scholarly journals Epistemic Network Analyses of Economics Students’ Graph Understanding: An Eye-Tracking Study

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (23) ◽  
pp. 6908
Author(s):  
Sebastian Brückner ◽  
Jan Schneider ◽  
Olga Zlatkin-Troitschanskaia ◽  
Hendrik Drachsler
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Domain Specific Knowledge ◽  
Multiple Graph ◽  
Insight Into

Learning to solve graph tasks is one of the key prerequisites of acquiring domain-specific knowledge in most study domains. Analyses of graph understanding often use eye-tracking and focus on analyzing how much time students spend gazing at particular areas of a graph—Areas of Interest (AOIs). To gain a deeper insight into students’ task-solving process, we argue that the gaze shifts between students’ fixations on different AOIs (so-termed transitions) also need to be included in holistic analyses of graph understanding that consider the importance of transitions for the task-solving process. Thus, we introduced Epistemic Network Analysis (ENA) as a novel approach to analyze eye-tracking data of 23 university students who solved eight multiple-choice graph tasks in physics and economics. ENA is a method for quantifying, visualizing, and interpreting network data allowing a weighted analysis of the gaze patterns of both correct and incorrect graph task solvers considering the interrelations between fixations and transitions. After an analysis of the differences in the number of fixations and the number of single transitions between correct and incorrect solvers, we conducted an ENA for each task. We demonstrate that an isolated analysis of fixations and transitions provides only a limited insight into graph solving behavior. In contrast, ENA identifies differences between the gaze patterns of students who solved the graph tasks correctly and incorrectly across the multiple graph tasks. For instance, incorrect solvers shifted their gaze from the graph to the x-axis and from the question to the graph comparatively more often than correct solvers. The results indicate that incorrect solvers often have problems transferring textual information into graphical information and rely more on partly irrelevant parts of a graph. Finally, we discuss how the findings can be used to design experimental studies and for innovative instructional procedures in higher education.

scholarly journals Spatial and time domain analysis of eye-tracking data during screening of brain magnetic resonance images

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0260717
Author(s):  
Abdulla Al Suman ◽  
Carlo Russo ◽  
Ann Carrigan ◽  
Patrick Nalepka ◽  
Benoit Liquet-Weiland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Time Domain Analysis ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Images ◽  
Fluctuation Analysis ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Geometrical Complexity ◽  
Gaze Patterns

Introduction Eye-tracking research has been widely used in radiology applications. Prior studies exclusively analysed either temporal or spatial eye-tracking features, both of which alone do not completely characterise the spatiotemporal dynamics of radiologists’ gaze features. Purpose Our research aims to quantify human visual search dynamics in both domains during brain stimuli screening to explore the relationship between reader characteristics and stimuli complexity. The methodology can be used to discover strategies to aid trainee radiologists in identifying pathology, and to select regions of interest for machine vision applications. Method The study was performed using eye-tracking data 5 seconds in duration from 57 readers (15 Brain-experts, 11 Other-experts, 5 Registrars and 26 Naïves) for 40 neuroradiological images as stimuli (i.e., 20 normal and 20 pathological brain MRIs). The visual scanning patterns were analysed by calculating the fractal dimension (FD) and Hurst exponent (HE) using re-scaled range (R/S) and detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) methods. The FD was used to measure the spatial geometrical complexity of the gaze patterns, and the HE analysis was used to measure participants’ focusing skill. The focusing skill is referred to persistence/anti-persistence of the participants’ gaze on the stimulus over time. Pathological and normal stimuli were analysed separately both at the “First Second” and full “Five Seconds” viewing duration. Results All experts were more focused and a had higher visual search complexity compared to Registrars and Naïves. This was seen in both the pathological and normal stimuli in the first and five second analyses. The Brain-experts subgroup was shown to achieve better focusing skill than Other-experts due to their domain specific expertise. Indeed, the FDs found when viewing pathological stimuli were higher than those in normal ones. Viewing normal stimuli resulted in an increase of FD found in five second data, unlike pathological stimuli, which did not change. In contrast to the FDs, the scanpath HEs of pathological and normal stimuli were similar. However, participants’ gaze was more focused for “Five Seconds” than “First Second” data. Conclusions The HE analysis of the scanpaths belonging to all experts showed that they have greater focus than Registrars and Naïves. This may be related to their higher visual search complexity than non-experts due to their training and expertise.

