scholarly journals The Influence of Greek Spirituality on Russian Culture

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 455
Author(s):  
Ján Zozuľak
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Spiritual Life ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Spiritual Renewal ◽  
Spiritual Values ◽  
New Era ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
True Meaning

In this article, we will analyze the influence of Greek spirituality on Russian culture in the second half of the 18th century, when Enlightenment ideas infused Russian society. Russian intellectual circles and the upper social class were inspired by Western categories of thought. The absence of a living theology that would give man the true meaning of life has caused tension and a great spiritual crisis in Russian society. One possible solution was to start a fight against the Enlightenment and reject any Western ideas. The second solution was to pay attention to the forgotten tradition and look for inspiration in it for the renewal of spiritual life. The spiritual renewal, known as the philokalic movement, leaned towards the second solution, building upon the Byzantine hesychastic tradition of the 14th century. This paved the way for a new era of Orthodox spirituality, which significantly influenced thinking and spiritual life in Russia. The movement of spiritual renewal is associated with the translation and publication of manuscripts written by Byzantine niptic authors, which were published in the book Dobrotolublye (gr. Philokalia). This significantly contributed to the spread of the hesychastic tradition in Russia and became an impetus for a return to Byzantine spiritual values. This article examines the spiritual, literary, and cultural activities of the most important centers of Russian Hesychasm, such as Sarov, Valaam, and Optina, and their influence on Russian society, which has not yet been recognized sufficiently.

scholarly journals Heidi's sacrifice, Biene Maya's courage, Pippi Langstrumpf's freedom: Gender stereotypes of traditional and modern German child and youth literature figuresHeidi'nin fedakarlığı, Biene Maya'nın cesareti, Pippi Langstrumpf'un özgürlüğü: Gelenekselden moderne Alman çocuk ve gençlik edebiyatı figürlerinin toplumsal cinsiyet kurguları

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 3366
Author(s):  
Neriman Nüzket Özen
Keyword(s):  
Gender Studies ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Children And Youth ◽  
Western World ◽  
New Era ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
German Child ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Youth Literature

Heidi, Biene Maja and Pippi Langstrumpf books, which are important and well-known works of children and youth literature in the Western World, are also books with quite important functions beyond being mere children 's books. In the 18th century, the great developments of the Enlightenment period have undoubtedly brought certain duties to children’s and youth literature.It has also been a pioneer in the creation of desirable children's images, which sometimes require ideological and sometimes gender-sensitive content due to social conditions.While performing this, they reached their readers with implicit messages or by clearly addressing and communicating their message. The purpose of this study is to find out how these three books, which are included in children’s literature, are actually loaded with different meanings.The points that will be taken into consideration in this process are different characteristics of the texts. Does the Heidi figure act for any specific purpose with the seemingly cute and optimistic attitude? Is Biene Maja just a little girl bee looking for freedom? How did Pippi Langstrumpf start a new era of many years, breaking the authoritarian, didactic and sexist tendencies that dominate child and young girl literature? These questions have been tried to be answered through gender studies as a guide in the process of searching for answers.Extended English abstract is in the end of PDF (TURKISH) file. ÖzetBatı dünyası çocuk ve gençlik edebiyatının önemli ve tanınmış eserlerinden olan Heidi, Biene Maja ve Pippi Langstrumpf kitapları birer çocuk kitabı olmanın ötesinde oldukça önemli işlevleri olan kitaplardır aynı zamanda. 18. Yüzyılda Aydınlanma dönemi ile yaşadığı büyük gelişmeler şüphesiz çocuk ve gençlik edebiyatına belli bazı görevler de yüklemiştir. Kimi zaman ideolojik kimi zaman da toplumsal cinsiyet kurgusunu sağlayan içeriklerle toplumsal şartlar gereği arzu edilen çocuk imgesinin oluşturulmasında da öncü olmuştur. Bunu gerçekleştirirken okurlarına kimi zaman açıkça hitap edip mesajını iletirken kimi zamansa örtük mesajlarla ulaşmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı çocuk edebiyatına dahil edilen bu üç kitabın aslında görünürden farklı ne tür anlamlarla yüklü olduklarını çözümlemektir. Bu süreçte göz önünde bulundurulacak olan noktalar metinlerin birbirinden farklı ne tür karakteristik özellikler taşıdıklarıdır. Heidi figürü görünürdeki sevimli, iyimser tavrı ile her hangi bir amaca yönelik mi hareket eder? Biene Maja sadece özgürlük arayışında olan küçük bir kız arı mıdır? Pippi Langstrumpf uzun yıllar boyunca çocuk ve genç kız edebiyatına hakim olan otoriter, didaktik ve cinsiyetçi eğilimi nasıl kırılmaya uğratarak yeni bir dönem başlatmıştır? Bu sorulara cevap arama sürecinde yol gösterici olarak toplumsal cinsiyet araştırmalarından yola çıkılarak önemli noktalar görünür kılınmaya çalışılmıştır.

Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin, an Enlightener in the Field of Aerostatics

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 631
Author(s):  
Elena Zheltova
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
French Society ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

The first flight of a hot-air balloon was demonstrated in France in 1783. On the wave of the Enlightenment, French society saw this flight as a great and promising scientific invention. However, in 18th century Russia’s culture, the hot-air balloon ascents were only regarded as entertainment. Seeing no practical benefit in hot-air balloons, and apprehensive of the fires they could cause, neither Catherine the Great nor Paul I encouraged any interest in aerostation. After Alexander I became Emperor of Russia (1801), the attitude towards hot-air balloon flights in Russia began to change. In this paper we show that it was the famous Russian historian and author Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin who was the first to introduce the educated part of Russian society to how aerostation was seen in Europe, to the experience and scientific knowledge gained as a result of such flights. This significant fact has eluded both the historians and Karamzin’s biographers. Karamzin’s publications concerned with balloon flights are reviewed in this article for the first time, and analyzed in the context of the history of aerostation, which allows to better understand Karamzin’s contribution to changes in the attitude of Russian society towards hot-air ballooning. It is demonstrated, that Karamzin’s thoughts, implicitly reflected in his choice of texts about hot-air balloon flights, which Karamzin adapted, translated, and published in his famous journal Vestnik Evropy (Herald of Europe), were in line with the overall shift in the attitude towards aerostation in Russia during the first years of the reign of Alexander I.

INTERPRETATION OF SINO-RUSSIAN CULTURE AND HUMANITIES COOPERATION IN THE NEW ERA

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 186-193
Author(s):  
REN YANYAN ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Current Status ◽  
Human Relations ◽  
New Era ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
The People ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Cooperative Partnership ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

The friendship between nations lies in the mutual affinity of the people, and the people’s affinity lies in the communion of hearts. The cultural and humanities cooperation between China and Russia has a long history. In recent years, under the role of the“Belt and Road” initiative, the SCO, and the Sino-Russian Humanities Cooperation Committee, Sino-Russian culture and humanities cooperation has continued to deepen. Entering a new era, taking the opportunity to promote Sino-Russian relations into a “new era China-Russia comprehensive strategic cooperative partnership”, the development of human relations between the two countries has entered a new historical starting point, while also facing a series of problems and challenges. This article is based on the current status of Sino-Russian human relations in the new era, interprets the characteristics of Sino-Russian human relations in the new era, analyzes the problems and challenges of Sino-Russian human relations in the new era, and tries to propose solutions and solutions with a view to further developing Sino-Russian cultural and humanities relations in the new era. It is a useful reference, and provides a reference for future related research, and ultimately helps the Sino-Russian cultural and humanities relations in the new era to be stable and far-reaching.

Vyshnivetsky Castle Library of Prince Mychailo Servaty Vyshnivetsky – Historical Book Heritage and Object of Bibliological and Historical Reconstruction

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 166-182
Author(s):  
Iryna Tsiborovska-Rymarovych
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Cultural Images ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Printed Books ◽  
History Of ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Definition Of

