scholarly journals Multilevel Service-Provisioning-Based Autonomous Vehicle Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 2497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mashael Khayyat ◽  
Abdullah Alshahrani ◽  
Soltan Alharbi ◽  
Ibrahim Elgendy ◽  
Alexander Paramonov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Communication Networks ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Access Network ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Radio Access ◽  
Vehicle Networks

With the recent advances and development of autonomous control systems of cars, the design and development of reliable infrastructure and communication networks become a necessity. The recent release of the fifth-generation cellular system (5G) promises to provide a step towards reliability or a panacea. However, designing autonomous vehicle networks has more requirements due to the high mobility and traffic density of such networks and the latency and reliability requirements of applications run over such networks. To this end, we proposed a multilevel cloud system for autonomous vehicles which was built over the Tactile Internet. In addition, base stations at the edge of the radio-access network (RAN) with different technologies of antennas are used in our system. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed system with multilevel clouding can significantly reduce the round-trip latency and the network congestion. In addition, our system can be adapted in the mobility scenario.

scholarly journals Online Distributed User Association for Heterogeneous Radio Access Network

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 1412 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Bikram Kumar ◽  
Lokesh Sharma ◽  
Shih-Lin Wu
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Local Area Network ◽  
Local Area Network ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Future Generation ◽  
Visible Light Communication ◽  
Data Rate ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
User Association ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Radio Access

Future-generation radio access networks (RAN) are projected to fulfill the diverse requirements of user equipment (UE) by adopting a heterogeneous network (HetNet) environment. Necessary integration of different radio access technologies (RAT), such as 2G, 3G, 4G, wireless local area network (WLAN), and visible light communication (VLC) is inevitable. Moreover, UEs equipped with diverse requirements will be capable of accessing some or all the RATs. The complex HetNet environment with diverse requirements of UEs will present many challenges. The HetNet is likely to suffer severely from load imbalance among the base stations (BSs) from inheriting the traditional user association scheme such as max-SINR (signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio)/max-RSSI (received signal strength indicator), unless some sophisticated schemes are invented. In this paper, a novel scheme is devised for a joint-user association for load balancing, where BSs are densely deployed and UEs typically have a certain degree of mobility. Unlike most of the present works, a dynamic network is considered where the position and channel condition of the UEs are not fixed. We develop two complex and distributed association schemes based on probability and d-choices, while carefully considering both loads of the BSs and SINR experienced by the UEs. Numerical results validate the efficiency of the proposed schemes by showing a received data-rate fairness among UEs and an improvement in the UE’s minimum received data rate.

scholarly journals The benefits of convergence

2016 ◽  
Vol 374 (2062) ◽  
pp. 20140442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gee-Kung Chang ◽  
Lin Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Communication Networks ◽  
Resource Sharing ◽  
Access Network ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Radio Spectrum ◽  
System Capacity ◽  
Modulation Formats ◽  
Frequency Bands ◽  
Cell Coverage ◽  
Radio Access

A multi-tier radio access network (RAN) combining the strength of fibre-optic and radio access technologies employing adaptive microwave photonics interfaces and radio-over-fibre (RoF) techniques is envisioned for future heterogeneous wireless communications. All-band radio spectrum from 0.1 to 100 GHz will be used to deliver wireless services with high capacity, high link speed and low latency. The multi-tier RAN will improve the cell-edge performance in an integrated heterogeneous environment enabled by fibre–wireless integration and networking for mobile fronthaul/backhaul, resource sharing and all-layer centralization of multiple standards with different frequency bands and modulation formats. In essence, this is a ‘no-more-cells’ architecture in which carrier aggregation among multiple frequency bands can be easily achieved with seamless handover between cells. In this way, current and future mobile network standards such as 4G and 5G can coexist with optimized and continuous cell coverage using multi-tier RoF regardless of the underlying network topology or protocol. In terms of users’ experience, the future-proof approach achieves the goals of system capacity, link speed, latency and continuous heterogeneous cell coverage while overcoming the bandwidth crunch in next-generation communication networks.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Interference in Ultra-Dense 5G Radio Access Networks with Beamforming

Telecom IT ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 35-59
Author(s):  
G. Fokin
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Pattern ◽  
Antenna Arrays ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Beam Width ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Access Networks ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Radio Access Network ◽  
Radio Access Networks ◽  
Radio Access

In this paper, we investigate the dependence of the level of intersystem interference on the beam width of the adaptively formed antenna radiation pattern and the territorial separation of neighboring devices in ultra-dense 5G radio access networks. The results of simulation modeling of a radio access network based on 19 base stations with the parameterization of the antenna array gain by the width of the radiation pattern in the horizontal plane show that when the base station beam is di-rected to the user device and narrowed from 360° to 5°, the level of intrasystem interference decreases by 15 dB compared with the case of omnidirectional antennas. The results of simulation of a radio access network based on 19 three-sector base stations with planar antenna arrays of 64 elements illustrate a significant reduction in the level of interference in comparison with the case of omnidirectional antennas and, in order to obtain zones of a positive signal-to-noise ratio, confirm the need for a territorial separation of neighboring devices by 10–20 % of the range of radio coverage.

