scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains: Mechanisms and Outbreaks

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Celeste Moya ◽  
Sergi Maicas
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Healthcare Environment ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Personal Level ◽  
The Impact

The enterobacteria that produce β-lactamases are the main focus of infections in the healthcare environment. This is due to the difficulty they present in terms of treatment, their ease of transmission, and the impact they represent at the economic and personal level. The bacteria of greatest clinical relevance are those with resistance to third and fourth generation cephalosporins, extended spectrum β-lactamase and AmpC. Currently, carbapenemics are one of the few antimicrobials effective against multi-drug resistant organisms. However, the emergence of carbapenem-resistant enterobacteria has increased health concerns. These microorganisms include K. pneumoniae, a pan-resistant bacteria with high morbidity and mortality rates in public health facilities. In this work, we have carried out a review on the antimicrobial resistance genes found in its genome, as well as the resistance mechanisms involved. Finally, we will focus on the main outbreaks causing nosocomial infections during the last few years.

scholarly journals Resistance determinants and their genetic context in enterobacteria from a longitudinal study of pigs reared under various husbandry conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic Poulin-Laprade ◽  
Jean-Simon Brouard ◽  
Nathalie Gagnon ◽  
Annie Turcotte ◽  
Alexandra Langlois ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Resistance Determinants ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
The Impact

Pigs are major reservoirs of resistant Enterobacteriaceae that can reach humans through consumption of contaminated meat or vegetables grown in manure-fertilized soil. Samples were collected from sows during lactation and their piglets at five time points spanning the production cycle. Cefotaxime-resistant bacteria were quantified and isolated from feed, feces, manures and carcasses of pigs reared with penicillin-using or antibiotic-free husbandries. The isolates were characterized by antibiotic susceptibility testing, whole genome sequencing and conjugation assays. The extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) phenotype was more frequent in isolates originating from antibiotic-free animals, while the bacteria isolated from penicillin-using animals were on average resistant to a greater number of antibiotics. The ESBL-encoding genes identified were blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-15 and blaCMY-2 and they co-localised on plasmids with various genes encoding resistance to ß-lactams, co-trimoxazole, phenicols and tetracycline, all antibiotics used in pig production. Groups of genes conferring the observed resistance and the mobile elements disseminating multidrug resistance were determined. The observed resistance to ß-lactams was mainly due to the complementary actions of penicillin-binding proteins, an efflux pump and ß-lactamases. Most resistance determinants were shared by animals raised with or without antimicrobials. This suggests a key contribution of indigenous enterobacteria maternally transmitted along the sow lineage, regardless of antimicrobial use. It is unclear if the antimicrobial resistance observed in the enterobacteria populations of the commercial pig herds studied were present before the use of antibiotics, or the extent to which historical antimicrobial use exerted a selective pressure defining the resistant bacterial populations in farms using penicillin prophylaxis. Importance: Antimicrobial resistance is a global threat that needs to be fought on numerous fronts along the One Health continuum. Vast quantities of antimicrobials are used in agriculture to ensure animal welfare and productivity, and are arguably a driving force for the persistence of environmental and food-borne resistant bacteria. This study evaluated the impact of conventional, organic and other antibiotic-free husbandry practices on the frequency and nature of antimicrobial resistance genes and multidrug resistant enterobacteria. It provides knowledge about the relative contribution of specific resistance determinants to observed antibiotic resistance. It also showed the clear co-selection of genes coding for extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and genes coding for the resistance to antibiotics commonly used for prophylaxis or in curative treatments in pig operations.

scholarly journals Withdraw of prophylactic antimicrobials does not change resistome in pigs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Fernanda Loayza Villa ◽  
Alejandro Torres ◽  
Lixin Zhang ◽  
Gabriel Trueba
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
Fitness Costs ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Human Microbiota ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: The use of antimicrobials in the animal industry has increased the prevalence of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antimicrobial-resistance genes which can be transferred to human microbiota through the food chain or the environment. To reduce the influx of antibiotic-resistance to the human microbiota, restrictions on antimicrobials (in food animals) have been implemented in different countries. We investigated the impact of an antimicrobial restriction on the frequency of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in pigs (PCI 1050) from an Ecuadorian farm. Results: No differences in antimicrobial resistant coliforms or antimicrobial resistance genes (richness and abundance) were found when we compared animals fed with or without antibiotics. Nevertheless, the absence of antimicrobials in pigs didn’t impact the productive performance of animals. Conclusion: Fitness costs of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria within intestinal microbiota of animals seems to be overestimated. Avoiding antimicrobials as prophylactics in pigs fed is not enough to control maintenance and spread of antimicrobial resistance.

