scholarly journals Model Prediction of Secondary Soil Salinization in the Keriya Oasis, Northwest China

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jumeniyaz Seydehmet ◽  
Guang Lv ◽  
Ilyas Nurmemet ◽  
Tayierjiang Aishan ◽  
Abdulla Abliz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Flow ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Vegetation Coverage ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Groundwater Exploitation ◽  
Soil Salt ◽  
The Future ◽  
Near Term ◽  
Negative Impacts

Significant anthropogenic and biophysical changes have caused fluctuations in the soil salinization area of the Keriya Oasis in China. The Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) sustainability framework and Bayesian networks (BNs) were used to integrate information from anthropogenic and natural systems to model the trend of secondary soil salinization. The developed model predicted that light salinization (vegetation coverage of around 15–20%, soil salt 5–10 g/kg) of the ecotone will increase in the near term but decelerate slightly in the future, and that farmland salinization will decrease in the near term. This trend is expected to accelerate in the future. Both trends are attributed to decreased water logging, increased groundwater exploitation, and decreased ratio of evaporation/precipitation. In contrast, severe salinization (vegetation coverage of around 2%, soil salt ≥20 g/kg) of the ecotone will increase in the near term. This trend will accelerate in the future because decreased river flow will reduce the flushing of severely salinized soil crust. Anthropogenic factors have negative impacts and natural causes have positive impacts on light salinization of ecotones. In situations involving severe farmland salinization, anthropogenic factors have persistent negative impacts.

Conflict of international and regional strategies and the future of wars in the Arab region "Political stability or political chaos"

2019 ◽  
pp. 190
Author(s):  
Ahmed Fadel Jassim Dawood
Keyword(s):  
Political Stability ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Arab Region ◽  
Regional Powers ◽  
Regional Strategies ◽  
Regional Competition ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Face ◽  
Near Term ◽  
Political Differences

The Arab region is of great importance as an important part of the Middle East for both international and regional powers.This importance has placed it and its peoples in the suffering of international and regional interventions and has placed it in a state of permanent instability as it witnessed international and regional competition that increased significantly after the US intervention in Iraq in 2003. Accordingly, the research aims to shed light on the strategic directions of the global and regional powers by knowing their objectives separately, such as American, Russian, Turkish, Israeli and Iranian. The course aims at determining the future of this region in terms of political stability and lack thereof. Therefore, the hypothesis of the research comes from [that the different strategic visions and political and economic interests between the international and regional powers have exacerbated the conflicts between those forces and their alliances within the Arab region.. The third deals with the future of the Arab region in light of the conflict of these strategies. Accordingly, the research reached a number of conclusions confirming the continuation of international and regional competition within the Arab region, as well as the continuation of the state of conflict, tension, instability and chaos in the near term, as a result of the inability of Arab countries to overcome their political differences on the one hand and also their inability to advance their Arab reality. In the face of external challenges on the other.

scholarly journals Demographics of Eucalyptus grandis and implications for invasion

Koedoe ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kudakwashe Musengi ◽  
Sally Archibald
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Alien Invasive Species ◽  
Rate Of Spread ◽  
Invasion Stage ◽  
The Future ◽  
Plantation Species ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Almost All

Alien invasive species can have negative impacts on the functioning of ecosystems. Plantation species such as pines have become serious invaders in many parts of the world, but eucalypts have not been nearly as successful invaders. This is surprising considering that in their native habitat they dominate almost all vegetation types. Available theory on the qualities that characterise invasive species was used to assess the invasive potential of Eucalyptus grandis – a common plantation species globally. To determine rates of establishment of E. grandis outside plantations, we compared population demographics and reproductive traits at two locations in Mpumalanga, South Africa: one at higher elevation with more frost. Eucalyptus grandis has a short generation time. We found no evidence that establishment of E. grandis was limiting its spread into native grassland vegetation, but it does appear that recruitment is limited by frost and fire over much of its range in Mpumalanga. Populations at both study locations displayed characteristics of good recruitment. Size class distributions showed definite bottlenecks to recruitment which were more severe when exposed to frost at higher elevations. Generally, the rate of spread is low suggesting that the populations are on the establishing populations’ invasion stage. This research gives no indication that there are any factors that would prevent eucalyptus from becoming invasive in the future, and the projected increase in winter temperatures should be a cause for concern as frost is currently probably slowing recruitment of E. grandis across much of its planted range.Conservation implications: Eucalyptus plantations occur within indigenous grasslands that are of high conservation value. Frost and fire can slow recruitment where they occur, but there are no obvious factors that would prevent E. grandis from becoming invasive in the future, and monitoring of its rates of spread is recommended.

scholarly journals The Impact of Future Emission Policies on Tropospheric Ozone using a Parameterised Approach

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Turnock ◽  
Oliver Wild ◽  
Frank Dentener ◽  
Yanko Davila ◽  
Louisa Emmons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Tropospheric Ozone ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Source Attribution ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future Emission ◽  
Tropospheric O3 ◽  
Near Term ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Surface O3

