scholarly journals The Impact of Team Identity and Gender on Free-Riding Responses to Fear and Cooperation Sustainability

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 8175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Gomez-Ruiz ◽  
María J. Sánchez-Expósito
Keyword(s):  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Risk Preferences ◽  
Social Dilemma ◽  
Free Riding ◽  
Team Identity ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Free Ride ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

This study explores the interaction effect of team identity and gender on free-riding responses to fear and cooperation sustainability in a social dilemma situation. Based on differences in inequity aversion, risk preferences, and reaction to competition between men and women, we predict that team identity reduces free-riding behaviors among men when they feel fear to be exploited by others teammates that free-ride, but that it does not affect women in this way. Consequently, we also predict that the effect of team identity on cooperation sustainability differs between the two genders. We conducted an experiment in which dominant incentives to free-ride were held constant over 30 periods and where agents had to make a decision between cooperation and free-riding in each period. After each decision, agents received teammates’ contribution and earnings, which facilitates that agents identify whether their team members free-ride. Our findings show no effect for team identity on free-riding response to fear among women. However, team identity affects free-riding response to fear among men, which positively impacts cooperation sustainability.

scholarly journals Value Orientations and Fertility Intentions of Finnish Men and Women

2003 ◽  
pp. 201-226
Author(s):  
Anneli Miettinen ◽  
Pirjo Paajanen
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Family Policy ◽  
Gender Role Attitudes ◽  
Fertility Intentions ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Childbearing Intentions ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

In thispaper we examine howpersona! values and attitudes are related to childbearingintentions among 18-40-year-old Finnish men and women. Wefocus on religiousand individualistic values and on attitudes towardschildrenand thefamily, as well asattitudes towards work and gender roles. The impact of value and attitude orientationsand situationalfactors onfertility decision-making are investigated separatelyat parities 0, 1 and 2 using logistic regression. Our study uses a subsample of 1,237men andwomen drawnfrom thePPA2survey ofthe attitudes ofFinns towardsfamilyand children,family policy measures, values in life as well as theirfertility intentions.Wefind that information on persona! values and attitudes does increase our knowledgeon determinants of childbearing intentions and decision-making, although notali our initial hypotheses concerning the association, or direction of the association,between certain attitudes and fertility intentions were confirmed in the data. Religiousvalues, as well as work-relatedattitudes and individualistic values appeared tohave little bearing on childbearing intentions, while various attitudes towards childrenwere related to intentions to have (more) children. In addition, a conservativefamilistic attitude was related to intentions as well as gender role attitudes. The impactof values and attitudes varied by parity, providing support to the nation thatchildbearing decisions are made sequentially".

Does it matter where you live? Examining the impact of gender, gender egalitarianism and city context on the work–family interface

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ujvala Rajadhyaksha
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Market ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Gender Egalitarianism ◽  
Urban City ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Work Family ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThis study asks the following research question: does “city” context interact with gender and gender egalitarianism (GE) to impact the positive (WFPOS – work–family positive spillover) and negative (WFC - work-family conflict) aspects of the work–family (WF) interface of working men and women in India.Design/methodology/approachMANCOVA analysis is used to examine data gathered from 250+ working men and women from eight different Indian cities that were ranked based on the 2018 Ease of Living (EOL) Index.FindingsThere was no significant main effect of gender on WF interface variables. Low levels of GE and low EOL were significantly associated with high levels of WFC and WFPOS. There was a significant interaction between gender, GE and city. An examination of within-gender differences indicated that in low-EOL cities, men and women with low values of GE (traditionals) had significantly higher time-based WFC than men and women with high values of GE (egalitarians). Additionally, traditional women reported higher WFPOS than egalitarian women. In high-EOL cities, traditional men reported significantly higher time-based WFC than egalitarian men. There were no significant differences between women.Research limitations/implicationsGender, along with gender-related attitudinal and contextual variables, does a better job of explaining variance in the WF interface as compared to gender alone. Results support the notion that high WFPOS and high WFC can co-occur in contexts of change and transition such as rapidly growing urban centers.Practical implicationsThe results have significance for work–family practitioners as well as urban city planners looking to improve the quality of work–life in India and other similar emerging market economies experiencing rapid urbanization.Originality/valueThe study extends work–family research by bringing aspects of urban planning and gender studies into an understanding of the work–family interface.