scholarly journals Development of CRSIPR-Cas13a-based antimicrobials capable of sequence-specific killing of target bacteria

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kotaro Kiga ◽  
Xin-Ee Tan ◽  
Rodrigo Ibarra-Chávez ◽  
Shinya Watanabe ◽  
Yoshifumi Aiba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Nucleic Acid Amplification ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Killing ◽  
Bacterial Gene ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

AbstractEmergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria is an increasingly serious threat to global health, necessitating the development of innovative antimicrobials. We established a series of CRISPR-Cas13a-based antibacterial nucleocapsid, termed CapsidCas13a(s), capable of sequence-specific killing of carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus through promiscuous RNA cleavage after recognizing corresponding antimicrobial resistance genes. CapsidCas13a constructs were generated by packaging CRISPR-Cas13a into a bacteriophage capsid to target antimicrobial resistance genes. Contrary to Cas9-based antimicrobials that lack bacterial killing capacity when the target genes are located on a plasmid, the CapsidCas13a(s) exhibited strong bacterial killing activities upon recognizing target genes regardless of their location. The antimicrobials’ treatment efficacy was confirmed using a Galleria mellonella larvae model. Further, we demonstrated that the CapsidCas13a(s) can assist in bacterial gene detection without employing nucleic acid amplification and optical devices.

scholarly journals Withdraw of prophylactic antimicrobials does not change the pigs’ resistome

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loayza-Villa Fernanda ◽  
Torres Alejandro ◽  
Zhang Lixin ◽  
Trueba Gabriel
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Commensal Bacteria ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Fitness Costs ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe use of antimicrobials in the animal industry has increased the prevalence of antimicrobial resistant commensal bacteria in food products derived from animals, which could be associated with antimicrobial resistance in human pathogens. To reduce the influx of antibiotic resistant bacteria (and genes) to the human microbiota, restrictions on antimicrobials (in food animals) have been implemented in different countries. We investigated the impact of antimicrobial restriction in the frequency of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in pigs. No differences in antimicrobial resistance or antimicrobial resistance genes (richness or abundance) was found when we compared animals fed with and without antibiotics. Fitness costs of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria (in the field) seems to be overestimated.

scholarly journals Removal of antimicrobial prophylaxis and its effect on swine carriage of antimicrobial-resistant coliforms

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 003685042110502
Author(s):  
Fernanda Loayza-Villa ◽  
Alejandro Torres ◽  
Lixin Zhang ◽  
Gabriel Trueba
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Antimicrobial Prophylaxis ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Growth Phases ◽  
Fitness Costs ◽  
Food Animal ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
The Impact

The use of antimicrobials in the food animal industry has caused an increased prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and antimicrobial resistance genes, which can be transferred to the microbiota of humans through the food chain or the environment. To reduce the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance, restrictions on antimicrobial use in food animals have been implemented in different countries. We investigated the impact of an antimicrobial restriction intervention during two generations of pigs. Fecal samples were collected in five growth phases. The frequency of antimicrobial-resistant coliforms and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria or antimicrobial resistance genes was analyzed. No differences in the richness or abundance of antimicrobial-resistant coliforms or antimicrobial resistance genes were found when animals fed with or without prophylactic antimicrobials were compared. Withholding antimicrobial supplementation did not negatively affect weight gain in pigs. Withdrawal of prophylactic antimicrobial consumption during two generations of pigs was not enough to reduce the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes, as measured by richness and abundance markers. This study indicates that the fitness costs associated with bacterial carriage of some antimicrobial resistance genes are low.

scholarly journals 322. Evaluation of the BioFire® Bone and Joint Infection (BJI) Panel for the Detection of Microorganisms and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Synovial Fluid Specimens