The article has as its object the elucidation of the history of the Vyshnivetsky Castle Library, definition of the content of its fund, its historical and cultural significance, correlation of the founder of the Library Mychailo Servaty Vyshnivetsky with the Book.The Vyshnivetsky Castle Library was formed in the Ukrainian historical region of Volyn’, in the Vyshnivets town – “family nest” of the old Ukrainian noble family of the Vyshnivetskies under the “Korybut” coat of arm. The founder of the Library was Prince Mychailo Servaty Vyshnivetsky (1680–1744) – Grand Hetman and Grand Chancellor of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vilno Voievoda. He was a politician, an erudite and great bibliophile. In the 30th–40th of the 18th century the main Prince’s residence Vyshnivets became an important centre of magnate’s culture in Rich Pospolyta. M. S. Vyshnivetsky’s contemporaries from the noble class and clergy knew quite well about his library and really appreciated it. According to historical documents 5 periods are defined in the Library’s history. In the historical sources the first place is occupied by old-printed books of Library collection and 7 Library manuscript catalogues dating from 1745 up to the 1835 which give information about quantity and topical structures of Library collection.The Library is a historical and cultural symbol of the Enlightenment epoch. The Enlightenment and those particular concepts and cultural images pertaining to that epoch had their effect on the formation of Library’s fund. Its main features are as follow: comprehensive nature of the stock, predominance of French eighteenth century editions, presence of academic books and editions on orientalistics as well as works of the ideologues of the Enlightenment and new kinds of literature, which generated as a result of this movement – encyclopaedias, encyclopaedian dictionaries, almanacs, etc. Besides the universal nature of its stock books on history, social and political thought, fiction were dominating.The reconstruction of the history of Vyshnivetsky’s Library, the historical analysis of the provenances in its editions give us better understanding of the personality of its owners and in some cases their philanthropic activities, and a better ability to identify the role of this Library in the culture life of society in a certain epoch.

Alma Mater Studiorum. O genezie i początkach uniwersytetów

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-22
Author(s):  
Marek Maciejewski
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Canon Law ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Institutions Of Higher Education ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
New Era ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
The 19Th Century

The origin of universities reaches the period of Ancient Greece when philosophy (sophists, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, stoics and others) – the “Queen of sciences”, and the first institutions of higher education (among others, Plato’s Academy, Cassiodorus’ Vivarium, gymnasia) came into existence. Even before the new era, schools having the nature of universities existed also beyond European borders, including those in China and India. In the early Middle Ages, those types of schools functioned in Northern Africa and in the Near East (Baghdad, Cairo, Constantinople, cities of Southern Spain). The first university in the full meaning of the word was founded at the end of the 11th century in Bologna. It was based on a two-tiered education cycle. Following its creation, soon new universities – at first – in Italy, then (in the 12th and 13th century) in other European cities – were established. The author of the article describes their modes of operation, the methods of conducting research and organizing students’ education, the existing student traditions and customs. From the very beginning of the universities’ existence the study of law was part of their curricula, based primarily on the teaching of Roman law and – with time – the canon law. The rise of universities can be dated from the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of modernity. In the 17th and 18th century they underwent a crisis which was successfully overcome at the end of the 19th century and throughout the following one.

A Russian Mystic Faces the Age of Rationalism and Revolution: Thought and Activity of Ivan Vladimirovich Lopukhin

1967 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-188
Author(s):  
Alexander Lipski
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Western Influence ◽  
The World ◽  
Extreme Degree ◽  
State Of Mind

It is generally accepted that even though rationalism was predominant during the eighteenth century, a significant mystical trend was simultaneously present. Thus it was not only the Age of Voltaire, Diderot, and Holbach, but also the Age of St. Martin, Eckartshausen and Madame Guyon. With increased Western influence on Russia, it was natural that Russia too would be affected by these contrary currents. The reforms of Peter the Great, animated by a utilitarian spirit, had brought about a secularization of Russian culture. Father Florovsky aptly summed up the state of mind of the Russian nobility as a result of the Petrine Revolution: “The consciousness of these new people had been extroverted to an extreme degree.” Some of the “new people,” indifferent to their previous Weltanschauung, Orthodoxy, adopted the philosophy of the Enlightenment, “Volter'ianstvo” (Voltairism). But “Volter'ianstvo” with its cult of reason and belief in a remote creator of the “world machine,“ did not permanently satisfy those with deeper religious longings. While conventional Orthodoxy, with its emphasis on external rites, could not fill the spiritual vacuum, Western mysticism, entering Russia chiefly through freemasonry, provided a satisfactory alternative to “Volter'ianstvo.”

The Altar Partition of the Okhtyrka Assumption Cathedral of 1738: The Stylistic Decision and Iconographic Program

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (3) ◽  
pp. 94-98
Author(s):  
V. Shulika ◽  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Large Format ◽  
Sacred Art ◽  
New Era ◽  
Western Ukraine ◽  
History Of ◽  
Internal Influences ◽  
Half Length

