scholarly journals Eucalyptus Kraft Lignin as an Additive Strongly Enhances the Mechanical Resistance of Tree-Leaf Pellets

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 376
Author(s):  
Leonardo Clavijo ◽  
Slobodan Zlatanovic ◽  
Gerd Braun ◽  
Michael Bongards ◽  
Andrés Dieste ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Physical Stability ◽  
Kraft Lignin ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Pellet Production ◽  
European Standards ◽  
Tree Leaf ◽  
Waste Food

Pelleted biomass has a low, uniform moisture content and can be handled and stored cheaply and safely. Pellets can be made of industrial waste, food waste, agricultural residues, energy crops, and virgin lumber. Despite their many desirable attributes, they cannot compete with fossil fuel sources because the process of densifying the biomass and the price of the raw materials make pellet production costly. Leaves collected from street sweeping are generally discarded in landfills, but they can potentially be valorized as a biofuel if they are pelleted. However, the lignin content in leaves is not high enough to ensure the physical stability of the pellets, so they break easily during storage and transportation. In this study, the use of eucalyptus kraft lignin as an additive in tree-leaf pellet production was studied. Results showed that when 2% lignin is added the abrasion resistance can be increased to an acceptable value. Pellets with added lignin fulfilled all requirements of European standards for certification except for ash content. However, as the raw material has no cost, this method can add value or contribute to financing continued sweeping and is an example of a circular economy scenario.

scholarly journals Comparative transcriptome analysis of Pteroceltis tatarinowii Maxim., an endemic fiber tree

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-557
Author(s):  
Hui-Jin Liu ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
Yan-Nian Xu ◽  
Xiao-Ping Zhang ◽  
Xiao-Hong Li
Keyword(s):  
Protein Gene ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Significant Expression

The bark of Pteroceltis tatarinowii Maxim., an endemic tree in Ulmaceae, is the main raw material for manufacturing Xuan Paper which is widely used in calligraphy and painting field. The characteristics of P. tatarinowii bark is the main limiting factor for the quality of Xuan Paper specially the content of cellulose and lignin. The molecular basis related to cellulose and lignin synthesis in P. tatarinowii would be helpful to understand and seek higher quality raw materials for Xuan Paper. RNA-seq was utilized to reveal transcriptome differences in P. tatarinowii from three far isolated localities (AL, JX and XA) under different climate environments. A total of 290 million reads were generated for further analysis in three libraries. In total, 2,850, 2,038 and 1,986 DEGs were identified in XA, JX and AL, respectively. Compared with the sample from XA, there were 822 up-regulated and 1706 down-regulated in AL sample. AL sample has 611 up-regulated genes and 647 down-regulated genes in comparison with JX sample. Comparing XA and JX samples, 443 were up-regulated and 1,783 were down-regulated in XA. Three samples had similar GO enrichment patterns. There were 19 and 9 genes identified as CESA and CSL (E-value less than 1.0E-20), respectively. Although no significant expression differences were found in three samples, KOB1, GPI-anchored protein gene and CTL1 were differently expressed, and KOB1 and GPI-anchored protein gene were up-regulated in JX. A number of the unigenes (474) that were involved in ‘phenylpropanoid biosynthesis’, were mostly not differently expressed. Only a few genes annotated as PAL, 4CL, C4H and CAD were significantly different in expression. In AL, 3 CAD and 1 PAL were up-regulated, whereas 6 CAD, 3 4CL and 1 HCT were up-regulated in XA, and 1 PAL, 2 4CL, 2 C4H in JX. JX sample had the highest cellulose content and XA sample had the highest lignin content, which being consistent with the hierarchical cluster analysis of differently expressed genes. Differences in the expression of these genes might influence the cellulose and lignin content.

