stress. Stomatal conductivity was also reduced by BC204 and NaCl in source leaves. In addition, BC204 had a significant effect on the expression of salinity-related genes, stimulating the expression of salinity-related genes RD29A and SOS1 independently of NaCl-stress. Conclusions: BC204 stimulated plant growth under normal growth conditions by increasing above-ground shoot tissue and root and shoot growth in vitro. BC204 also increased chlorophyll content while reducing stomatal conductivity. BC204 furthermore mitigated moderate to severe salt stress (10–20 dS·m−1) in A. thaliana. Under salt stress conditions, BC204 reduced the levels of proline, anthocyanin and malondialdehyde. The exact mechanism by which this occurs is unknown, but the results in this study suggest that BC204 may act as a priming agent, stimulating the expression of genes such as SOS1 and RD29A.


2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi-Yong Guan ◽  
Yi-Ji Su ◽  
Nian-Jun Teng ◽  
Su-Mei Chen ◽  
Hai-Nan Sun ◽  
...  

Effects of salt stress onArtemisia scopariaandA. vulgaris“Variegate” were examined.A. scoparialeaves became withered under NaCl treatment, whereasA. vulgaris“Variegate” leaves were not remarkably affected. Chlorophyll content decreased in both species, with a higher reduction inA. scoparia. Contents of proline, MDA, soluble carbohydrate, and Na+increased in both species under salt stress, butA. vulgaris“Variegate” had higher level of proline and soluble carbohydrate and lower level of MDA and Na+. The ratios of K+/Na+, Ca2+/Na+, and Mg2+/Na+inA. vulgaris“Variegate” under NaCl stress were higher. Moreover,A. vulgaris“Variegate” had higher transport selectivity of K+/Na+from root to stem, stem to middle mature leaves, and upper newly developed leaves thanA. scopariaunder NaCl stress.A. vulgaris“Variegate” chloroplast maintained its morphological integrity under NaCl stress, whereasA. scopariachloroplast lost integrity. The results indicated thatA. scopariais more sensitive to salt stress thanA. vulgaris“Variegate.” Salt tolerance is mainly related to the ability of regulating osmotic pressure through the accumulation of soluble carbohydrates and proline, and the gradient distribution of K+between roots and leaves was also contributed to osmotic pressure adjustment and improvement of plant salt tolerance.


Blood ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 1250-1255 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Whitehead ◽  
TE Peto

Abstract Deferoxamine (DF) has antimalarial activity that can be demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. This study is designed to examine the speed of onset and stage dependency of growth inhibition by DF and to determine whether its antimalarial activity is cytostatic or cytocidal. Growth inhibition was assessed by suppression of hypoxanthine incorporation and differences in morphologic appearance between treated and control parasites. Using synchronized in vitro cultures of Plasmodium falciparum, growth inhibition by DF was detected within a single parasite cycle. Ring and nonpigmented trophozoite stages were sensitive to the inhibitory effect of DF but cytostatic antimalarial activity was suggested by evidence of parasite recovery in later cycles. However, profound growth inhibition, with no evidence of subsequent recovery, occurred when pigmented trophozoites and early schizonts were exposed to DF. At this stage in parasite development, the activity of DF was cytocidal and furthermore, the critical period of exposure may be as short as 6 hours. These observations suggest that iron chelators may have a role in the treatment of clinical malaria.


2020 ◽  
pp. 155335062097800
Author(s):  
Ian A. Makey ◽  
Nitin A. Das ◽  
Samuel Jacob ◽  
Magdy M. El-Sayed Ahmed ◽  
Colleen M. Makey ◽  
...  

Background. Retained hemothorax (RH) is a common problem in cardiothoracic and trauma surgery. We aimed to determine the optimum agitation technique to enhance thrombus dissolution and drainage and to apply the technique to a porcine-retained hemothorax. Methods. Three agitation techniques were tested: flush irrigation, ultrasound, and vibration. We used the techniques in a benchtop model with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and pig hemothorax with tPA. We used the most promising technique vibration in a pig hemothorax without tPA. Statistics. We used 2-sample t tests for each comparison and Cohen d tests to calculate effect size (ES). Results. In the benchtop model, mean drainages in the agitation group and control group and the ES were flush irrigation, 42%, 28%, and 2.91 ( P = .10); ultrasound, 35%, 27%, and .76 ( P = .30); and vibration, 28%, 19%, and 1.14 ( P = .04). In the pig hemothorax with tPA, mean drainages and the ES of each agitation technique compared with control (58%) were flush irrigation, 80% and 1.14 ( P = .37); ultrasound, 80% and 2.11 ( P = .17); and vibration, 95% and 3.98 ( P = .06). In the pig hemothorax model without tPA, mean drainages of the vibration technique and control group were 50% and 43% (ES = .29; P = .65). Discussion. In vitro studies suggested flush irrigation had the greatest effect, whereas only vibration was significantly different vs the respective controls. In vivo with tPA, vibration showed promising but not statistically significant results. Results of in vivo experiments without tPA were negative. Conclusion. Agitation techniques, in combination with tPA, may enhance drainage of hemothorax.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1209
Author(s):  
Nuria Montes-Osuna ◽  
Carmen Gómez-Lama Cabanás ◽  
Antonio Valverde-Corredor ◽  
Garikoitz Legarda ◽  
Pilar Prieto ◽  
...  