scholarly journals “Seeing” Data Like an Expert: An Eye-Tracking Study Using Graphical Data Representations

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. ar32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Harsh ◽  
Molly Campillo ◽  
Caylin Murray ◽  
Christina Myers ◽  
John Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Student Difficulties ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Search Patterns ◽  
Data Representations ◽  
Domain Specific Knowledge ◽  
Prior Literature

Given the centrality of data visualizations in communicating scientific information, increased emphasis has been placed on the development of students’ graph literacy—the ability to generate and interpret data representations—to foster understanding of domain-specific knowledge and the successful navigation of everyday life. Despite prior literature that identifies student difficulties and methods to improve graphing competencies, there is little understanding as to how learners develop these skills. To gain a better resolution of the cognitive basis by which individuals “see” graphs, this study uses eye tracking (ET) to compare the strategies of non–science undergraduates ( n = 9), early ( n = 7) and advanced ( n = 8) biology undergraduates, graduate students ( n = 6), and science faculty ( n = 6) in making sense of data displays. Results highlight variation in how individuals direct their attention (i.e., fixations and visual search patterns) when completing graph-based tasks as a function of science expertise. As research on the transition from novice to expert is crucially important in understanding how we might design curricula that help novices move toward more expert-like performance, this study has implications for the advancement of new strategies to aid the teaching and learning of data analysis skills.

scholarly journals The Impact of Mastectomy on Women’s Visual Perception of Breast Aesthetics and Symmetry: A Pilot Eye-Tracking Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 850-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Pietruski ◽  
Bartłomiej Noszczyk ◽  
Adriana M Paskal ◽  
Wiktor Paskal ◽  
Łukasz Paluch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Breast Cancer Survivors ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Areola Complex ◽  
Initial Fixation ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Little is known about breast cancer survivors’ perception of breast attractiveness. A better understanding of this subjective concept could contribute to the improvement of patient-reported outcomes after reconstructive surgeries and facilitate the development of new methods for assessing breast reconstruction outcomes. Objectives The aim of this eye-tracking (ET)-based study was to verify whether mastectomy altered women’s visual perception of breast aesthetics and symmetry. Methods A group of 30 women after unilateral mastectomy and 30 healthy controls evaluated the aesthetics and symmetry of various types of female breasts displayed as highly standardized digital images. Gaze patterns of women from the study groups were recorded using an ET system and subjected to a comparative analysis. Results Regardless of the study group, the longest fixation duration and the highest fixation number were found in the nipple-areola complex. This area was also the most common region of the initial fixation. Several significant between-group differences were identified; the gaze patterns of women after mastectomy were generally characterized by longer fixation times for the inframammary fold, lower pole, and upper half of the breast. Conclusions Mastectomy might affect women’s visual perception patterns during the evaluation of breast aesthetics and symmetry. ET data might improve our understanding of breast attractiveness and constitute the basis for a new reliable method for the evaluation of outcomes of reconstructive breast surgeries.

scholarly journals LO82: Exploring eye-tracking technology to assess competency in point-of-care ultrasound

CJEM ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (S1) ◽  
pp. S37-S37
Author(s):  
W. Lee ◽  
J. Chenkin
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Average Duration ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Point Of Care Ultrasound ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Gaze Patterns

