Landscape Characteristics Based on Effectiveness of Wildlife Crossing Structures in South Korea

Roads are notable and responsible for the loss of biodiversity and disruption of wildlife habitats connectivity. Wildlife crossing structures (WCS) help wildlife move between habitats by connecting fragmented habitats. Their effectiveness is affected by various factors. Here, to identify methods for improving the effectiveness of wildlife crossing structures, we controlled the effect of intrinsic factors, such as size, that are difficult to improve in an already installed area, and then, evaluated the differences in extrinsic factors using 12 landscape characteristics. Our results show that 18 wildlife crossing structures were selected with propensity-score (PS) matching method. The surrounding landscape characteristics differed between high-effectiveness wildlife crossing structures and low-effectiveness wildlife crossing structures. Particularly, there was a significant difference between the ‘statutory protected area’ and the ‘edge’ index of the morphological spatial pattern analysis among the landscape characteristic variables derived within 1 km2 of wildlife crossing structures. We empirically demonstrate that characteristics around highly effective WCS, statutory protected areas are widely distributed, and the ratio of edge of MSPA is low (within 1 km2). Therefore, an important outcome of our research is the demonstration that management of WCS itself is important, but conservation of surrounding habitats and landscape management plans are also significant.

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Mammal use of wildlife crossing structures along a new motorway in an area recently recolonized by wolves

European Journal of Wildlife Research ◽

10.1007/s10344-020-01412-y ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 66 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Robert W. Mysłajek ◽

Emilia Olkowska ◽

Marta Wronka-Tomulewicz ◽

Sabina Nowak

Keyword(s):

Wild Species ◽

Activity Patterns ◽

Temporal Changes ◽

Camera Traps ◽

Wild Mammals ◽

Terrestrial Mammals ◽

Number Of Species ◽

Crossing Structures ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Wildlife Crossing Structures

Abstract Wildlife crossing structures (WCSs) enhance connectivity between habitats of wild animals fragmented by fenced motorways, but factors affecting their use by targeted species remain understudied, particularly in areas recently recolonized by large carnivores. We investigated the use of WCS—6 overpasses (width 30-45m), 5 large underpasses (width 33–114 m) and 4 small underpasses (width 15–19 m)—located along the A4 motorway in the Lower Silesian Forest (western Poland), a large forest tract recently recolonised by wolves (Canis lupus). Identifying and counting tracks of mammals left on sand-beds as well as individuals recorded by camera traps were used to determine species diversity, number and activity patterns of mammals on WCS, and to reveal seasonal and temporal changes of WCS use over 3 years of study (2010–2013). WCSs were mostly used by wild species (51.5%), followed by humans (34.8%), livestock and pets (13.7%). Among wild species, ungulates were the most common (77.4% of crossings), while lagomorphs and carnivores were recorded less often (15% and 7.6% of crossings, respectively). The number of species and crossings of wild mammals, especially wild ungulates and wolves, was substantially higher on overpasses (mean effective number of species (Hill numbers): 0D = 7.8, 1D = 4.1 and 2D = 3.3) than on underpasses (0D = 6.3, 1D = 2.9 and 2D = 2.3) and was not affected by distance between WCS and human settlements or WCS width. There was a higher diversity of wild species and more crossings under large extended bridges than on smaller underpasses. The number of species and number of crossings of wild mammals, domestic animals and people increased from 2010 to 2013. There was a significant difference in activity patterns, with almost all wild species being nocturnal, in contrast to people and dogs. There was no relationship between crossing time and rates of wild carnivores and potential prey. We conclude that overpasses, even with steep entrance slopes (25–26.5%) or integrated with moderately used gravel roads, maintain movement of wild terrestrial mammals much better than underpasses, and the presence of wolves does not hamper the movement of other wild species. As there are significant temporal changes in use of WCS by mammals, we recommend monitoring WCS in all seasons for at least 3 years as a minimum standard for the post-investment assessment of WCS utilization by animals.