Stress caused by drought and salinity may compromise growth and productivity of olive (Olea europaea L.) tree crops. Several studies have reported the use of beneficial rhizobacteria to alleviate symptoms produced by these stresses, which is attributed in some cases to the activity of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase (ACD). A collection of beneficial olive rhizobacteria was in vitro screened for ACD activity. Pseudomonas sp. PICF6 displayed this phenotype and sequencing of its genome confirmed the presence of an acdS gene. In contrast, the well-known root endophyte and biocontrol agent Pseudomonas simiae PICF7 was defective in ACD activity, even though the presence of an ACD-coding gene was earlier predicted in its genome. In this study, an unidentified deaminase was confirmed instead. Greenhouse experiments with olive ‘Picual’ plants inoculated either with PICF6 or PICF7, or co-inoculated with both strains, and subjected to drought or salt stress were carried out. Several physiological and biochemical parameters increased in stressed plants (i.e., stomatal conductance and flavonoids content), regardless of whether or not they were previously bacterized. Results showed that neither PICF6 (ACD positive) nor PICF7 (ACD negative) lessened the negative effects caused by the abiotic stresses tested, at least under our experimental conditions.


Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 884
Author(s):  
Marta Cherubini ◽  
Scott Erickson ◽  
Kristina Haase

Acting as the primary link between mother and fetus, the placenta is involved in regulating nutrient, oxygen, and waste exchange; thus, healthy placental development is crucial for a successful pregnancy. In line with the increasing demands of the fetus, the placenta evolves throughout pregnancy, making it a particularly difficult organ to study. Research into placental development and dysfunction poses a unique scientific challenge due to ethical constraints and the differences in morphology and function that exist between species. Recently, there have been increased efforts towards generating in vitro models of the human placenta. Advancements in the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), microfluidics, and bioprinting have each contributed to the development of new models, which can be designed to closely match physiological in vivo conditions. By including relevant placental cell types and control over the microenvironment, these new in vitro models promise to reveal clues to the pathogenesis of placental dysfunction and facilitate drug testing across the maternal–fetal interface. In this minireview, we aim to highlight current in vitro placental models and their applications in the study of disease and discuss future avenues for these in vitro models.


2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingyu Yang ◽  
Dehai Xian ◽  
Xia Xiong ◽  
Rui Lai ◽  
Jing Song ◽  
...  

Proanthocyanidins (PCs) are naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds abundant in many vegetables, plant skins (rind/bark), seeds, flowers, fruits, and nuts. Numerousin vitroandin vivostudies have demonstrated myriad effects potentially beneficial to human health, such as antioxidation, anti-inflammation, immunomodulation, DNA repair, and antitumor activity. Accumulation of prooxidants such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) exceeding cellular antioxidant capacity results in oxidative stress (OS), which can damage macromolecules (DNA, lipids, and proteins), organelles (membranes and mitochondria), and whole tissues. OS is implicated in the pathogenesis and exacerbation of many cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, dermatological, and metabolic diseases, both through direct molecular damage and secondary activation of stress-associated signaling pathways. PCs are promising natural agents to safely prevent acute damage and control chronic diseases at relatively low cost. In this review, we summarize the molecules and signaling pathways involved in OS and the corresponding therapeutic mechanisms of PCs.


1976 ◽  
Vol 51 (s3) ◽  
pp. 315s-317s
Author(s):  
W. R. Adam ◽  
J. W. Funder

1. The renal response to aldosterone (urinary sodium and potassium excretion) was determined in adrenalectomized rats previously fed either a high potassium diet or a control diet. High K+ rats showed an enhanced response to aldosterone at all doses tested. 2. This enhanced response to aldosterone required the presence of the adrenal glands during the induction period, could be suppressed by a high sodium intake, but could not be induced by a low sodium diet. 3. No difference between high K+ and control rats could be detected in renal mineralocorticoid receptors, assessed by both in vivo and in vitro binding of tritiated aldosterone. 4. The method of the induction, and the mechanism of the enhanced response, remain to be defined.


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