Abstract. This study quantifies future changes in tropospheric ozone (O3) using a simple parameterisation of source-receptor relationships based on simulations from a range of models participating in the Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollutants (TF-HTAP) experiments. Surface and tropospheric O3 changes are calculated globally and across 16 regions from perturbations in precursor emissions (NOx, CO, VOCs) and methane (CH4) abundance. A source attribution is provided for each source region along with an estimate of uncertainty based on the spread of the results from the models. Tests against model simulations using HadGEM2-ES confirm that the approaches used within the parameterisation are valid. The O3 response to changes in CH4 abundance is slightly larger in TF-HTAP Phase 2 than in the TF-HTAP Phase 1 assessment (2010) and provides further evidence that controlling CH4 is important for limiting future O3 concentrations. Different treatments of chemistry and meteorology in models remains one of the largest uncertainties in calculating the O3 response to perturbations in CH4 abundance and precursor emissions, particularly over the Middle East and South Asian regions. Emission changes for the future ECLIPSE scenarios and a subset of preliminary Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs) indicate that surface O3 concentrations will increase by 1 to 8 ppbv in 2050 across different regions. Source attribution analysis highlights the growing importance of CH4 in the future under current legislation. A global tropospheric O3 radiative forcing of +0.07 W m−2 from 2010 to 2050 is predicted using the ECLIPSE scenarios and SSPs, based solely on changes in CH4 abundance and tropospheric O3 precursor emissions and neglecting any influence of climate change. Current legislation is shown to be inadequate in limiting the future degradation of surface ozone air quality and enhancement of near-term climate warming. More stringent future emission controls provide a large reduction in both surface O3 concentrations and O3 radiative forcing. The parameterisation provides a simple tool to highlight the different impacts and associated uncertainties of local and hemispheric emission control strategies on both surface air quality and the near-term climate forcing by tropospheric O3.

scholarly journals Exploring The Viability of Dams is Key to Malaysian Water Resources Development of the Future

2015 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dato’ Ir. Syed Muhammad Shahabudin
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Water Resources Development ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Future ◽  
Control Water ◽  
Resources Development

It is said tluit civilization began and prospered when humans could control water; and that same civilization declined and vanished when that control is lost. Dams and other river flow barriers were built to harness and control water in the early days of civilisation in order to secure the benefits for human basic needs and comfort. Centuries later, more dams were built to cater for increasing population, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. But it is really in the past two centuries that many large-sized dams have been built to satisfy a wider range of development demands — hydropower, treated water supply, irrigation, flood control and environmental needs.Towards the second half of the last century, society came to realise that dams can cause significant negative social and environmental impacts that could outweigh the original economic benefits. Opponents of dams protest vehemently world-wide against the development of more dams whilst proponents are convinced tluit the y are a necessary feature to support growth and prosperity. It is these contradicting beliefs in mind tluit the public must be engaged to facilitate a better understanding of the views of both the proponents and the opponents of dam development before deciding on a long-term strateg y. In the meantime, more effort may have to be made for water and energ y conservation strategies and to realize the potential applications of low impact and non-structural solutions that complement existing dams and defer new dam development to as far into the future as possible.This paper aims to provoke a critical debate amongst engineers and the public to look at the longer term future ofdams in water resources development that could possibl y reduce the fundamental demand for services that dam provides. In other words, to try and answer the question “Why should a country rich in water, as Malaysia is, need to construct dams and even plan for more?”

scholarly journals On the issue of chemical mechanism and soil salinity degree determination: Russian and foreign practices

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Manzhina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Soil Degradation ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Chemical Mechanism ◽  
International Level ◽  
Salt Composition ◽  
Soil Salt

Purpose: analysis of the currently available approaches to determining the chemical mechanism and degree of soil salinity. In the course of research, the researches of Russian and foreign scientists, Russian and foreign methodological documents in the field of determining the degree and type of land salinization were studied. The methods of data analysis, processing and generalization were used. Discussion. The retrospective analysis of the Russian and foreign practices of assessing the degree and types of soil salt degradation was made by the author. The main indicators, assessed in the process of determining the degree and chemistry of soil salinization, as well as the methods for their determination, generally accepted in Russia and abroad, are given. Identification of these characteristics is of great importance in planning and carrying out reclamation activities aimed at increasing soil fertility, preventing soil degradation and loss of agricultural and commercial value. Conclusions. Based on a retrospective analysis of various possibilities for determining and classification of soil salt degradation, it was concluded that there are various methods oriented both to individual characteristics of soils in order to identify their unfavorable salt composition, and to different approaches to the procedures and methods of diagnosis. The main purpose of identifying the salt imbalance in agricultural lands composition is the possibility of preserving and improving their fertility, which, undoubtedly is carried out through reclamation measures in the case of their degradation. In order to develop uniformity in assessment and interpretation of data on the salt composition of soils, the degree of their salinity and the need for one or another type of reclamation work, it is necessary to develop a system of indicators based on the experience of Russian and foreign scientists with international practices. The development of the specified regulatory and methodological documentation should be focused on the international level, take into account all possible indicators affecting the accuracy of determination, excluding unnecessary details.