scholarly journals KRAFT LIGNIN AS AN ADDITIVE IN PINE AND EUCALYPTUS PARTICLE COMPOSITION FOR BRIQUETTE PRODUCTION

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Torezani Neto Boschetti ◽  
Alice do Carmo Precci Lopes ◽  
Robisnéia Adriana Ribeiro ◽  
Rafael Quezada Reyes ◽  
Angélica de Cássia Oliveira Carneiro
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Apparent Density ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Wood Particle ◽  
Kraft Lignin ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Particle Composition ◽  
Eucalyptus Wood

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the properties of briquettes produced with different proportions of pine and eucalyptus wood, as well as to characterize the potential of kraft lignin as an additive in the composition of briquettes for energy generation. The treatments differed from one another in the pine and eucalyptus wood particle ratios (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%), as well as for the kraft lignin content (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12%). The biomasses were characterized by their physical and chemical properties, and briquette properties were evaluated according to apparent density, lower calorific value (LCV), energy density, and maximum burst load. The results showed an increase in the apparent density as the proportion of lignin and eucalyptus in the briquettes increased. The particle composition of the briquettes had a higher influence on the energy density increase compared to the addition of kraft lignin, being more significant in briquettes produced with higher proportions of eucalyptus. It was also observed that the addition of lignin increased the resistance to the rupture load, and that there was a specific value at which this resistance was higher (at 7% or 11% of lignin, depending on the proportion of particles). Additionally, the briquettes made with 100% pine achieved greater mechanical resistance. In general, kraft lignin presented good potential for use as a briquette additive, contributing to improved energy and mechanical properties.

scholarly journals Thermochemical conversion of grinded pressed plant biomass

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.А. Спицын ◽  
И.И. Белоусов ◽  
Т.Б. Турсунов ◽  
В.А. Хен
Keyword(s):  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Thermochemical Conversion ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Adsorption Activity ◽  
Liquid Biofuel

Рассмотрены аппарат уплотнения с частичной химической переработкой сырья и инновационная технология получения гранулированного активированного углеродсодержащего продукта и жидкого биотоплива методом уплотнения (пеллетирования) предварительно измельченного сырья, ускоренного гидролиза, пиролиза, с последующей активацией. Приведены результаты апробации технологии на стендовых установках и аппаратах. Показано, что по- лученные гранулы соответствуют основным показателям отечественных и за- рубежных стандартов на пеллеты из растительного сырья. В процессе произ- водства протекает химическая модификация исходного сырья, на что указывает повышенное значение содержания лигнина в образцах. При проведении пиро- лиза полученных пеллет производятся гранулированный углистый остаток, жидкое биотопливо и горючая парогазовая смесь. Из гранулированного угли- стого остатка получены активированные угли, имеющие адсорбционную активность по йоду, сравнимую с древесным углем марки ДАК. Одним из направлений дальнейших исследований является подбор различных добавок в сырье перед проведением уплотнения и грануляции для улучшения свойств пеллет, в частности повышения теплотворной способности и уменьшения зольности. Однако наиболее интересное направление использования уплотненных отходов растительной биомассы в виде пеллет – в качестве сырья для термохи- мической переработки с целью получения энергетически плотных продуктов, в частности пиролиза. Исследование показало целесообразность разработки единой автономной технологии переработки отходов растительной биомассы с по- лучением конкурентно-способных товарных продуктов: гранулированных активированных углей, жидкого биотоплива, а также парогазовой смеси с достаточной теплотворной способностью для обеспечения работы специальных топочных устройств. The paper deals with the sealing machine with partial chemical processing of raw materials and the innovative technology for obtaining granular activated carbon- containing product and liquid biofuel by the method of compaction (pelletizing) of pre-crushed raw materials, accelerated hydrolysis, pyrolysis and subsequent activation. The results of approbation of the technology on bench installations and devices are presented. It is shown that the obtained pellets correspond to the main indicators of domestic and foreign standards for pellets from vegetable raw materials. In the production process, a chemical modification of the feedstock takes place, as indicat- ed by the increased value of lignin content in the samples. When pyrolysis of the pellets is produced, a granular carbonaceous residue, liquid biofuel, and a combustible gas-vapor mixture are produced. From the granular carbonaceous residue, activated carbons with an adsorption activity of iodine comparable to charcoal of the DAK brand were obtained. One of the directions of further research is the selection of various additives into the raw material before compaction and granulation to improve the properties of pellets, in particular, to increase the calorific value and to reduce ash content. However, the most interesting direction of using compacted biomass res- idue in the form of pellets is to use as a raw material for thermochemical processing in order to obtain energetically dense products, in particular pyrolysis. The work showed the expediency of developing a single autonomous technology for plant biomass residues processing with the production of competitive commodity products: granular activated carbons, liquid biofuel, as well as steam-gas sweep with sufficient calorific value to ensure the operation of special combustion devices.