EMC PROVISION PROBLEMS OF RAILWAY LTE-1800 COMMUNICATION NETWORKS FOR THE NONSTANDARDIZED FREQUENCY BAN

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
С.В. ТЕРЕНТЬЕВ ◽  
М.А. ШЕЛКОВНИКОВ ◽  
В.О. ТИХВИНСКИЙ ◽  
Е.Е. ДЕВЯТКИН
Keyword(s):  
Communication Networks ◽  
Frequency Band ◽  
Electromagnetic Compatibility ◽  
Band 3 ◽  
Access Networks ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Radio Access Networks ◽  
Mobile Operator ◽  
Radio Access ◽  
The Subject

Предметом статьи является исследование электромагнитной совместимости (ЭМС) базовых станций LTE нестандартизованного частотного диапазона 1785-1805 МГц с временным дуплексом (TDD) для технологической связи на железныхдорогах и базовых станций LTE-1800 с частотным дуплексом (FDD) операторов мобильной связи частотного диапазона Band 3. Актуальность исследований обусловлена будущим внедрением технологической сети LTE-1800 TDD для организации беспроводной связи на железных дорогах и разработкой условий ЭМС с существующими сетями радиодоступа E-UTRAN FDD операторов мобильной связи, работающих в примыкающих частотных диапазонах 1710-1785 и 1805-1880 МГц. The subject of this article is a study of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) conditions of LTE-1800 TDD base stations for railways technological communications in the non-standardized frequency band 1785-1805 MHz and LTE-1800 FDD base stations of traditional mobile operator networks of the Band 3 frequency band. The relevance of the research is due to the future deployment of technological railway LTE-1800 TDD communication networks and the development of EMC conditions with the existing E-UTRAN FDD radio access networks of mobile operators operating in the adjacent frequency ranges 1710-1785 MHz and 1805-1880 MHz.

5G: rethink mobile communications for 2020+

2016 ◽  
Vol 374 (2062) ◽  
pp. 20140432 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Chih-Lin ◽  
Shuangfeng Han ◽  
Zhikun Xu ◽  
Qi Sun ◽  
Zhengang Pan
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Access Network ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Network Function Virtualization ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
Network Function ◽  
High Data ◽  
5G Network ◽  
User Centric

The 5G network is anticipated to meet the challenging requirements of mobile traffic in the 2020s, which are characterized by super high data rate, low latency, high mobility, high energy efficiency and high traffic density. This paper provides an overview of China Mobile’s 5G vision and potential solutions. Three key characteristics of 5G are analysed, i.e. super fast, soft and green. The main 5G R&D themes are further elaborated, which include five fundamental rethinkings of the traditional design methodologies. The 5G network design considerations are also discussed, with cloud radio access network, ultra-dense network, software defined network and network function virtualization examined as key potential solutions towards a green and soft 5G network. The paradigm shift to user-centric network operation from the traditional cell-centric operation is also investigated, where the decoupled downlink and uplink, control and data, and adaptive multiple connections provide sufficient means to achieve a user-centric 5G network with ‘no more cells’. The software defined air interface is investigated under a uniform framework and can adaptively adapt the parameters to well satisfy various requirements in different 5G scenarios.

scholarly journals Multi-Tier Cellular Handover with Multi-Access Edge Computing and Deep Learning

Telecom ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 446-471
Author(s):  
Percy Kapadia ◽  
Boon-Chong Seet
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Edge Computing ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Radio Access ◽  
Ping Pong ◽  
Lstm Network ◽  
Multi Access

This paper proposes a potential enhancement of handover for the next-generation multi-tier cellular network, utilizing two fifth-generation (5G) enabling technologies: multi-access edge computing (MEC) and machine learning (ML). MEC and ML techniques are the primary enablers for enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) and ultra-reliable and low latency communication (URLLC). The subset of ML chosen for this research is deep learning (DL), as it is adept at learning long-term dependencies. A variant of artificial neural networks called a long short-term memory (LSTM) network is used in conjunction with a look-up table (LUT) as part of the proposed solution. Subsequently, edge computing virtualization methods are utilized to reduce handover latency and increase the overall throughput of the network. A realistic simulation of the proposed solution in a multi-tier 5G radio access network (RAN) showed a 40–60% improvement in overall throughput. Although the proposed scheme may increase the number of handovers, it is effective in reducing the handover failure (HOF) and ping-pong rates by 30% and 86%, respectively, compared to the current 3GPP scheme.