Introduction: Assessment of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) competency has been reliant on practical, visual and written examinations performed 1-on-1 with an examiner. These tools attempt to assess competency through subjective ratings, checklists and multiple-choice questions that are labour intensive using surrogate measures. Eye-tracking has been used on a limited basis in various fields of medicine for training and assessment. This technology explores visual processing and holds great promise as a tool to monitor training progress towards the development of expertise. We hypothesize that eye-tracking may differentiate novices and experts as they progress to become competent in interpretation of POCUS images and provide an objective measure in assessment of competency. Methods: Medical students, residents and attending physicians working in an academic emergency department were recruited. Participants viewed a series of 16 ultrasound video clips in a POCUS protocol for Focused Assessment using Sonography in Trauma (FAST). The gaze pattern of the participants was recorded using a commercially available eye-tracking device. The primary outcome was the gaze parameters including total gaze time in the area of interest (AOI), average time to fixation on the AOI, number of fixations in the AOI and average duration of first fixation on the AOI. Secondary outcome was the accuracy on the interpretation of the FAST scan. Results: Four novices and eight experts completed this study. The total gaze time in the AOI (mean +/- SD) was 76.72 +/- 18.84s among experts vs 53.64 +/- 10.33s among novices (p = 0.048), average time to fixation on the AOI was 0.561 +/- 0.319s vs 1.048 +/- 0.280s (p = 0.027), number of fixations in the AOI was 158.9 +/- 29.0 vs 121.8 +/- 17.5 (p = 0.042) and average duration of first fixation was 0.444 +/- 0.119s vs 0.390 +/- 0.024s (p = 0.402). The accuracy of the answers was 79.7 +/- 14.1% vs 45.3 +/- 21.9% (p = 0.007). Conclusion: In this pilot study, eye tracking shows potential to differentiate between POCUS experts and novices by their gaze patterns. Gaze patterns captured by eye tracking may not necessarily translate to cognitive processing. However, it allows educators to visualise the thought processes of the learner by their gaze patterns and provide insight on how to guide them towards competency. Future studies are needed to further validate the metrics for competency in POCUS applications.

scholarly journals Cognitive Neuroscience Tools in Economic Experiments Investigating the Decision Making Process

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-169
Author(s):  
Anna Borawska
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Experimental Economics ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Economic Experiments ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractExperimental economics utilises a lot of different techniques to support its research. Applying computers and IT has already become common. As a novel approach the use of cognitive neuroscience tools is now being considered. Investigating the neurophysiological signals of experiment participants can give researchers a deeper insight into a decision making process. The aim of the article is to show how neuroscience techniques can contribute to economic experiments, especially those concerning decision making. The overview and presentation of the possibilities of such tools is shown regarding different stages of the decision making process and related experimental studies. The proposed analysis could allow for the better design of economic experiments conducted with the use of the most up-to date technology available.

Shared Visual Attention Reduces Hindsight Bias

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 1524-1533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daw-An Wu ◽  
Shinsuke Shimojo ◽  
Stephanie W. Wang ◽  
Colin F. Camerer
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Hindsight Bias ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Judgment Bias ◽  
Shared Attention ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Gaze Patterns

Hindsight bias is the tendency to retrospectively think of outcomes as being more foreseeable than they actually were. It is a robust judgment bias and is difficult to correct (or “debias”). In the experiments reported here, we used a visual paradigm in which performers decided whether blurred photos contained humans. Evaluators, who saw the photos unblurred and thus knew whether a human was present, estimated the proportion of participants who guessed whether a human was present. The evaluators exhibited visual hindsight bias in a way that matched earlier data from judgments of historical events surprisingly closely. Using eye tracking, we showed that a higher correlation between the gaze patterns of performers and evaluators (shared attention) is associated with lower hindsight bias. This association was validated by a causal method for debiasing: Showing the gaze patterns of the performers to the evaluators as they viewed the stimuli reduced the extent of hindsight bias.

scholarly journals Navigating Through the Experienced Environment: Insights From Mobile Eye Tracking

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 286-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koraly Pérez-Edgar ◽  
Leigha A. MacNeill ◽  
Xiaoxue Fu
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Mobile Eye Tracking

Researchers are acutely interested in how people engage in social interactions and navigate their environment. However, in striving for experimental or laboratory control, we often instead present individuals with representations of social and environmental constructs and infer how they would behave in more dynamic and contingent interactions. Mobile eye tracking (MET) is one approach to connecting the laboratory to the experienced environment. MET superimposes gaze patterns captured through head- or eyeglass-mounted cameras pointed at the eyes onto a separate camera that captures the visual field. As a result, MET allows researchers to examine the world from the point of view of the individual in action. This review touches on the methods and questions that can be asked with this approach, illustrating how MET can provide new insight into social, behavioral, and cognitive processes from infancy through old age.

