scholarly journals Chitosan: An Overview of Its Properties and Applications

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 3256
Author(s):  
Inmaculada Aranaz ◽  
Andrés R. Alcántara ◽  
Maria Concepción Civera ◽  
Concepción Arias ◽  
Begoña Elorza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metallic Nanoparticles ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Technological Properties ◽  
Natural Origin ◽  
Technological Performance ◽  
Poor Solubility ◽  
Polymer Properties ◽  
Monomer Distribution ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
The Relationship

Chitosan has garnered much interest due to its properties and possible applications. Every year the number of publications and patents based on this polymer increase. Chitosan exhibits poor solubility in neutral and basic media, limiting its use in such conditions. Another serious obstacle is directly related to its natural origin. Chitosan is not a single polymer with a defined structure but a family of molecules with differences in their composition, size, and monomer distribution. These properties have a fundamental effect on the biological and technological performance of the polymer. Moreover, some of the biological properties claimed are discrete. In this review, we discuss how chitosan chemistry can solve the problems related to its poor solubility and can boost the polymer properties. We focus on some of the main biological properties of chitosan and the relationship with the physicochemical properties of the polymer. Then, we review two polymer applications related to green processes: the use of chitosan in the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles and its use as support for biocatalysts. Finally, we briefly describe how making use of the technological properties of chitosan makes it possible to develop a variety of systems for drug delivery.

scholarly journals Chitosan: A Versatile Polymer for 21st Century

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inmaculada Aranaz ◽  
Andrés R. Alcántara ◽  
Maria Concepción Civera ◽  
Concepción Arias ◽  
Begoña Elorza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Technological Properties ◽  
Natural Origin ◽  
Technological Performance ◽  
Poor Solubility ◽  
Polymer Properties ◽  
Monomer Distribution ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
The Relationship

Chitosan arouses large interest due to its properties and possible applications. Every year the number of publications and patents based on this polymer increases. Chitosan exhibits poor solubility in neutral and basic media limiting its use in such conditions. Another serious obstacle is directly related to its natural origin. Chitosan is not a single polymer with a defined structure but a family of molecules with differences in their composition, size, and monomer distribution. These properties have a fundamental effect on the biological and technological performance of the polymer. Moreover, some of the biological properties claimed are discrete. In this review, we discuss how chitosan chemistry can solve the problems related to its poor solubility and can boost the polymer properties. We focus on some of the main biological properties of chitosan and the relationship with the physicochemical properties of the polymer. Then, we visit two polymer applications related to green processes: the use of chitosan in the green synthesis of metallic na-noparticles and its use as support in biocatalyst. Finally, we briefly describe how making use of the technological properties of chitosan it is possible to develop a variety of systems for drug delivery

scholarly journals Modeling and Synthesis of Ag and Ag/Ni Allied Bimetallic Nanoparticles by Green Method: Optical and Biological Properties

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anuoluwa Abimbola Akinsiku ◽  
Enock Olugbenga Dare ◽  
Kolawole Oluseyi Ajanaku ◽  
Olayinka Oyewale Ajani ◽  
Joseph Adebisi O. Olugbuyiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Remediation ◽  
Metallic Nanoparticles ◽  
Bimetallic Nanoparticles ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Optical Measurements ◽  
Ag Nps ◽  
Green Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Synthetic Routes ◽  
The Relationship

In the quest for environmental remediation which involves eco-friendly synthetic routes, we herein report synthesis and modeling of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and silver/nickel allied bimetallic nanoparticles (Ag/Ni NPs) using plant-extract reduction method. Secondary metabolites in the leaf extract of Canna indica acted as reducing agent. Electronic transitions resulted in emergence of surface plasmon resonance in the regions of 416 nm (Ag NPs) and 421 nm (Ag/Ni NPs) during optical measurements. Further characterizations were done using TEM and EDX. Antimicrobial activity of the nanoparticles against clinical isolates was highly significant as P<0.05. These findings suggest application of Ag NPs as antibacterial agent against E. coli, S. pyogenes, and antifungal agent against C. albicans. Possible antibacterial drugs against S. pyogenes and E. coli can also be designed using Ag/Ni nanohybrid based on their strong inhibition activities. Similarly, the enhanced SPR in the nanoparticles is suggested for applications in optical materials, as good absorbers and scatters of visible light. Theoretical model clarified that the experiment observation on the relationship between metallic nanoparticles penetration through peptidoglycan layers and the activeness of microbial species depends on the nature of the nanoparticles and pore size of the layer.