Occupations, age and gender: Men and women’s earnings in the Irish labour market

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-295
Author(s):  
Tom Turner ◽  
Christine Cross ◽  
Caroline Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Public ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Women's Earnings ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

While many studies investigate gender wage disparities, few have examined the impact of gender, education, part-time working and sector on earnings for men and women across different occupational groups and for different age groups. The purpose of this article is to undertake a more nuanced approach to further our understanding of the gender pay difference between men and women in different occupations in order to tackle and close this gap. The study’s findings suggest that the labour market is segmented into primary and secondary jobs. Additionally, the earnings returns for education are generally lower for women compared to men and women appear to fare better in the public sector in terms of a lower earnings gap for full-time and part-time employees and higher returns for education compared to women working in the private sector. The article concludes with a discussion of the policy implications.

scholarly journals Did the Great Recession increase suicides in the USA? Evidence from an Interrupted Time Series analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Harper
Keyword(s):  
Great Recession ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
The United States ◽  
Interrupted Time Series Analysis ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
The Usa ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

PurposeResearch suggests that the Great Recession of 2007–2009 led to nearly 5000 excess suicides in the United States. However, prior work has not accounted for seasonal patterning and unique suicide trends by age and gender.MethodsWe calculated monthly suicide rates from 1999 to 2013 for men and women aged 15 and above. Suicide rates before the Great Recession were used to predict the rate during and after the Great Recession. Death rates for each age-gender group were modeled using Poisson regression with robust variance, accounting for seasonal and nonlinear suicide trajectories.ResultsThere were 56,658 suicide deaths during the Great Recession. Age- and gender-specific suicide trends before the recession demonstrated clear seasonal and nonlinear trajectories. Our models predicted 57,140 expected suicide deaths, leading to 482 fewer observed than expected suicides (95% confidence interval −2079, 943).ConclusionsWe found little evidence to suggest that the Great Recession interrupted existing trajectories of suicide rates. Suicide rates were already increasing before the Great Recession for middle-aged men and women. Future studies estimating the impact of recessions on suicide should account for the diverse and unique suicide trajectories of different social groups.

scholarly journals Age and Gender Differences in Performance at Cross Triathlon World Championships

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Romero-Ramos ◽  
Emilio Fernández-Rodríguez ◽  
Rafael Merino-Marbán ◽  
Daniel Mayorga-Vega ◽  
Robert Podstawski
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Performance Ratio ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Race Time ◽  
Age Related ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Gender ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction. Cross triathlon is a sport consisting of three segments: swimming, off-road cycling, and running. Our study analyses the differences in performance between genders and changes in performance in selected age categories at the ITU Cross World Championships held between 2011 and 2016. Material and methods. During this period, a total of 1,933 triathletes were analysed (1,472 men and 461 women). Two-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) were used to examine the impact of sex differences and age-related changes on performance (time, percentage of time, and performance ratio) in swimming, cycling, running, and total race. Results. The age groups with the highest level of participation were persons aged 40-44 and 45-49 years among men and women, respectively. With regards to performance in the different age groups, in men and women, its high level was maintained between 25 and 49 years, and it decreased significantly from the age of 50-54. In men, the best results in cycling and total race time were obtained in the 30-34 age group and in swimming and running in the 40-44 group. Women obtained the best results in running in the 25-29 age group, in cycling in the 30-34 group, and in swimming and total race time in the 35-39 group. Conclusions. The results of the study have confirmed that there is a demand for sports in 40+ age groups. As for performance in the different age groups, it was on a high level between 25 and 49 years and decreased significantly from the age of 50-54 onwards. According to these results, the sports training of these triathletes should be oriented so that they obtain their best results between 30 and 35 years of age.

The Hookup Culture

2020 ◽  
pp. 122-150
Author(s):  
Elaine Hatfield ◽  
Richard L. Rapson ◽  
Jeanette Purvis
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Sexual Activity ◽  
Casual Sex ◽  
Sexual Fantasies ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Great Debate ◽  
Hookup Culture ◽  
And Gender ◽  
People’S Attitudes ◽  
The Impact

This chapter reviews current theorizing regarding the impact of cultural, social, and gender factors on young people’s attitudes toward casual sex, one-night stands, hookups, and the like. The chapter also looks at the impact of these variables on the frequency of young people’s sexual fantasies and their desire and willingness to engage in casual sexual activity. Currently, cultural psychologists, feminists, and evolutionary psychologists are engaged in a great debate as to why men and women differ in their enthusiasm for casual sex. Is it because men are more sexual beings, or is it because women who engage in casual sex face more stigma and dangers? As the sexes become more equal in opportunities, will existing gender differences disappear?