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S233-S234
Author(s):  
Corrin Graue ◽  
Bryan H Schmitt ◽  
Amy Waggoner ◽  
Frederic Laurent ◽  
Lelia Abad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Synovial Fluid ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Joint Infection ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Bone And Joint Infection ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Background Bone and Joint Infections (BJIs) present with non-specific symptoms that may include pain, swelling, and fever and are associated with high morbidity and significant risk of mortality. BJIs can be caused by a variety of bacteria and fungi, including anaerobes and microorganisms that can be challenging to culture or identify by traditional microbiological methods. Clinicians primarily rely on culture to identify the pathogen(s) responsible for infection. The BioFire® Bone and Joint Infection (BJI) Panel (BioFire Diagnostics, Salt Lake City, UT) is designed to detect 15 gram-positive bacteria (including seven anaerobes), 14 gram-negative bacteria (including one anaerobe), two yeast, and eight antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes from synovial fluid specimens in about an hour. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of an Investigational Use Only (IUO) version of the BioFire BJI Panel compared to various reference methods. Methods Remnant synovial fluid specimens, which were collected for routine clinical care at 13 study sites in the US and Europe, underwent testing using an IUO version of the BioFire BJI Panel. Performance of this test was determined by comparison to Standard of Care (SoC) consisting of bacterial culture performed at each study site according to their routine procedures. Results A total of 1544 synovial fluid specimens were collected and tested with the BioFire BJI Panel. The majority of specimens were from knee joints (77.9%) and arthrocentesis (79.4%) was the most common collection method. Compared to SoC culture, overall sensitivity was 90.2% and specificity was 99.8%. The BioFire BJI Panel yielded a total of 268 Detected results, whereas SoC yielded a total of 215 positive results for on-panel analytes. Conclusion The BioFire BJI Panel is a sensitive, specific, and robust test for rapid detection of a wide range of analytes in synovial fluid specimens. The number of microorganisms and resistance genes included in the BioFire BJI Panel, together with a reduced time-to-result and increased diagnostic yield compared to culture, is expected to aid in the timely diagnosis and appropriate management of BJIs. Disclosures Benjamin von Bredow, PhD, BioFire (Grant/Research Support) Jennifer Dien Bard, PhD, BioFire Diagnostic (Consultant, Scientific Research Study Investigator) Bart Kensinger, PhD, BioFire Diagnostics (Employee) Benedicte Pons, PhD, bioMerieux SA (Employee) Corinne Jay, PhD, bioMerieux SA (Employee)

scholarly journals Resistance and Adaptation of Bacteria to Non-Antibiotic Antibacterial Agents: Physical Stressors, Nanoparticles, and Bacteriophages

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 435
Author(s):  
Sada Raza ◽  
Kinga Matuła ◽  
Sylwia Karoń ◽  
Jan Paczesny
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Defense Systems ◽  
Drug Resistant Bacteria

Antimicrobial resistance is a significant threat to human health worldwide, forcing scientists to explore non-traditional antibacterial agents to support rapid interventions and combat the emergence and spread of drug resistant bacteria. Many new antibiotic-free approaches are being developed while the old ones are being revised, resulting in creating unique solutions that arise at the interface of physics, nanotechnology, and microbiology. Specifically, physical factors (e.g., pressure, temperature, UV light) are increasingly used for industrial sterilization. Nanoparticles (unmodified or in combination with toxic compounds) are also applied to circumvent in vivo drug resistance mechanisms in bacteria. Recently, bacteriophage-based treatments are also gaining momentum due to their high bactericidal activity and specificity. Although the number of novel approaches for tackling the antimicrobial resistance crisis is snowballing, it is still unclear if any proposed solutions would provide a long-term remedy. This review aims to provide a detailed overview of how bacteria acquire resistance against these non-antibiotic factors. We also discuss innate bacterial defense systems and how bacteriophages have evolved to tackle them.

scholarly journals Aquatic environments in the One Health context: modulating the antimicrobial resistance phenomenon

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Alves Resende ◽  
Vânia Lúcia da Silva ◽  
Claudio Galuppo Diniz
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
One Health ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Chemical Pollution ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Antimicrobial Substances ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
The One

Abstract: From an anthropocentric perspective, aquatic environments are important to maintain health and survival, however, as they are sometimes managed based on misconception, they are considered a convergent pathway for anthropogenic residues and sanitation. Thus, it is observed that these ecosystems have been threatened by chemical pollution due to xenobiotics, especially from a more contemporary approach, by the selective pressure associated with antimicrobials. There are several studies that report the enrichment of antimicrobial resistant bacteria and mobilizable antimicrobial resistance genes in aquatic and adjacent ecosystems. From the perspective of the emerging and reemerging number of diseases related to the interplay of human, animal, and environmental factors, a new conception arose to address these issues holistically, which is known as the One Health approach. Scientific and political discourse on this conception should lead to effective action plans for preventing and controlling the spread of infectious diseases in open environment, including those impacted by anthropogenic activities. Therefore, nowadays, discussions on antimicrobial resistance are becoming broader and are requiring a multi-disciplinary view to address health and environmental challenges, which includes aquatic environment management. Water may represent one of the most important ecosystems for the in antimicrobial resistance phenomenon that arises when a dynamic and singular microbial community may be influenced by several characteristics. As antimicrobial substances do not all degrade at the same time under the same treatment, strategies concerning their removal from the environment should consider their individualized chemical characteristics.

