scholarly journals Chemical Sand Consolidation: From Polymers to Nanoparticles

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fahd Saeed Alakbari ◽  
Mysara Eissa Mohyaldinn ◽  
Ali Samer Muhsan ◽  
Nurul Hasan ◽  
Tarek Ganat

The chemical sand consolidation methods involve pumping of chemical materials, like furan resin and silicate non-polymer materials into unconsolidated sandstone formations, in order to minimize sand production with the fluids produced from the hydrocarbon reservoirs. The injected chemical material, predominantly polymer, bonds sand grains together, lead to higher compressive strength of the rock. Hence, less amounts of sand particles are entrained in the produced fluids. However, the effect of this bonding may impose a negative impact on the formation productivity due to the reduction in rock permeability. Therefore, it is always essential to select a chemical material that can provide the highest possible compressive strength with minimum permeability reduction. This review article discusses the chemical materials used for sand consolidation and presents an in-depth evaluation between these materials to serve as a screening tool that can assist in the selection of chemical sand consolidation material, which in turn, helps optimize the sand control performance. The review paper also highlights the progressive improvement in chemical sand consolidation methods, from using different types of polymers to nanoparticles utilization, as well as track the impact of the improvement in sand consolidation efficiency and production performance. Based on this review, the nanoparticle-related martials are highly recommended to be applied as sand consolidation agents, due to their ability to generate acceptable rock strength with insignificant reduction in rock permeability.

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izabela Piasecka ◽  
Patrycja Bałdowska-Witos ◽  
Józef Flizikowski ◽  
Katarzyna Piotrowska ◽  
Andrzej Tomporowski

Controlling the system—the environment of power plants is called such a transformation—their material, energy and information inputs in time, which will ensure that the purpose of the operation of this system or the state of the environment, is achieved. The transformations of systems and environmental inputs and their goals describe the different models, e.g., LCA model groups and methods. When converting wind kinetic energy into electricity, wind power plants emit literally no harmful substances into the environment. However, the production and postuse management stages of their components require large amounts of energy and materials. The biggest controlling problem during postuse management is wind power plant blades, followed by waste generated during their production. Therefore, this publication is aimed at carrying out an ecological, technical and energetical transformation analysis of selected postproduction waste of wind power plant blades based on the LCA models and methods. The research object of control was eight different types of postproduction waste (fiberglass mat, roving fabric, resin discs, distribution hoses, spiral hoses with resin, vacuum bag film, infusion materials residues, surplus mater), mainly made of polymer materials, making it difficult for postuse management and dangerous for the environment. Three groups of models and methods were used: Eco-indicator 99, IPCC and CED. The impact of analysis objects on human health, ecosystem quality and resources was controlled and assessed. Of all the tested waste, the life cycle of resin discs made of epoxy resin was characterized by the highest level of harmful technology impact on the environment and the highest energy consumption. Postuse control and management in the form of recycling would reduce the negative impact on the environment of the tested waste (in the perspective of their entire life cycle). Based on the results obtained, guidelines and models for the proecological postuse control of postproduction polymer waste of wind power plants blades were proposed.


Author(s):  
I. Yagrushkina ◽  
M. Dyul'dina ◽  
A. Nogachev ◽  
K. Yakunin

Polymer and composite materials are becoming more and more widely used in the Russian automotive industry. The Russian market of polymer materials for automotive components is characterized by an insufficiently developed production of some types of such materials. And, as a result, the use of imported materials. Styrene plastics are one of the innovative materials for the automotive industry. Using them in a car makes the product more attractive to customers. The use of this type of plastics allows to create a new look for the car. This applies to both the interior and exterior. The aim of this work is to develop the composition of a polymer composition based on ABS plastic from domestic raw materials. In addition, the new mixed composition should replace imported mixed compositions or contain a minimum amount of imported components of the composition, which will significantly reduce the cost of products and accordingly the car. The article analyzes the polymer materials used in the automotive industry. The disadvantages of using these materials in their pure form are revealed. The selection of the components of the composition of the impact-resistant material with the development of its formulation has been made. The composition of an impact-resistant polymer composition based on ABS plastic and PC has been developed, which is not inferior in terms of the complex of properties to the imported material. The influence of the composition of ABS-plastic, various grades of polycarbonate, their ratio in the polymer composite material on the physical, mechanical and technological properties of the obtained composition has been investigated. It is shown that the best set of properties is possessed by a material based on 2020-30 ABS-plastic and PC-3S polycarbonate with a component ratio of 70%:30%.


Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 204
Author(s):  
Patrycja Bałdowska-Witos ◽  
Krzysztof Doerffer ◽  
Michał Pysz ◽  
Piotr Doerffer ◽  
Andrzej Tomporowski ◽  
...  

The process of conversion of wind kinetic energy into electricity in innovative wind power plant emits practically no harmful substances into the environment. However, the production stage of its components requires a lot of energy and materials. The biggest problem during production planning process of an innovative wind power plant is selection of materials and technologies and, consequently, the waste generated at this stage. Therefore, the aim of this publication was to conduct an environmental analysis of the life cycle of elements of a wind turbine by means of life cycle assessment (LCA) method. The object of the research was a wind power plant divided into five sets of components (tower, turbine structure, rotors, generators, and instrumentation), made mainly of steel and small amounts of polymer materials. Eco-indicator 99 was used as an analytical procedure. The impact of the subjects of analysis on human health, ecosystem quality and resources was assessed. Among the analyzed components, the highest level of negative impact on the environment was characterized by the life cycle of the wind turbine tower. The application of recycling processes is reducing the negative impact on the environment in the perspective of the entire life cycle of all studied elements of the wind power plant construction.


Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Hassan Baaj ◽  
Rong Zhao

Coal gangue can cause significant heavy metal pollution in mining areas, which would have a negative impact on the environment and human health. The objective of this research is to investigate the relationship between expansive soil amount and the leaching behavior of Chromium from coal gangue and the engineering properties of coal gangue used as building materials. The leaching behavior of Chromium from coal gangue was observed using atomic absorption spectrometry. A column leaching experiment was conducted to examine the impact of leaching time and heavy metal concentration. Furthermore, the unconfined compressive strength test was employed to evaluate the engineering properties of coal gangue with expansive soil. The results of the study demonstrate that pH of leachate solutions, leaching time, and expansive soil amounts in mixtures have important influence on Chromium concentration. The leachate solutions, which behave like alkaline, provide a positive environment for adsorbing Cr. Adding expansive soil can reduce leached concentrations of Chromium from coal gangue when compared to leachate of original coal gangue. It was found that 30% expansive soil was an improved solution because it delayed the cumulative concentration to reach the limitation line. Moreover, the unconfined compressive strength of coal gangue was boosted through adding expansive soil.


Author(s):  
Felix Adeniran Oginni ◽  
Theophilus Timileyin Dada

- Geosynthetics are polymer materials used to enhance, improve or stabilize earth terrains. This study presents the properties and the various applications of the now available synthetic products for earth stabilization purposes. Data of Clients that are involved in the geosynthetic technology are collected and analyzed according to their Country and percentage distribution of Clients per Continent. Comparative study of the involvement levels in the use of the geosynthetic technology economy by the various continents was undertaken. In all, 181 Clients globally were analysed. Appropriateness of Nigeria’s involvement was then highlighted. Results indicated that North America, Europe and Asia, Continents with 76.98% world’s population accounted for 88% of the 181 Clients global involvement in the usage of Geosynthetics technology economy. Africa, Australia and South America with 23.02% world’s population accounted for only 12% of geosynthetic technology usage. Africa’s share of the 12% was 7%, followed by Australia with 4%, while South America had only 1% involvement level. This shows that Africa's exposure level to Geosynthetics technology of 7% only is grossly non commensurable with the Continents population. Nigeria’s share of 5 out of 181 global Geosynthetics Clients indicates only 2.76%. This is not adequately enough, when further considering the additional negative impact of her population on her low comparative GDP. This implies that Nigeria needs to rise up to tap opportunities that abound in this context to improve her infrastructure. The Geosynthetic Industry should also begin to eye Nigeria as a prospective Client for greater infrastructure development business, which will further solve some economic issues.