Validation of virtual reality system based on eye-tracking technologies to support clinical assessment of glaucoma

2020 ◽  
pp. 112067212097604
Author(s):  
Ignacio Martínez-Almeida Nistal ◽  
Paula Lampreave Acebes ◽  
José María Martínez-de-la-Casa ◽  
Patricia Sánchez-González
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Search Time ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Dynamic Task ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Patients Experience

Aim: The aim was to develop and implement a virtual reality tool based on eye-tracking technologies that allow to evaluate the characteristics of the gaze patterns of glaucoma patients in order to have a better understanding of the limitations that these patients experience in their daily life. Setting: This study took place on the Ophthalmology department of Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain. Methods: In total, 56 participants collaborated in the study. They were divided in two groups, a group composed of 33 glaucoma patients selected by the Ophthalmology department and a control group composed of 23 healthy individuals. Both groups completed two virtual tasks while their gaze was being monitored. The first task, defined as “static” consisted in two exercises based on the observation of images. The second task, defined as “dynamic,” consisted in a virtual driving simulator. Number of fixations, fixations duration, saccades amplitude and velocity, fixations/saccades ratio, total execution time, and other specific metrics were measured. These are the total search time for the second exercise of the first task and the number of collisions for the dynamic task. In addition, the dispersion of fixations was also discussed. Results: For the two exercises of the static task, patients exhibited significative differences in terms of number of fixations ( p = 0.012 in free observation exercise), mean saccadic velocity ( p = 0.023 and 0.017), fixations/saccades ratio ( p = 0.035 and 0.04), and also the search and total execution times of the visual search exercise ( p = 0.004 and 0.027, respectively). For the dynamic task, significative differences were found on average saccades amplitude ( p = 0.02), average saccades velocity ( p = 0.03), and the number of collisions ( p = 0.02). Conclusion: The results show that eye-tracking technologies can be used as a tool for evaluating the gaze patterns of glaucoma patients and differentiate them of healthy individuals. However, further studies with a larger cohort of participants and additional tasks are needed.

‘I’m an expert in me and I know what I can cope with’: Patient expertise in rheumatoid arthritis

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tessa Sanderson ◽  
Jo Angouri
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Healthcare Systems ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Access To Health ◽  
Patient Expertise ◽  
Domain Specific Knowledge ◽  
The Uk

The active involvement of patients in decision-making and the focus on patient expertise in managing chronic illness constitutes a priority in many healthcare systems including the NHS in the UK. With easier access to health information, patients are almost expected to be (or present self) as an ‘expert patient’ (Ziebland 2004). This paper draws on the meta-analysis of interview data collected for identifying treatment outcomes important to patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Taking a discourse approach to identity, the discussion focuses on the resources used in the negotiation and co-construction of expert identities, including domain-specific knowledge, access to institutional resources, and ability to self-manage. The analysis shows that expertise is both projected (institutionally sanctioned) and claimed by the patient (self-defined). We close the paper by highlighting the limitations of our pilot study and suggest avenues for further research.

scholarly journals Dynamic scan paths investigations under manual and highly automated driving

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan Navarro ◽  
Otto Lappi ◽  
François Osiurak ◽  
Emma Hernout ◽  
Catherine Gabaude ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Human Locomotion ◽  
Visual Scanning ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Visual Inputs ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Gaze Behaviour ◽  
Scan Paths ◽  
Highly Automated Driving

AbstractActive visual scanning of the scene is a key task-element in all forms of human locomotion. In the field of driving, steering (lateral control) and speed adjustments (longitudinal control) models are largely based on drivers’ visual inputs. Despite knowledge gained on gaze behaviour behind the wheel, our understanding of the sequential aspects of the gaze strategies that actively sample that input remains restricted. Here, we apply scan path analysis to investigate sequences of visual scanning in manual and highly automated simulated driving. Five stereotypical visual sequences were identified under manual driving: forward polling (i.e. far road explorations), guidance, backwards polling (i.e. near road explorations), scenery and speed monitoring scan paths. Previously undocumented backwards polling scan paths were the most frequent. Under highly automated driving backwards polling scan paths relative frequency decreased, guidance scan paths relative frequency increased, and automation supervision specific scan paths appeared. The results shed new light on the gaze patterns engaged while driving. Methodological and empirical questions for future studies are discussed.

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