The future of European floodplain wetlands under a changing climate

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 106-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christof Schneider ◽  
Martina Flörke ◽  
Gertjan Geerling ◽  
Harm Duel ◽  
Mateusz Grygoruk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Climate Modelling ◽  
Floodplain Wetlands ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Climate Change Projections ◽  
The Future ◽  
Floodplain Inundation

In the future, climate change may severely alter flood patterns over large regional scales. Consequently, besides other anthropogenic factors, climate change represents a potential threat to river ecosystems. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of climate change on floodplain inundation for important floodplain wetlands in Europe and to place these results in an ecological context. This work is performed within the Water Scenarios for Europe and Neighbouring States (SCENES) project considering three different climate change projections for the 2050s. The global scale hydrological model WaterGAP is applied to simulate current and future river discharges that are then used to: (i) estimate bankfull flow conditions, (ii) determine three different inundation parameters, and (iii) evaluate the hydrological consequences and their relation to ecology. Results of this study indicate that in snow-affected catchments (e.g. in Central and Eastern Europe) inundation may appear earlier in the year. Duration and volume of inundation are expected to decrease. This will lead to a reduction in habitat for fish, vertebrates, water birds and floodplain-specific vegetation causing a loss in biodiversity, floodplain productivity and fish production. Contradictory results occur in Spain, France, Southern England and the Benelux countries. This reflects the uncertainties of current climate modelling for specific seasons.

A Multi-Dimensional Exploration of Future Aspect Marker "Dai" in Chinese Dialect from the Perspective of Typology — Take Gansu Tianzhu Dialect as an Example

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 5440-5452
Author(s):  
Song Shan ◽  
Min Chunfang
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
The Other ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Regional Characteristics ◽  
Future Aspect ◽  
The Future ◽  
Aspect Marker ◽  
Chinese Dialect

Objectives: In Tianzhu dialect, the use of the future aspect marker "Dai[tɛi44]" is frequent. The grammatical meaning of the future aspect marker, "verb phrase (VP) +'Dai[tɛi44]+[lio21]'", in Tianzhu dialect can be divided into two categories according to the differences of VP: one indicates that the end of the action is about to be reached, that is, "VP +'Dai1[tɛi44]+[lio21]'"; the other indicates that the action is about to begin, that is, "VP +‘Dai2[tɛi44]+[lio21]’ ". This article takes the Tianzhu dialect aspect marker "Dai[tɛi44]" as the main research object, and focuses on the grammatical functions and semantic features of "Dai1[tɛi44]" and "Dai2[tɛi44]" by studying the actionality types of verbs in Tianzhu dialect, and compares the future aspect marker "Dai[tɛi44]" in Tianzhu dialect with the future aspect markers of other Chinese dialect in Northwest China, and generalizes the geographical distribution and regional characteristics of the future aspect marker "Dai[tɛi44]".

The Future of Order

2020 ◽  
pp. 228-244
Author(s):  
Kyle M. Lascurettes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Relations ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Order ◽  
First Century ◽  
Relative Power ◽  
The Future ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Near Term

Chapter 9 (“The Future of Order”) reviews the empirical findings of the book and discusses their implications for the study of international relations. It then leverages these findings to address the two most important questions for international order in the twenty-first century: In the near term, what changes to the existing liberal order will the United States advocate as it continues to decline in relative power? And in the long term, what is its projected hegemonic successor, China, likely to do with the existing order when it finds itself in a position to fundamentally recast its underlying principles?

scholarly journals Exploring Migration Economy – Understanding the Loss of the Arab World

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Mohamed Buheji
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Pull Factors ◽  
Push Factors ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Migration Decisions ◽  
Negative Impacts

Migration economy has been getting more attention in the last two decades and specially in the last few years due to the huge migration movements around the world, but specifically from South to North. Lots work have been written about the economics of migration and how they create positive and negative impacts on the hosting countries and societies, however few literatures focused on exploring the loss of the migrants’ countries of origin and quantifying the benefits for the hosting countries.The Arab world suffered lately more than any other region in the world lots of traumas that led to make its push factors much more than its pull factors for people with the ambition of change and creating a legacy. In this study, we shall explore the level of loss that Arab world have reached and what is the foresighted migration decisions for pulling successful people in the future, especially if the same conditions and practices exist in such countries. The data collected for seventy screened successful Arab Migrants helps to clarify what type of precious human capital the future carries towards the hosting countries. A tabulation of the level of the contribution of the successful Arab migrants is evaluated and lead for sharper conclusion about the value of these precious assets.

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