scholarly journals Towards Robust Calculation of Interannual CO2 Growth Signal from TCCON (Total Carbon Column Observing Network)

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 3868
Author(s):  
Lev D. Labzovskii ◽  
Samuel Takele Kenea ◽  
Hannakaisa Lindqvist ◽  
Jinwon Kim ◽  
Shanlan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Data Sampling ◽  
Enso Events ◽  
Multiple Data ◽  
Primary Driver ◽  
Global Coverage ◽  
Data Gap ◽  
Irregular Data

The CO2 growth rate is one of the key geophysical quantities reflecting the dynamics of climate change as atmospheric CO2 growth is the primary driver of global warming. As recent studies have shown that TCCON (Total Carbon Column Observing Network) measurement footprints embrace quasi-global coverage, we examined the sensitivity of TCCON to the global CO2 growth. To this end, we used the aggregated TCCON observations (2006-2019) to retrieve Annual Growth Rate of CO2 (AGR) at global scales. The global AGR estimates from TCCON (AGRTCCON) are robust and independent, from (a) the station-wise seasonality, from (b) the differences in time series across the TCCON stations, and from (c) the type of TCCON stations used in the calculation (“background” or “contaminated” by neighboring CO2 sources). The AGRTCCON potential error, due to the irregular data sampling is relatively low (2.4–17.9%). In 2006–2019, global AGRTCCON ranged from the minimum of 1.59 ± 2.27 ppm (2009) to the maximum of 3.27 ± 0.82 ppm (2016), whereas the uncertainties express sub-annual variability and the data gap effects. The global AGRTCCON magnitude is similar to the reference AGR from satellite data (AGRSAT = 1.57–2.94 ppm) and the surface-based estimates of Global Carbon Budget (AGRGCB = 1.57–2.85). The highest global CO2 growth rate (2015/2016), caused by the record El Niño, was nearly perfectly reproduced by the TCCON (AGRTCCON = 3.27 ± 0.82 ppm vs. AGRSAT = 3.23 ± 0.50 ppm). The overall agreement between global AGRTCCON with the AGR references was yet weakened (r = 0.37 for TCCON vs. SAT; r = 0.50 for TCCON vs. GCB) due to two years (2008, 2015). We identified the drivers of this disagreement; in 2008, when only few stations were available worldwide, the AGRTCCON uncertainties were excessively high (AGRTCCON = 2.64 ppm with 3.92 ppm or 148% uncertainty). Moreover, in 2008 and 2015, the ENSO-driven bias between global AGRTCCON and the AGR references were detected. TCCON-to-reference agreement is dramatically increased if the years with ENSO-related biases (2008, 2015) are forfeited (r = 0.67 for TCCON vs. SAT, r = 0.82 for TCCON vs. GCB). To conclude, this is the first study that showed promising ability of aggregated TCCON signal to capture global CO2 growth. As the TCCON coverage is expanding, and new versions of TCCON data are being published, multiple data sampling strategies, dynamically changing TCCON global measurement footprint, and the irregular sensitivity of AGRTCCON to strong ENSO events; all should be analyzed to transform the current efforts into a first operational algorithm for retrieving global CO2 growth from TCCON data.

Ageing Saudi Population in the Facebook Era

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asharaf Abdul Salam
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Population Ageing ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Saudi Population ◽  
Aged Population ◽  
Facebook Usage

<p>Data pertaining to 1974, 1992, 2004 and 2010 Censuses in Saudi Arabia was collected. Some reviews and literature on population ageing in Saudi Arabia as well as Facebook usage obtained. Statistics pertaining to Saudi population was utilized.</p> <p>Aged population in 2010 estimated by assuming the annual growth rate of 1974-2004.</p>

scholarly journals Association between triglyceride-glucose index and risk of arterial stiffness: a cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shouling Wu ◽  
Luli Xu ◽  
Mingyang Wu ◽  
Shuohua Chen ◽  
Youjie Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Arterial Stiffness ◽  
Multivariate Linear Regression ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tyg Index ◽  
Longitudinal Association ◽  
The Cross