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Effect of tooth brushing on color changes of esthetic restorative materials

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20184608 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (12) ◽

pp. 3860

Author(s):

Fatima Alzayer ◽

Roaa Alawami

Keyword(s):

Color Change ◽

Resin Composite ◽

Resin Matrix ◽

Extrinsic Factors ◽

Intrinsic Factors ◽

Color Changes ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Distinct Color ◽

Red Grape ◽

Grape Juices

Background: The major problem of dental restorative material over time is color changes, and this discoloration is caused by either intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Intrinsic factors include the staining of the material itself caused by changes in the resin matrix and the interface between matrix and fillers.Methods: The study was conducted using resin composite material (shade A2), and four solutions (distilled water, strawberry, pomegranate, and red grape juices). The specimens were distributed into four groups for immersion in one of the four solutions. Authors divided each group into brushing and non-brushing subgroups.Results: When immersed in water, shade was changed from A2 to A3.5 and A4 (light to dark) in brushing group and no overall change was noticed in non-brushing group. However, there was statistically significant difference between the two groups.Conclusions: All types of juices caused distinct color change. However, brushing caused more color change as compared to specimens with no brushing.

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MOTIVATION FOR OCCUPATIONAL PREFERENCE AMONG STUDENTS OF REGIONAL MARITIME UNIVERSITY IN NUNGUA, ACCRA- GHANA

International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH ◽

10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i8.2017.2203 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (8) ◽

pp. 158-174

Author(s):

Bruce Daniel ◽

Florence Ahima

Keyword(s):

Career Guidance ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Extrinsic Factors ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Career Preference ◽

Intrinsic Factors ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Occupational Preference ◽

Extrinsic Values

The aim of this study was to find out motivation for occupational preference among Regional Maritime University students. The cross-sectional survey design was chosen for the study and the stratified sampling technique was used to select a sample of 305 students from three departments constituting major programmes of study. Motivation for Occupational Preference Scale was used to gather data from the sampled population. The Independent samples t-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used to analyze the data gathered. Results showed that, extrinsic values influenced occupational preference more than intrinsic values, both Ghanaian and International students were influenced equally by extrinsic factors in their preference for occupation, there was no significant gender difference in the influence of extrinsic factors on occupational preference and there was a significant difference in the intrinsic factors that influence occupational preference among students from different programmes. It is therefore recommended that, regular career guidance and counselling sessions are held at various levels of education to inform and educate students especially at the university on the benefits of career preference based on intrinsic factors than solely on extrinsic factors. In conclusion students must be encouraged to assess their vocational interest or career preference so that they pursue programmes and courses that they have the natural inclination for and not only make a choice of vocation or career just for extrinsic values or rewards.

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PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS MULTIMEDIA DAN PEMBELAJARAN KONVENSIONAL (Studi Komparasi di MTs Al-Muttaqin Plemahan Kediri)

JURNAL PENELITIAN ◽

10.21043/jupe.v10i1.865 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

MUALIMUL HUDA

Keyword(s):

Student Learning ◽

Achievement Motivation ◽

Random Sampling ◽

Quantitative Research ◽

T Test ◽

Extrinsic Factors ◽

Intrinsic Factors ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Two Factors ◽

Conventional Methods

Abstract CONVENTIONAL AND MULTIMEDIA BASED LEARNING A (Comparation Study In In MTs. Al-Muttaqin Plemahan Kediri). The interaction during learning process is influenced by the circumstances, the effectiveness of learning media is the example. This research is to test the theory of two motivation factors that put forward by the Herzberg. He states that the motivation of the person in doing something influenced by two factors namely intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors. This theory is then made the basis development the theory of motivation to learn that the students learning achievement motivation is influenced by those two factors components. In addition in this research also focus testing the effectiveness of learning media that put forward by Edgar Dale known with Dale ' s Cone of Experience. This study use a quantitative research using mixed approach method. Data collection is done by questionnaires and documentation, interview and observation. The sampling is determined by the technique of random sampling. Analysis of statistical data with the t-test independent formula. the results of the analysis comparison with t-test, independent data shows that there is a significant difference between motivation and student learning achievements between the learning using multimedia computer and conventional methods so that it can be concluded that the motivation and achievement of student learning using multimedia computer is better than using conventional methods in Al-Muttaqin Plemahan Kediri Secondary Schools.Key Words: Multimedia, Learning, Motivation, AchievementAbstrakInteraksi yang terjadi selama proses belajar juga dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan belajarnya, di antaranyaadalahefektifitas media pembelajarannya. Penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji teori motivasi dua faktor yang dikemukakan oleh Herzberg. Teori Herzberg menyatakan bahwa motivasi seseorang dalam melakukan sesuatu dipengaruhi oleh dua faktor yakni faktor instrinsik dan faktor ekstrinsik. Teori ini kemudian juga dijadikan landasan dalam pengembangan teori motivasi belajar, bahwa motivasi prestasi belajar siswa dipengaruhi oleh dua faktor yaitu faktor instrinsik dan faktor ekstrinsik. Selain itu dalam penelitian ini juga memfokuskan pengujian teori tantang efektifitas media pembelajaran yang dikemukakan oleh Edgar Dale yang dikenal dengan Dale’s Cone of Experience. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan mixed method. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode angket, dokumentasi, wawancara dan observasi. Pengambilan sampel ditentukan dengan teknik random sampling. Analisis data statistik dengan rumus t-test independent. hasil analisis komparasi dengan t-test independen, data menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara motivasi dan prestasi belajar siswa antara pembelajaran menggunakan multimedia komputer dan metode konvensional, sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa Motivasi dan Prestasi belajar siswa dengan menggunakan multimedia komputer lebih baik dari pada dengan menggunakan metode konvensional di MTs. Al-Muttaqin Plemahan Kediri Kata Kunci: Multimedia Pembelajaran, Motivasi, Prestasi Belajar