2020 ◽  
Vol 128 ◽  
pp. 81-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Kowalik ◽  
Mariusz Fabijański

The purpose of this study is to present the requirements, methodology, and results of research on the impact of biodegradable oil on plastic components used in the construction of a railway turnout. Briefly discussed are what railroad turnouts are, how they work, and what problems occur with substances used for their lubrication. They have an impact on the mechanical properties and durability of products made of polymeric materials. These types of materials absorb various kinds of chemicals, to a greater or lesser degree, and this affects their properties. For the tests, we used a universal lubrication oil with biodegradable properties, which is its most significant advantage. However, it may not cause deterioration of the turnout operation and change the properties of materials used for its construction. These types of oils require more frequent applications on cooperating components. We used the two most popular polymer materials. The first is high-density polyethylene (HDPE), used to make all kinds of rail spacers, dowels for fixing rails, sleeves, etc. The second, polyurethane (PUR) is most commonly used for rail pads of various shapes. The methodology and results of testing the impact of a lubricant (biodegradable oil) on the change of mechanical properties such as strength and hardness are presented. The tests were carried out at various temperatures; the time of exposure to oil was seven days; the results were referred to samples conditioned under standard conditions. The tests carried out on the impact of the biodegradable lubricant on polymeric materials (HDPE and PUR) showed little effect on the change of strength parameters of these materials. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest przedstawienie wymagań, metodyki oraz wyników badań oddziałania biodegradowalnego oleju na elementy z tworzyw sztucznych stosownych w budo-wie rozjazdu kolejowego. Krótko omówiono czym są rozjazdy kolejowe i jak działają oraz jakie występują problemy z substancjami używanymi do ich smarowania, które nie pozostają bez wpływu na właściwości mechaniczne i trwałość wyrobów z materiałów polimerowych. Materiały tego typu wchłaniają różnego rodzaju substancje chemiczne w większym lub mniejszym stopniu, a to ma wpływ na ich właściwości. Do badań został wykorzystany uniwersalny olej do smarowania o biodegradowalnych właściwościach, co jest jego największą zaletą. Jednak nie może on powodować pogorszenia pracy rozjazdu oraz zmieniać właściwości materiałów użytych do jego budowy. Tego typu oleje wymagają częstszego aplikowania na elementy współpracujące ze sobą. W pracy wykorzystano dwa najbardziej popularne materiały polimerowe. Pierw-szy to polietylen o dużej gęstości (HDPE), z którego wykonuje się wszelkiego rodzaju przekładki podszynowe, dyble do mocowania szyn, tuleje, itp. Drugi to poliuretan (PUR) stosowany najczęściej na przekładki podszynowe o różnym kształcie. Zaprezentowano metodykę i wyniki ba-dań oddziaływania środka smarnego (biodegradowalnego oleju) na zmianę właściwości mechanicznych takich jak wytrzymałość oraz twardość. Badania zostały przeprowadzone w różnych temperaturach, a czas ekspozycji na olej wynosił 7 dób, wyniki odniesiono do próbek klimatyzowanych w standardowych warunkach. Przeprowadzone badania oddziaływania biodegradowalnego środka smarnego na tworzywa polimerowe (HDPE i PUR), wykazały niewielki wpływ na zmianę parametrów wytrzymałościowych tych materiałów.


Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3423
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Powęzka ◽  
Paweł Ogrodnik ◽  
Jacek Szulej ◽  
Mariusz Pecio

The article investigated the possibility of reusing heat resistant glass cullet to improve the mechanical properties of high-temperature composites. This is an excellent recycled aggregate that may be used as a substitute for alumina cement, and for fine natural aggregate in the production of concrete based on hydraulic binder. The experimental programme comprised of strength testing conducted on 40 × 40 × 160 mm cuboidal samples. The model mixture was modified by filler that comprised glass recyclate, amounting to 5%, 10%, and 15% of the mass of gravel and cement. Given the degree of glass grounding, use was made of two fractions, 0/4 and 0/0.125 mm. Six modified mixtures were produced. Tests were then carried out on their selected physical and mechanical properties as well as the impact of temperature, topography, and chemical composition exerted on the composite. Next, the progress and development of compressive strength and flexural strength after 14 and 28 days of curing were studied. Results showed that concrete with a 5% content of glass dust had a maximum compressive strength at the level of 85.1 MPa. Results also showed that concrete (Zk.I.5) heated at a temperature of 500 °C had a 46% higher compressive strength when compared to basic concrete (Z.I.0). The results show that it is possible to use the described components to obtain a composite that meets requirements imposed on structural materials used in construction engineering.