Abstract Background Triglyceride–glucose (TyG) index, a simple surrogate marker of insulin resistance, has been reported to be associated with arterial stiffness. However, previous studies were limited by the cross-sectional design. The purpose of this study was to explore the longitudinal association between TyG index and progression of arterial stiffness. Methods A total of 6028 participants were derived from the Kailuan study. TyG index was calculated as ln [fasting triglyceride (mg/dL) × fasting glucose (mg/dL)/2]. Arterial stiffness was measured using brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). Arterial stiffness progression was assessed by the annual growth rate of repeatedly measured baPWV. Multivariate linear regression models were used to estimate the cross-sectional association of TyG index with baPWV, and Cox proportional hazard models were used to investigate the longitudinal association between TyG index and the risk of arterial stiffness. Results Multivariate linear regression analyses showed that each one unit increase in the TyG index was associated with a 39 cm/s increment (95%CI, 29–48 cm/s, P < 0.001) in baseline baPWV and a 0.29 percent/year increment (95%CI, 0.17–0.42 percent/year, P < 0.001) in the annual growth rate of baPWV. During 26,839 person-years of follow-up, there were 883 incident cases with arterial stiffness. Participants in the highest quartile of TyG index had a 58% higher risk of arterial stiffness (HR, 1.58; 95%CI, 1.25–2.01, P < 0.001), as compared with those in the lowest quartile of TyG index. Additionally, restricted cubic spline analysis showed a significant dose–response relationship between TyG index and the risk of arterial stiffness (P non-linearity = 0.005). Conclusion Participants with a higher TyG index were more likely to have a higher risk of arterial stiffness. Subjects with a higher TyG index should be aware of the following risk of arterial stiffness progression, so as to establish lifestyle changes at an early stage.

scholarly journals Estimation of the feeding record of pregnant Antarctic minke whales (Balaenoptera bonaerensis) using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis of baleen plates

Polar Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 621-629
Author(s):  
Mayuka Uchida ◽  
Ippei Suzuki ◽  
Keizo Ito ◽  
Mayumi Ishizuka ◽  
Yoshinori Ikenaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Antarctic Krill ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Pleuragramma Antarcticum ◽  
Minke Whales ◽  
Balaenoptera Bonaerensis ◽  
The Antarctic

AbstractAntarctic minke whales (Balaenoptera bonaerensis) are migratory capital breeders that experience intensive summer feeding on Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) in the Southern Ocean and winter breeding at lower latitudes, but their prey outside of the Antarctic is unknown. Stable isotope analyses were conducted on δ13C and δ15N from the baleen plates of ten pregnant Antarctic minke whales to understand the growth rate of the baleen plate and their diet in lower latitudes. Two to three oscillations along the length of the edge of the baleen plate were observed in δ15N, and the annual growth rate was estimated to be 75.2 ± 20.4 mm, with a small amplitude (0.97 ± 0.21 ‰). Bayesian stable isotope mixing models were used to understand the dominant prey that contributed to the isotopic component of the baleen plate using Antarctic krill from the stomach contents and reported values of Antarctic coastal krill (Euphausia crystallorophias), Antarctic silver fish (Pleuragramma antarcticum), Australian krill spp., and Australian pelagic fish spp.. The models showed that the diet composition of the most recent three records from the base of the baleen plates (model 1) and the highest δ15N values in each baleen plate (model 2) were predominantly Antarctic krill, with a contribution rate of approximately 80%. The rates were approximately 10% for Antarctic coastal krill and less than 2.0% for the two Australian prey groups in both models. These results suggest that pregnant Antarctic minke whales did not feed on enough prey outside of the Antarctic to change the stable isotope values in their baleen plates.

Abstract TP80: Incidence And Risk Factors For The Growth And Rupture Of Unruptured Cerebral Aneurysms. Results Of Annual Radiologic Follow Up Study.

Stroke ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsumi Matsumoto ◽  
Kouichirou Tsuruzono ◽  
Manabu Sasaki ◽  
Noriyasu Yoshimura ◽  
Toshiki Yoshimine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Cerebral Aneurysms ◽  
Aneurysm Rupture ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Rupture Rate ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Unruptured Cerebral Aneurysms