Work Engagement and Research Output Among Female and Male Scientists

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lonneke Dubbelt ◽  
Sonja Rispens ◽  
Evangelia Demerouti
Keyword(s):  
Work Engagement ◽  
Research Output ◽  
Research Performance ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
Time Control ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Women have a minority position within science, technology, engineering, and mathematics and, consequently, are likely to face more adversities at work. This diary study takes a look at a facilitating factor for women’s research performance within academia: daily work engagement. We examined the moderating effect of gender on the relationship between two behaviors (i.e., daily networking and time control) and daily work engagement, as well as its effect on the relationship between daily work engagement and performance measures (i.e., number of publications). Results suggest that daily networking and time control cultivate men’s work engagement, but daily work engagement is beneficial for the number of publications of women. The findings highlight the importance of work engagement in facilitating the performance of women in minority positions.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using sustainable resources and their use as antibacterial agents: A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kumari Jyoti ◽  
Punyasloka Pattnaik ◽  
Tej Singh
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Metallic Nanoparticles ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Metal Species ◽  
Sustainable Resources ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Low Toxicity

Background:: Synthesis of metallic nanoparticles has attracted extensive vitality in numerous research areas such as drug delivery, biomedicine, catalysis etc. where continuous efforts are being made by scientists and engineers to investigate new dimensions for both technological and industrial advancements. Amongst numerous metallic nanoparticles, silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) is a novel metal species with low toxicity, higher stability and significant chemical, physical and biological properties. Methods:: In this, various methods for the fabrication of AgNPs are summarized. Importantly, we concentrated on the role of reducing agents of different plants parts, various working conditions such as AgNO3 concentration; ratio of AgNO3/extract; incubation time; centrifugal conditions, size and shapes. Results:: This study suggested that eco-friendly and non toxic biomolecules present in the extracts (e.g. leaf, stem and root) of plants are used as reducing and capping agents for silver nanoparticles fabrication. This method of fabrication of silver nanoparticles using plants extracts is comparatively cost-effective and simple. A silver salt is simply reduced by biomolecules present in the extracts of these plants. In this review, we have emphasized the synthesis and antibacterial potential of silver nanoparticles using various plant extracts. Conclusion:: Fabrication of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts have advantage over the other physical methods, as it is safe, eco-friendly and simple to use. Plants have huge potential for the fabrication of silver nanoparticles of wide potential of applications with desired shape and size.

scholarly journals Tocopherols and Tocotrienols—Bioactive Dietary Compounds; What Is Certain, What Is Doubt?

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 6222
Author(s):  
Kacper Szewczyk ◽  
Aleksandra Chojnacka ◽  
Magdalena Górnicka
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Tissue Concentration ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Biological Role ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

Tocopherols and tocotrienols are natural compounds of plant origin, available in the nature. They are supplied in various amounts in a diet, mainly from vegetable oils, some oilseeds, and nuts. The main forms in the diet are α- and γ-tocopherol, due to the highest content in food products. Nevertheless, α-tocopherol is the main form of vitamin E with the highest tissue concentration. The α- forms of both tocopherols and tocotrienols are considered as the most metabolically active. Currently, research results indicate also a greater antioxidant potential of tocotrienols than tocopherols. Moreover, the biological role of vitamin E metabolites have received increasing interest. The aim of this review is to update the knowledge of tocopherol and tocotrienol bioactivity, with a particular focus on their bioavailability, distribution, and metabolism determinants in humans. Almost one hundred years after the start of research on α-tocopherol, its biological properties are still under investigation. For several decades, researchers’ interest in the biological importance of other forms of vitamin E has also been growing. Some of the functions, for instance the antioxidant functions of α- and γ-tocopherols, have been confirmed in humans, while others, such as the relationship with metabolic disorders, are still under investigation. Some studies, which analyzed the biological role and mechanisms of tocopherols and tocotrienols over the past few years described new and even unexpected cellular and molecular properties that will be the subject of future research.

scholarly journals Adherence to Ethical Standards of Scientific Research and its Relation to Creativity in Educational Researches in the light of Some Demographic Variables: Exploratory Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bushra Ismail Ahmed Arnaout
Keyword(s):  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Ethical Standards ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Simple Regression Analysis ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Scientific Degree ◽  
Simple Regression

This study aimed to determine the level of adherence to the research ethical standards and research creativity in psychological and educational studies, and to identify the nature of the relationship between adherence to ethical standards and research creativity, as well as to identify the differences in both adherence to the research ethical standards and research creativity due to (gender, scientific degree, number of publications) variables. The researcher selected a random sample of (142) of the researchers in psychological and educational disciplines. There ages ranged between (26- 57) years. The researcher applied the scale of adherence to the research ethical standards and scale of research creativity, all of these tools prepared by the researcher. The results showed that there was a low level of adherence to the research ethical standards as well as low level of research creativity. Also there was a statistical significant strong positive correlation between adherence to research ethical standards and research creativity (R = 0.945), and also found statistically significant differences (0.01) among the average scores in adherence to the research adherence to ethical standards and research creativity due to gender (in favor of females), Scientific degree (in favor of doctoral and post-doctoral researchers), and the number of published researches (in favor of researchers who published more than 6 research and more who are publish more than Of 10 research). The results of the simple regression analysis also indicated that adherence to the research ethical standards is a statistical and powerful indicator of research creativity. The researcher explained the findings in light of the theoretical framework and previous studies, and developed a number of recommendations.