scholarly journals Effects of corundum in the development of structural, mechanical and tribological properties of raw materials for the manufacture of structural products

Cerâmica ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (371) ◽  
pp. 352-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Cely Illera ◽  
J. Cely Niño ◽  
C. V. Cely Illera
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Ceramic Product ◽  
Technological Properties ◽  
Aesthetic Quality ◽  
Mechanical And Tribological Properties ◽  
Kaolinitic Clay

Abstract Improving the technological properties of a ceramic product without affecting its aesthetic quality is a daily challenge of the regional ceramic companies. To achieve this objective, analyzes were performed on an illitic-kaolinitic clay by adding corundum as an additive. The corundum content varied from 5% to 20% by weight with a particle size of less than 75 μm, being able to obtain products with low porosities and high mechanical resistance. This research is part of a series of studies carried out on an argillaceous raw material from the region of Norte de Santander (Colombia). The influence of the corundum content on the technological properties was evaluated. The results showed that corundum, when mixed with traditional raw materials, offers the conditions to be used as an additive in the production of ceramic products with increases of up to 67% in mechanical strength and a reduction of porosity of 46%, which can contribute to the development of value-added ceramic products for use in other technological applications.

scholarly journals Availability of raw materials in the state of Piauí for the production of ceramic coating

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 110-119
Author(s):  
Paulysendra Felipe Silva ◽  
Francisca das Chagas Oliveira ◽  
Rebeka Manuela Lobo Sousa ◽  
Phillype Dowglas Lopes ◽  
Italo Gutierry Carneiro da Conceição ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ceramic Coating ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
The State ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Ceramic Tiles ◽  
Simple Processing ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Plastic Clays

The main raw material for the production of ceramic materials is clay, it can be found in large quantities throughout Brazil, in addition to having a simple processing method in the preparation of the mass of ceramic tiles using mixtures of kaolinitic clays (not very plastic) and illitic (plastic) clays, this mixture favors by developing a series of functions such as: light-burning color; act as binders and plasticizers; facilitate fluidity, due to its melting properties, provide a good burning density and excellent mechanical resistance. This work addresses the main basic white-burning raw materials used in the production of ceramic tiles: quartz, kaolin, talc and limestone and their influence on the ceramic mass. All raw materials mentioned are available in the State of Piauí. For this, a bibliographic review of a descriptive, basic and qualitative nature was carried out on the theme and with the results, it was possible to identify the existence of white-burning raw materials in the State of Piauí that can be used in the production of ceramic coating.

scholarly journals Effect of Ozone Treatment on the Properties of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Sulfonated Chemi-Mechanical Pulp

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1085
Author(s):  
Xing Wan ◽  
Yang Ping ◽  
Jun Li
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Ozone Treatment ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Mechanical Pulp

Oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) as an abundant waste material can be utilized for pulp production to alleviate the shortage of raw materials in the paper industry. Sulfonated chemi-mechanical pulp (SCMP) has great potential in paper making industry. However, its poor performance due to the high surface lignin content limits its application. In this study, we used EFB as raw material to produce SCMP and systematically studied the effect of ozone treatment on pulp properties. Results show that the surface structure and morphology of fibers exhibited distinct differences under different ozone dosage treatments. Compared to the control, the content of surface lignin of pulps was reduced by 2.56%, 4.64%, 13.24% and 25.24% when ozone consumption was 1, 3, 5 and 7 wt%, respectively. Meanwhile, the treated pulp had a lower drainability at the same refining energy level. Moreover, the physical and optical properties of handsheets were improved significantly after ozone treatment. Ozone treatment is a very efficient way to improve the performance of SCMP. Additionally, this method avoids complicated processes and chemical consumption. Therefore, as an effective, environmentally friendly and low-cost treatment method, ozone treatment can improve the performance of EFB SCMP and thus provide a high-quality pulp resource.

scholarly journals Properties of meandrical geotextiles designed for the protection of soil against erosion

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 00042
Author(s):  
Joanna Grzybowska-Pietras ◽  
Giang Nguyen ◽  
Stanisława Przybyło ◽  
Monika Rom ◽  
Jan Broda
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Slope Structure ◽  
European Standards ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Atmospheric Factors ◽  
Recycled Fibers ◽  
The University

Changes in climatic conditions in the world often affect the variability of water relations and soil erosion. Observed phenomena lead to removal of the most valuable soil surface layer from slopes, washout of minerals, deterioration of slope structure and also destruction of protective vegetation. Geotextiles are used to protect slopes from effects of erosion. Depending on the type of used raw material as well as production technology, geotextiles are used for long-term or temporary protection (biodegradable). Biodegradable geotextiles under influence of atmospheric factors undergo gradual decomposition. The substances released as a result of decomposition cause soil fertilization, which promotes development of protective vegetation. The aim of the research is to assess impact of exploitation time on selected physical, mechanical and hydraulic properties of innovative geotextiles in form of meandrically arranged Kemafil ropes made of wool and recycled fibers installed on slope in Jasienica Economic Zone in Międzyrzecze. The research was carried out in the Laboratory of Geosynthetics and Textile Products of the University of Bielsko-Biala in accordance with the applicable European standards. Nonwovens used for production of geotextiles were tested before installation, as well as after 6 and 12 months from their installation. Geotextiles reduce speed of rainwater flowing down from the surface of slope and store its excess. Waste raw materials used for production of geotextiles enable products effectively protecting slope against water erosion.

scholarly journals НАПІВФАБРИКАТИ ІЗ НЕДЕРЕВНОЇ СИРОВИНИ ДЛЯ ВИГОТОВЛЕННЯ ПАПЕРУ

2021 ◽  
Vol 148 (4) ◽  
pp. 140-148
Author(s):  
Р. І. Черьопкіна ◽  
І. В. Трембус ◽  
І. М. Дейкун
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Quality Indicators ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Wood Fiber ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Material Base ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Standard Methods

The main objectives of scientific work is to study the technological parameters of the sodium hydroxide method  of  delignification  of  non-wood  raw  materials  and  production  of  fibrous  first  stuff   for  the  manufacturing  of packaging types of paper. Methodology. For the research, rapeseed stalks, sodium hydroxide cooking, anthraquinone catalyst were used. The  brews  were  cooked  in  steel  autoclaves,  which  were  lowered  into  a  glycerin  bath.  Standard  methods  for  the determination of the quality indicators (yield and residual lignin content) of non-wood fiber first stuff  were used. As a mathematical  data  processing  method,  the  generalized  reduced  gradient  method  was  used.  Laboratory  samples  of castings of fibrous first stuff  and paper were made on a LA-2 sheet-making apparatus, the mechanical parameters of the outturn sheet were determined according to the standard methods using appropriate instruments. Results. The expediency of using rapeseed stalks for processing of fibrous first stuff  under alkaline conditions has been proven. It was found that the greatest influence on the delignification of raw materials has the raise of cooking temperature from 80 to 120 ° C and the use of the anthraquinone catalyst. It has been shown that the obtained rapeseed first stuff  have sufficient paper-forming properties and are suitable for use in the production of MS 5B brand paper for the use in the production of fluting paper or board of B-3 grade. The scientific novelty of the work is due to the environmental friendliness of the agrowaste processing as an alternative raw material for the production of fibrous first stuff  at low cooking temperatures. Using rapeseed stalks as an example, the influence of technological parameters on the quality indicators of first stuff  was studied. Using the mathematical methods of the processing of experiment data, the optimal ratio of fibrous first stuff /waste paper at which the strength indicators of fluting paper or board will meet the standards was determined. Practical significance. Research results has shown the expediency of using oilseed wastes for processing of fibrous first stuff , with the aim of expanding the raw material base of cardboard and paper production.

RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMIC MASSES: IMPROVEMENT BY COMPLEX MATERIAL ACTIVATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 334-351
Author(s):  
A. S. Mavlyanov ◽  
E. K. Sardarbekova
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Sensitivity Coefficient ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Clay Material ◽  
Fibrous Materials ◽  
Chemical Production ◽  
Production Wastes ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Masses

Introduction. The objective of the research is to study the effect of the complex activation of the alumina raw material on the rheological properties of the ceramic mass. In addition, the authors investigate solutions for the application of optimal coagulation structures based on loams and ash together with plastic certificates.Materials and methods. The authors used the local forest like reserves of clay loams at the BashKarasu, ash fields of the Bishkek Central Heating Centre (BTEC) and plasticizer (sodium naphthenate obtained from alkaline chemical production wastes) as fibrous materials. Moreover, the authors defined technological properties of raw materials within standard laboratory methodology in accordance with current GOSTs.Results. The researchers tested plastic durability on variously prepared masses for the choice of optimal structures. The paper demonstrated the plastic durability of complexly activated compounds comparing with non-activated and mechanically activated compounds. The sensitivity coefficient increased the amount of clay loams by mechanically and complexly activated, which predetermined the possibility of intensifying the process of drying samples based on complexly activated masses.Discussion and conclusions. However, mechanical activation of clay material reduces the period of relaxation and increases the elasticity coefficient of ceramic masses by 1.8–3.4 times, meanwhile decreases elasticity, viscosity and the conventional power during molding, which generally worsens the molding properties of the masses. Сomplex activation of ash-clay material decreases the period of relaxation and provides an increase in elasticity, plasticity of ceramic masses by 46–47%, reduction in viscosity by 1.5–2 times, conventional power on molding by 37–122% in comparison with MA clay loams. Ceramic masses based on spacecraft alumina raw materials belong to the SMT with improved rheological properties; products based on them pass through the mouthpiece for 5–7 seconds.

ANALYSIS FOR POTENCY AND PRODUCTION OF GRANULE ORGANIC FERTILIZER BASED ON MANURE

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Firman L. Sahwan
Keyword(s):  
Organic Material ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cow Manure ◽  
Production Potential ◽  
Natural Organic Material ◽  
Very High

Organic materials that are generally used as raw material for organic fertilizer granules (POG) is a natural organic material that has been degrade, smooth and dry. One of the main raw materials are always used with a very high percentage of usage, is manure. Manure potential in Indonesia is very high, amounting to 113.6 million tons per year, or 64.7 million tons per year to the island of Java. From this amount, it will be generated numbers POG production potential of 17.5 million tons per year (total Indonesia) or 9.9 million tons per year for the island of Java. While the realistic POG production predictions figures made from raw manure is 2.5 million tons annually, a figure that has been unable to meet the number requirement of POG greater than 4 million tons per year. Therefore, in producing POG, it should be to maximize the using of the potential of other organic materials so that the use of manure can be saved. With the use of a small amount of manure (maximum 30% for cow manure), it would be useful also to avoid the production of POG with high Fe content.keywods: organic material, manure, granule organic fertilizer

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