Gender Differences in Patients with Heart Failure

2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Strömberg ◽  
Jan Mårtensson
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Healthcare Utilisation ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Daily Life Activities ◽  
Patients With Heart Failure ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Support Family

Aim: The aim of this literature review was to review and discuss the differences between men and women with heart failure with regard to epidemiology, aetiology, diagnostics, prognosis, pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment, and the impact of heart failure on psychosocial factors and healthcare utilisation. Method: Two primary health care resources, MEDLINE and CINAHL, were selected to review the current literature. In MEDLINE, 234 abstracts dealing with heart failure and gender/sex were found and in CINAHL, 20 abstracts. Conclusion: Men have a higher incidence of heart failure, but the overall prevalence rate is similar in both sexes, since women survive longer after the onset of heart failure. Women tend to be older when diagnosed with heart failure and more often have diastolic dysfunction than men. The extent of sex differences in treatment, hospital cost and quality of care can partly be explained by age differences. The life situations for men and women with heart failure are different. Physical and social restrictions affecting daily life activities are experienced as most bothersome for men, whereas restrictions affecting the possibility to support family and friends are most difficult to accept for women. Women with heart failure ascribe more positive meanings to their illness. Despite this, women seem to experience a lower overall quality of life than men. The known gender differences in patients with heart failure need to be highlighted in guidelines as well as implemented in standard care.

Gender Analysis of Post Resettlement Transformation in Livelihood Opportunities at Sardar Sarovar Project Resettlement Sites, India

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaurav Sikka ◽  
Vinita Mathur
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Development Projects ◽  
Gender Analysis ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Tribal Communities ◽  
Collection Data ◽  
Sardar Sarovar ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

A gender perspective on displacement and associated resettlement is less common, since the traditional discourse has categorised the development refugees to be a homogenous undifferentiated people—without gender, age or other defining characteristics except ethnicity. Many studies are being done to analyse the impacts of displacement caused by development projects on the resettled communities. But the differential impacts of displacement on men and women have only been considered very recently. Gender has been missing in the impact assessments of large development projects like dams. This article, based on an ongoing research work, is an attempt in this direction to analyse some post resettlement impacts of the Sardar Sarovar Project on tribal communities from a gender lens. The first part of the article dwells upon the post resettlement changes in livelihood opportunities. The second part of the manuscript is a gender analysis showing the impacts of post resettlement transformations upon men and women at the new sites. We ultimately attempt to highlight the transformations in gender roles and gender relations due to displacement and resettlement by providing empirical evidence from the resettlement sites. The research has adopted qualitative methods in data collection. Data have been collected through household surveys, focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with key informants.

Breadwinner Status and Gender Ideologies of Men and Women regarding Family Roles

2000 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiping Zuo ◽  
Shengming Tang
Keyword(s):  
National Sample ◽  
Family Roles ◽  
Gender Ideologies ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Economic Role ◽  
The Family ◽  
Married Individuals ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Provider Role ◽  
The Impact

Using a longitudinal national sample of married individuals, we examine changes in gender ideologies of married men and women regarding family roles, defined as wife's economic role, husband's and wife's provider role, and wife's maternal role. We also test two competing hypotheses: the threat hypothesis and the benefit hypothesis, which view the impact of women's employment on men's gender beliefs from different perspectives. Whereas the threat hypothesis asserts that women's sharing of the provider role with men may cause men to be resistant to the gender equality ideal for fear of losing their masculine identities and their wives' domestic services, the benefit hypothesis anticipates an ideological shift of men toward egalitarianism because men benefit materially from their wives' financial contributions to the family. The empirical results suggest that both genders are moving in the direction of egalitarianism. Men of lower breadwinner status and women of higher status are less likely to hold conventional gender ideologies. Because the decline in men's breadwinner status tends to promote egalitarian ideology among men, the benefit hypothesis is supported.

scholarly journals Women’s health in times of COVID-19 pandemic. Do sex and gender matter?

2021 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-75
Author(s):  
Joanna Zembala-John
Keyword(s):  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Harmful Effects

Abstract The COVID-19 epidemic has negatively affected all spheres of life, leading to the deterioration of health and quality of life. Although it has affected both men and women, it has had an extraordinary impact on the latter, exposing and exacerbating the existing health inequalities among those groups. There is increasing evidence that both sex and gender-related factors make women more prone to the harmful effects of SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, it is expected that the crisis caused by coronavirus will have long-term severe medical, social, and economic consequences in this population. This paper aimed to investigate the key factors contributing to the different outcomes of COVID-19 in men and women and present multi-dimensional effects of coronavirus pandemic from the perspective of women. Sex and gender differences must not be ignored in analyzing the impact of COVID-19. Sex/gender-oriented approach should be implemented in all public health actions: from collecting sex-disaggregated data to designing tailored repair post-COVID policies.

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