scholarly journals Impact of UV and Peracetic Acid Disinfection on the Prevalence of Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli in Wastewater Effluents

2014 ◽  
Vol 80 (12) ◽  
pp. 3656-3666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Basanta Kumar Biswal ◽  
Ramzi Khairallah ◽  
Kareem Bibi ◽  
Alberto Mazza ◽  
Ronald Gehr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Peracetic Acid ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Gene ◽  
Municipal Wastewaters ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTWastewater discharges may increase the populations of pathogens, includingEscherichia coli, and of antimicrobial-resistant strains in receiving waters. This study investigated the impact of UV and peracetic acid (PAA) disinfection on the prevalence of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes in uropathogenicEscherichia coli(UPEC), the most abundantE. colipathotype in municipal wastewaters. Laboratory disinfection experiments were conducted on wastewater treated by physicochemical, activated sludge, or biofiltration processes; 1,766E. coliisolates were obtained for the evaluation. The target disinfection level was 200 CFU/100 ml, resulting in UV and PAA doses of 7 to 30 mJ/cm2and 0.9 to 2.0 mg/liter, respectively. The proportions of UPECs were reduced in all samples after disinfection, with an average reduction by UV of 55% (range, 22% to 80%) and by PAA of 52% (range, 11% to 100%). Analysis of urovirulence genes revealed that the decline in the UPEC populations was not associated with any particular virulence factor. A positive association was found between the occurrence of urovirulence and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). However, the changes in the prevalence of ARGs in potential UPECs were different following disinfection, i.e., UV appears to have had no effect, while PAA significantly reduced the ARG levels. Thus, this study showed that both UV and PAA disinfections reduced the proportion of UPECs and that PAA disinfection also reduced the proportion of antimicrobial resistance gene-carrying UPEC pathotypes in municipal wastewaters.

scholarly journals Merging Metagenomics and Spatial Epidemiology To Understand the Distribution of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes from Enterobacteriaceae in Wild Owls

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (20) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Miller ◽  
Julia B. Ponder ◽  
Michelle Willette ◽  
Timothy J. Johnson ◽  
Kimberly L. VanderWaal
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Spatial Epidemiology ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

ABSTRACT Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a well-documented phenomenon in bacteria from many natural ecosystems, including wild animals. However, the specific determinants and spatial distribution of resistant bacteria and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment remain incompletely understood. In particular, information regarding the importance of anthropogenic sources of AMR relative to that of other biological and ecological influences is lacking. We conducted a cross-sectional study of AMR in great horned owls (Bubo virginianus) and barred owls (Strix varia) admitted to a rehabilitation center in the midwestern United States. A combination of selective culture enrichment and shotgun metagenomic sequencing was used to identify ARGs from Enterobacteriaceae. Overall, the prevalence of AMR was comparable to that in past studies of resistant Enterobacteriaceae in raptors, with acquired ARGs being identified in 23% of samples. Multimodel regression analyses identified seasonality and owl age to be important predictors of the likelihood of the presence of ARGs, with birds sampled during warmer months being more likely to harbor ARGs than those sampled during cooler months and with birds in their hatch year being more likely to harbor β-lactam ARGs than adults. Beyond host-specific determinants, ARG-positive owls were also more likely to be recovered from areas of high agricultural land cover. Spatial clustering analyses identified a significant high-risk cluster of tetracycline resistance gene-positive owls in the southern sampling range, but this could not be explained by any predictor variables. Taken together, these results highlight the complex distribution of AMR in natural environments and suggest that both biological and anthropogenic factors play important roles in determining the emergence and persistence of AMR in wildlife. IMPORTANCE Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a multifaceted problem that poses a worldwide threat to human and animal health. Recent reports suggest that wildlife may play an important role in the emergence, dissemination, and persistence of AMR. As such, there have been calls for better integration of wildlife into current research on AMR, including the use of wild animals as biosentinels of AMR contamination in the environment. A One Health approach can be used to gain a better understanding of all AMR sources and pathways, particularly those at the human-animal-environment interface. Our study focuses on this interface in order to assess the effect of human-impacted landscapes on AMR in a wild animal. This work highlights the value of wildlife rehabilitation centers for environmental AMR surveillance and demonstrates how metagenomic sequencing within a spatial epidemiology framework can be used to address questions surrounding AMR complexity in natural ecosystems.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document