2021 ◽  
pp. 34-40
Author(s):  
Maulana Ishaq ◽  
Rita Nasmirayanti ◽  
Asri Yuda Trinanda

Concrete is the main material factor in a construction project field that is often used, because concrete has a high compressive strength value so it is very useful for structural buildings to withstand axial forces or compressive forces on the building itself where the structure can be used. for the long term. However, along with the increase in construction development in Indonesia, it has a negative impact on the environment around the construction site because with the rampant construction of this building it will trigger environmental pollution due to the remaining concrete waste from the construction project. On this basis, it encourages the author to conduct research by utilizing waste concrete as a substitute for coarse aggregate for the compressive strength of concrete, by reusing the concrete waste will increase the life of the material from the waste itself. In this study, the materials used were tested first, such as; cement density, silt content, water content, specific gravity absorption, wear testing and sieve analysis on aggregates. Then for the concrete mixture using concrete waste with variations of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of the total weight of coarse aggregate. In this study, the compressive strength at the age of 21 days with a mixture of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% concrete had a compressive strength of 200.92 kg/cm2, 188.83 kg/cm2, 206, respectively. 96 kg/cm2, 177.50 kg/cm2, and 179.01 kg/cm2. Then experienced an average shrinkage of 9.53 kg/cm2 at the age of 28 days. The optimum compressive strength is at 50% mixed variation, with a value of 206.96 kg/cm2 because it has an increase of 3% higher than normal concrete compressive strength with a mixing ratio of 1:2.5:3.5 and a slump value of ±13.25 cm and the dry weight of the concrete is 7.69 kg.


Author(s):  
C. Taravel-Condat ◽  
T. Epsztein

The use of CO2 rich gas mixtures as injection fluid is nowadays considered in order to enhance the oil recovery process. Flexible pipes, which have been used to transport oil and gas in offshore applications for more than 35 years, are attractive products for the transportations of such fluids. The CO2 content encountered for these applications can be higher than 90%. This value being superior to what is found in standard applications (<15%), and CO2 being known to behave as a supercritical fluid as soon as the temperature and the pressure are higher than 31.1°C, 72.8 atm, the compatibility of the pipe materials with the CO2 rich gas mixture had to be verified. This paper will present the qualification work carried out so far on several thermoplastic materials used for flexible pipe pressure sheathes and stainless steel carcasses. This qualification work covers application as high as 90°C/600bar/100%CO2. The formation of blisters (blistering) is known as a possible degradation mode of thermoplastic materials when subjected to rapid gas decompression. This phenomenon is directly linked to the fluid solubility in the polymer. Different materials have been tested for their ability to withstand rapid gas decompression in CO2 rich gas mixtures. Long time exposure tests have been carried out. The objectives of these tests were to check the impact of CO2 on the physical, mechanical and chemical properties of the polymer grades. A special attention has been brought to the plasticizer effect of CO2. The impact of supercritical CO2 on the hydrolysis degradation mode has also been assessed. Finally, CO2 being a small molecule, it will permeate through the pressure sheath to reach the annulus. The metallic layers which are constitutive of this annulus are potentially sensitive to corrosion phenomenon in acidic conditions. A good knowledge of the permeation properties of the polymer materials when subjected to high pressure CO2 is necessary in order to assess the severity of this annulus and to select the appropriate steel grade. The results of such tests will also be presented.


2016 ◽  
Vol 692 ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Arundhathy ◽  
V. Vasugi

Upcoming infrastructure and maintenance focuses on sustainable infrastructure. To solve this, certain cement – based materials are developed. Engineered Cementitious composite (ECC) has been developed as an improved version of Fiber Reinforced Cement. The most outstanding properties of ECC are its high tensile ductility and fine multiple cracking. It is basically a composite similar to mortar added with fine fibers such as steel fibers and polymer fibers. A composite with high ductility is made retaining the original properties of normal concrete leads to a sustainable and serviceable construction. The materials used for ECC are cement, fly ash, fine cement, admixtures, fibers and water. Sand used in this mix is very fine which have 0.1mm dia. The fibers used in this study are polypropylene and steel fiber. Fibers are added at the rate of 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% volume of cement. This paper deals with the experimental investigation of compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength of ECC made with polypropylene and a mixed proportion of polypropylene with steel fiber with different volume percentages i.e., 2%, 1.5%, 1% and 0.5%. It is observed that addition of fibers increased the ductile behavior. ECC with polypropylene fiber had shown significant improvement in tensile and flexural strength while ECC with hybrid fiber had given appreciable compressive strength development. These efforts will focus on the development of sustainable green material, which reduces the negative impact of existing concrete on the environment. The potential application of ECC to achieve structural sustainability has been observed from the results obtained.


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