Background: The recent trend of the treatment of unruptured cerebral aneurysms(UIAs) is going to be conservative. Their natural history of rupture and growth is still unkown. We present the results of annual radiological follow-up study in UIAs. Method: In recent 12 years, we have found 121patients with 148 unruptured cerebral aneurysms were followed annually using 3D-CTA or MRA. Mean follow-up period was 5.5 year. Several factors influencing rupture or growth were statistically examined. Results: Among 121 patients, 9 ruptured and 11 showed growth of UIAs. Annual rupture rate was 1.3% per year and annual growth rate was 1.6% per year. Aneurysm size was the sole factor influencing rupture(P<0.001), whereas female sex and multiplicity were major factors influencing aneurysm growth(P<0.05). Under size 3mm, annual growth rate was 3.0% whereas annual rupture rate was 0.7%. In 4-6mm, growth rate was 1.6% and rupture rate was 1.6%. In 7-9mm, growth rate was 0 and rupture rate was 5.8%. In over 10mm, growth rate was 2.9% and rupture rate was 11.6%. Within 1 year, rupture occurred in 4 cases, and growth was found in 1 case. Conclusions: By annual radiological examination, growth of UIAs was noted more frequently than aneurysm rupture. Especially UIAs under 3mm, growth was 4 times higher than rupture, radiological follow up is effective for aneurysm rupture. Within 1 year, initially found UIAs should be carefully followed in a short interval.

scholarly journals BRITISH JOURNAL OF CANCER: A SCIENTOMETRIC STUDY

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 98-102
Author(s):  
Senthilkumar R ◽  
Muthukrishnan M
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
British Journal ◽  
Research Productivity ◽  
Scientific Publication ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Document Type ◽  
Author Productivity ◽  
Research Document ◽  
Scientometric Study ◽  
Rate Research

The present study examined scientific publication research productivity in British journal of cancer for a period of selected 11 years between 2005 and 2015.Making  use of various scientometric indicators likethe annual growth rate, research document type, author productivity, Degree of collaboration, country wise Distribution, Institution wise distributionwas also used to analyze the data and interpretation. The study reveals that total 6818records were published in the 264 issues of the journal.

scholarly journals Epidemiological Aspects of Overweight and Obesity among the Adult Population of the Voronezh Region

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-87
Author(s):  
N. V. Gabbasova ◽  
N. V. Dzen
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Comparative Assessment ◽  
Average Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Ideal Weight ◽  
Voronezh Region ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity

Relevance Obesity has a major impact on the health and well-being of the population, and the prevention of overweight and obesity is a public health priority in many countries around the world.Purpose: was to study the prevalence of obesity among the adult population of the Voronezh region for the period 1996 – 2017, a comparative assessment of the structure of eating behavior in people with normal weight and overweight/obesity.Methods. The research material was data the annual form No. 12 of Rosstat for 1996 through 2017. In order to study eating disorders, 150 people aged from 20 to 61 years were surveyed using the Dutch questionnaire. The main types of eating behavior among the respondents were determined. Ideal weight was calculated by Brock's field formula (1891), the upper limit of normal body weight was considered ideal weight plus 15% ideal weight. Statistical data processing was performed using Microsoft Excel 2007.Results. The study on the prevalence of obesity was conducted among the adult population of the Voronezh region for the period 1996-2017. The Prevalence of obesity over the period studied has increased by 8 times, the average annual growth rate over the last 4 years was 30,04%. The study of the types of food behavior in respondents with normal and overweight / obesity showed that in most cases the respondents observed pathological types (most often mixed and external). A comparative assessment of the types of eating behavior did not show any significant differences between the groups.Conclusions. The increase in the prevalence of obesity, the high average annual growth rate indicates the increased impact of risk factors on the formation of obesity and the ineffectiveness of the strategy and tactics of dealing with this pathology. The absence of significant differences in the structure of eating behavior does not allow us to consider it a risk factor for obesity. 

scholarly journals The consistency between observations (TCCON, surface measurements and satellites) and CO<sub>2</sub> models in reproducing global CO<sub>2</sub> growth rate

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lev D. Labzovskii ◽  
Samuel Takele Kenea ◽  
Jinwon Kim ◽  
Haeyoung Lee ◽  
Shanlan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Global Carbon Budget ◽  
Primary Driver ◽  
Surface Measurements ◽  
Growth References ◽  
Global Carbon