scholarly journals Radio Access Evaluation of Commercial 5G Service

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (22) ◽  
pp. 2746
Author(s):  
José Antonio Martínez ◽  
José Ignacio Moreno ◽  
Diego Rivera ◽  
Julio Berrocal
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Wireless Communication ◽  
Communication Networks ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Wireless Communication Networks ◽  
Radio Access ◽  
Actual Use

Wireless communication networks are enhancing faster than anyone could imagine. As everybody knows, 5G is the future and the study of it is very valuable nowadays. In this context, this paper provides a characterization of the deployment of a 5G access network by an operator in Spain, identifying its capacity and the actual use to which it is being subjected today. For this, sizing methods and tools will be used to qualify the capacity of the cells currently displayed, determining a better performance than we might initially think. This paper proposes a theoretical model which identifies relevant parameters for cell dimensioning, and determining that an expansion of cell’s capacity will be necessary at a 70% of load. Subsequently, this model is evaluated, analyzing real data via a vendor, showing a high performance, but discovering that some methods used in the current deployment, such as DSS, are, perhaps, not as expected. In addition, when comparing the 5G yield 4G, the power and potential future of the former is apparent.

scholarly journals Energy Consumption Analysis of D2D Communication in 5G Systems: Latest Advances in 3GPP Standardization

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Höyhtyä ◽  
Olli Apilo ◽  
Mika Lasanen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Autonomous Driving ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
D2d Communication ◽  
High Data ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Radio Access ◽  
The Status ◽  
3Gpp Long Term Evolution ◽  
Air Interfaces

Device-to-device (D2D) communication is an essential part of the future fifth generation (5G) system that can be seen as “network of networks”, consisting of multiple seamlessly integrated radio access technologies (RATs). Public safety communications, autonomous driving, social-aware networking, and infotainment services are example use cases of D2D technology. High data rate communications and use of several active air interfaces in the described network create energy consumption challenges for both base stations and the end user devices. In this paper, we review the status of 3GPP standardization and define a set of application scenarios. We use the recent models of 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) and WiFi interfaces in analyzing the power consumption both from the infrastructure and user device perspectives. The results indicate that the number of active interfaces should be minimized.

scholarly journals Heterogeneous Networks in 5g using Joint Path Selection and Rate Allocation Framework

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 509-512
Keyword(s):  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Path Selection ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Average Output ◽  
Distributed Management ◽  
Transmission Strategy ◽  
Macro Cell ◽  
Radio Access ◽  
Cell Base

One of the major challenges in evolving wireless cellular networks whose return network is constrained by capability and heterogeneity (wired, wireless, and hybrid) is the design of distributed management mechanism. This study proposes a new method of managing wireless network interference with the ability to detect return network. The proposed approach helps Macro-cell User Equipment (MUE) to maximize its output using adjacent small cell base stations to maximize its uplink. Considering the radio access network and backhaul (possibly heterogeneous), this issue is represented as a non-cooperative game between MUE that attempts to maximize its compensation for delay levels. A new distributed learning algorithm is proposed to solve this problem, which uses the algorithm to autonomously choose the best uplink transmission strategy, provided a limited amount of available knowledge. The algorithm's convergence is demonstrated, and its output is studied. The simulation results show that, in comparison to the existing reference algorithm, The proposed approach has substantial efficiency benefits for various forms of backhaul in terms of average output and delay in MUE.

scholarly journals Why do we need 6G?

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Riccardo Bassoli ◽  
Frank H.P. Fitzek ◽  
Emilio Calvanese Strinati
Keyword(s):  
Communication Networks ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Future Technology ◽  
Software Upgrades ◽  
Radio Access ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
New Generation

The study and design of 5G seems to have reached its end and 5G communication systems are currently under deployment. In parallel, 5G standardization is as Release 16, which is going to complete the definition and the design guidelines of the 5G radio access network. Because of that, the interest of the scientific and industrial communities has already started focusing on the future 6G communication networks. The preliminary definition of future technology trends towards 2030, given by major standardization bodies, and the flagship 6G projects worldwide have started proposing various visions about what 6G will be. Side by side, various scientific articles, addressing the initial characterisation of 6G, have also been published. However, considering the promises of 5G, can 6G represent a significant technological advancement to justify a so-called new generation? In fact, now, 5G softwarized networks may just imply continuous network software upgrades (as it happens for the Internet) instead of new generations every ten years. This article starts describing the main characteristics that made 5G a breakthrough in telecommunications, also briefly introducing the network virtualisation and computing paradigms that have reformed telecommunications. Next, by providing rigorous definition of the terminology and a survey of the principal 6G visions proposed, the paper tries to establish important motivations and characteristics that can really justify the need for and the novelty of future 6G communication networks.

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