The article is dedicated to the iconostasis of the Assumption Cathedral in Okhtyrka (1738). The iconostasis was installed at the expense of O. Lesevytsky (a colonel of Okhtyrka regiment and a brigadier of Sloboda regiments). The icons were painted by Kharkiv icon painter V. Dmitriev. While painting he was working in Kiev‑Pechersk Laura. The iconostasis of the Assumption Cathedral became an example of an innovative decision of altar partitions not only in Slobozhanshchyna, but also in the whole of Ukraine. The altar partitions reflected the stylistic innovations relevant for the first half of the 18th century – a combination of Rococo and Classicism. The iconostasis of 1738 demonstrates that the spread of these styles in Slobozhanshchyna took place much earlier than in Central and Western Ukraine, and the sacred art of Slobozhanshchyna regiments had its own path of development. The iconostasis of the Assumption Cathedral became the first altar partition, which broke with traditional for Ukraine and, in particular, for Slobozhanshchyna, stylistic and iconographic decisions of altar partitions. It can be considered the first altar partition, which opens a new era in the history of Ukrainian iconostasis. A new solution for iconostasis in Slobozhanshchyna was the introduction of the metric type in the construction of tiers (the rhythmic type was traditionally used before that), the elimination of the Deisus tier, which was replaced by a large-format Holiday tier. The iconostasis also shows internal influences. Thus, the Sovereign tier of the iconostasis presented images of Christ, the Birth‑Giver of God and saints, depicted in full length, which was widespread in Kyiv and had not previously been typical in Slobozhanshchyna (traditionally the Sovereign (bottom) tier of the iconostasis in Slobozhanshchyna consisted of half‑length images). A new solution of the Sovereign tier of the iconostasis was probably proposed by V. Dmitriev, who could transfer part of Kyiv icon-painting tradition to Slobozhanshchyna.

Heinrich Gross of Würtemberg: A Diplomat on Elizabeth Petrovna's Service

2021 ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Maksim Anisimov
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

Heinrich Gross was a diplomat of the Empress of Russia Elizabeth Petrovna, a foreigner on the Russian service who held some of the most important diplomatic posts of her reign. As the head of Russian diplomatic missions in European countries, he was an immediate participant in the rupture of both Franco-Russian and Russo-Prussian diplomatic relations and witnessed the beginning of the Seven Years' War, while in the capital of Saxony, besieged by Prussian troops. After that H. Gross was one of the members of the collective leadership of the Russian Collegium of Foreign Affairs. So far there is only one biographic essay about him written in the 19th century. The aims of this article are threefold. Using both published foreign affairs-related documentation and diplomatic documents stored in the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire, it attempts to systematize the materials of the biography of this important participant in international events. It also seeks to assess his professional qualities and get valuable insight into his role both in the major events of European politics and in the implementation of the foreign policy of the Russian Empire in the mid-18th century. Moreover, the account of the diplomatic career of H. Gross presented in this essay aims to generate genuine interest among researchers in the personality and professional activities of one of the most brilliant Russian diplomats of the Enlightenment Era.

The Quest for a Global Age of Reason. Part II: Cultural Appropriation and Racism in the Name of Enlightenment

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-155
Author(s):  
Dag Herbjørnsrud ◽  
Keyword(s):  
White Supremacy ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Founding Fathers ◽  
Phillis Wheatley ◽  
Age Of Reason ◽  
Methodological Nationalism ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Global Age ◽  
Age Of Enlightenment

The Age of Enlightenment is more global and complex than the standard Eurocentric Colonial Canon narrative presents. For example, before the advent of unscientific racism and the systematic negligence of the contributions of Others outside of “White Europe,” Raphael centered Ibn Rushd (Averroes) in his Vatican fresco “Causarum Cognitio” (1511); the astronomer Edmund Halley taught himself Arabic to be more enlightened; The Royal Society of London acknowledged the scientific method developed by Ibn Al-Haytham (Alhazen). In addition, if we study the Transatlantic texts of the late 18th century, it is not Kant, but instead enlightened thinkers like Anton Wilhelm Amo (born in present-day’s Ghana), Phillis Wheatley (Senegal region), and Toussaint L’Ouverture (Haiti), who mostly live up to the ideals of reason, humanism, universalism, and human rights. One obstacle to developing a more balanced presentation of the Age of the Enlightenment is the influence of colonialism, Eurocentrism, and methodological nationalism. Consequently, this paper, part II of two, will also deal with the European Enlightenment’s unscientific heritage of scholarly racism from the 1750s. It will be demonstrated how Linnaeus, Hume, Kant, and Hegel were among the Founding Fathers of intellectual white supremacy within the Academy. Hence, the Age of Enlightenment is not what we are taught to believe. This paper will demonstrate how the lights from different “Global Enlightenments” can illuminate paths forward to more dialogue and universalism in the 21st century.

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