Abstract. Atmospheric CO2 growth is the primary driver of the global warming and the rate of this growth is a valuable indicator of the interannual changes in carbon cycle. Despite atmospheric CO2 growth rate had been considered as the well-known quantity, the latest findings indicated that CO2 models can considerably disagree in reproducing this rate. This study is aimed to advance our knowledge about temporal and spatial variations of annual CO2 growth rate (AGR) by using CO2 observations from the Total Column Observing Network (TCCON), CO2 simulations from Carbon Tracker (CT) and Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring System (CAMS) models being compared with the previously-reported global references of AGR from Global Carbon Budget (GCB) and satellite observations (SAT) for 2004–2019 years. TCCON and the CO2 models revealed temporal AGR variations (AGRTCCON = 1.71–3.35 ppm, AGRCT = 1.64–3.15 ppm, AGRCAMS = 1.66–3.13 ppm) of very similar magnitude to the global CO2 growth references (AGRGCB = 1.59–3.23 ppm, AGRSAT = 1.55–2.92 ppm). However, AGRTCCON estimates agree well with the references only during the 2010s (correlation coefficient, r = 0.68 vs GCB and r = 0.75 vs SAT) as the TCCON observational coverage has been substantially expanded since 2009. Moreover, AGRTCCON reasonably agrees (r = 0.67) with the strength of El-Nino Southern Oscillations (ENSO) in the 2010s. The highest atmospheric CO2 growth (2015–2016) driven by the very strong El-Nino was accurately reproduced by TCCON which provided AGR of 2015–2016 years (3.29 ± 0.98 ppm) in very close agreement to the AGRSAT reference (3.23 ± 0.50 ppm). We further validated AGR simulations (CT and CAMS) versus the newly-acquired AGRTCCON (as point-location reference) for every TCCON site and found low agreement between the models and TCCON (r  0.98). From spatial perspective, the highest AGR estimates (> 20 % from the median) were observed in the regions of intense fossil fuel combustion (East Asia) or biomass burning (Amazon, Central Africa). Lack of ideal correlation and small disagreement between CT and CAMS (

scholarly journals Biofuel plant species and the contribution of genetic improvement

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (spe) ◽  
pp. 16-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Antônio dos Santos Dias
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Environmental Security ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Improvement Programs

The paper analyses the puzzle of the food-energy-environmental security interaction, to which biofuels are part of the solution. It presents and discusses the contribution of genetic improvement to biofuels, with regard to the production of raw materials (oil and ethanol-producing plant species) and designs perspectives, opportunities, risks and challenges, with a special focus on the Brazilian scene. Bioethanol is a consolidated biofuel owing largely to the sugarcane breeding programs. These programs released 111 sugarcane cultivars and were responsible for a 20.8 % gain in productivity of bioethanol (in m³ ha-1) between 2000 and 2009. The program of Brazilian biodiesel production, initiated in 2005, had an annual growth rate of 10 % and the country is already the world's fourth largest producer. However, the contribution of breeding to biodiesel production is still modest, due to the lack of specific improvement programs for oil.

The Impact of COVID-19 on Energy Consumption in the United States: An Overview

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey Kahn ◽  
Hamidreza Najafi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
The United States ◽  
Average Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
End User ◽  
End Use ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Lockdown measures and mobility restrictions implemented to combat the spread of the novel COVID-19 virus have impacted energy consumption patterns, particularly in the United States. A review of available data and literature on the impact of the pandemic on energy consumption is performed to understand the current knowledge on this topic. The overall decline of energy use during lockdown restrictions can best be identified through the analysis of energy consumption by source and end-user breakdown. Using monthly energy consumption data, the total 9-months use between January and September for the years 2015–2020 are calculated for each end-use. The cumulative consumption within these 9 months of the petroleum, natural gas, biomass, and electricity energy by the various end-use sectors are compared to identify a shift in use throughout time with the calculation of the percent change from 2019 to 2020. The analysis shows that the transportation sector experienced the most dramatic decline, having a subsequent impact on the primary energy it uses. A steep decline in the use of petroleum and natural gas by the transportation sector has had an inevitable impact on the emission of carbon dioxide and other air pollutants during the pandemic. Additionally, the most current data for the consumption of electricity by each state and each end-user in the times before and during the pandemic highlights the impact of specific lockdown procedures on energy use. The average total consumption for each state was found for the years 2015–2019. This result is used calculation of yearly growth rate and average annual growth rate in 2020 for each state and end-user. The total average annual growth rate for 2020 was used to find a correlation coefficient between COVID-19 case and death rates as well as population density and lockdown duration. To further examine the relationship a correlation coefficient was calculated between the 2020 average annual growth rate for all sectors and average annual growth rate for each individual end-user.

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