scholarly journals Boolean Implication Analysis Unveils Candidate Universal Relationships in Microbiome Data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniella Vo ◽  
Shayal Charisma Singh ◽  
Sara Safa ◽  
Debashis Sahoo
Keyword(s):  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Weak Correlation ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Asymmetric Data ◽  
Therapeutic Properties ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Microbiome Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Boolean Implication

Abstract Background: Microbiomes consist of bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms, and are responsible for many different functions in both organisms and the environment. Some previous analyses of microbiomes focus on the relationships between specific microbiomes and a particular disease. These typically use correlation which is fundamentally symmetric with respect to pairs of microbes. Correlation focuses on the symmetry of the data distribution, and asymmetric data is often discarded as having a weak correlation. With all the data available on the microbiome, there is a need for a method that comprehensively studies microbiomes and how they are related to each other.Results: We collect publicly available datasets from human, environment, and animal samples to determine both symmetric and asymmetric Boolean relationships between a pair of microbes. We then find relationships that are potentially invariants, meaning they will hold in any microbe community. In other words, if we determine there is a relationship between two microbes, we expect the relationship to hold in almost all context. We discovered that certain pairs of microbes always exhibit the same relationship in almost all the datasets we studied, thus making them good candidates for universal relationships. Our results confirm known biological properties and seem promising in terms of disease diagnosis.Conclusions: Since the relationships are likely universal, we expect that they will hold in a clinical setting as well as in the general population. Strong universal relationships may provide insight on prognostic, predictive, or therapeutic properties of a clinically relevant disease. These new analyses may improve disease diagnosis and drug development in terms of accuracy and efficiency.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity and Evolution of the Biological Features of the Pandemic SARS-CoV-2

Acta Naturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 77-89
Author(s):  
Aleksandra A. Nikonova ◽  
Eugene B. Faizuloev ◽  
Anastasia V. Gracheva ◽  
Igor Yu. Isakov ◽  
Vitaly V. Zverev
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Viral Genomes ◽  
Biological Features ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Common Genetic Variants ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
The Relationship

The new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) represents a challenge for global health. Since the outbreak began, the number of confirmed cases has exceeded 117 million, with more than 2.6 million deaths worldwide. With public health measures aimed at containing the spread of the disease, several countries have faced a crisis in the availability of intensive care units. Currently, a large-scale effort is underway to identify the nucleotide sequences of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus that is an etiological agent of COVID-19. Global sequencing of thousands of viral genomes has revealed many common genetic variants, which enables the monitoring of the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and the tracking of its spread over time. Understanding the current evolution of SARS-CoV-2 is necessary not only for a retrospective analysis of the new coronavirus infection spread, but also for the development of approaches to the therapy and prophylaxis of COVID-19. In this review, we have focused on the general characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Also, we have analyzed available publications on the genetic diversity of the virus and the relationship between the diversity and the biological properties of SARS-CoV-2, such as virulence and contagiousness.

scholarly journals Hvem publiserer hva? Hvordan kjønn påvirker publiseringsgrad

2021 ◽  
pp. 99-118
Author(s):  
Øystein Gullvåg Holter ◽  
Lotta Snickare ◽  
Greta Gober
Keyword(s):  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Scholarly Publishing ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
University Of Oslo ◽  
The University ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Gender Influences ◽  
Publishing Practices

Who is Publishing What? How Gender Influences Publication This chapter examines scholarly publishing within the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences at the University of Oslo from a gendered perspective. The question posed is whether women publish less than men, and if so, why. Based on self-reported publishing volumes, the study applies multivariable methods to investigate the relationship between the number of publications and factors such as position, total worktime and gender. The analyses show that gender has little significance when these other factors are entered into the model. The results are discussed in light of other studies on publishing practices.

The Importance of Systems Methodologies for Industrial and Scientific National Wealthy and Development

2012 ◽  
pp. 40-54
Author(s):  
Miroljub Kljajic
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Systems Engineering ◽  
Production Management ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Scientific Databases ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Systems Research ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between industrial and scientific knowledge and systems methodologies is discussed in this paper. As the measure of the former on the macro level, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is assumed to be the consequence of systems’ Research and Development (R&D), which is estimated indirectly by the number of articles published in academic journals in the last 40 years. It is assumed that Production, Management and Information Systems (IS) can be considered suitable main representatives of the quality of organizational processes and that GDP is their consequence. In turn, the Systems Approach (SA), Systems Engineering (SE), Operational Research (OR), Information Systems Development (ISD) and Simulation represent the methodology set for coping with organizational complex processes. We looked for the articles containing the aforementioned variables as topic keywords in core scientific databases. Results show a sufficient correlation between the number of publications and the GDP.

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