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Institutional Environment, Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and Entrepreneurial Intention of Company Employees

International Journal of Applied Research in Management and Economics ◽

10.33422/ijarme.v3i1.277 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Devi Angrahini Anni Lembana ◽

Yu Yu Chang ◽

Wen Ke Liang

Keyword(s):

Self Efficacy ◽

Institutional Environment ◽

Practical Experience ◽

Entrepreneurial Intention ◽

Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽

New Venture ◽

Hierarchical Regression ◽

Market Demand ◽

Extrinsic Factors ◽

Intrinsic Factors

From the intentionality-based view, individuals' actual behaviors to initiate a new venture is driven by their entrepreneurial intentions. Company employees have accumulated professionalism and practical experience, which both enable them to discover some unmet market demand and industrial gaps. However, in establishing a new business, not everyone with certain knowledge or expertise has the desire to become an entrepreneur. Prior research has shown that entrepreneurial intentions are under the profound influences of intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors. On the one hand, entrepreneurial self-efficacy is one of the key psychological states that makes someone dare to initiate entrepreneurial activities. Institutional environment, on the other hand, can either enhance and hinder an individuals' entrepreneurial motivation by offering incentives or causing barriers. Little work has been done to understand how the institutional environment and entrepreneurial self-efficacy jointly affect company employees' intention to quit their job and start an enterprising career. By using hierarchical regression on a sample of 325 Indonesian company employees, this paper shows that the entrepreneurial cognition and entrepreneurial self-efficacy are positively related to employees' entrepreneurial intentions. Also, entrepreneurial self-efficacy strengthens the effect of normative Approval on entrepreneurial intention, whereas the regulatory Support from Government is detrimental to company employees' intention to start a new venture regardless the entrepreneurial self-efficacy is high or low.

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Land-Use Impact on Stand Structure and Fruit Yield of Tamarindus indica L. in the Drylands of Southeastern Ethiopia

Life ◽

10.3390/life11050408 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 408

Author(s):

Gizachew Zeleke ◽

Tatek Dejene ◽

Wubalem Tadesse ◽

Pablo Martín-Pinto

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Stand Structure ◽

Fruit Production ◽

Tree Density ◽

Fruit Yield ◽

Tamarindus Indica ◽

Land Use Types ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Management Plans ◽

Baseline Information

In this study, we evaluated stand status, dendrometric variables, and fruit production of Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) trees growing in bushland and farmland-use types in dryland areas of Ethiopia. The vegetation survey was conducted using the point-centered quarter method. The fruit yield of 54 trees was also evaluated. Tree density and fruit production in ha were estimated. There was a significant difference in Tamarind tree density between the two land-use types (p = 0.01). The mean fruit yield of farmland trees was significantly higher than that of bushland trees. However, Tamarind has unsustainable structure on farmlands. Differences in the dendrometric characteristics of trees were also observed between the two land-use types. Predictive models were selected for Tamarind fruit yield estimations in both land-use types. Although the majority of farmland trees produced <5000 fruit year−1, the selection of Tamarind germplasm in its natural ranges could improve production. Thus, the development of management plans to establish stands that have a more balanced diameter structure and thereby ensure continuity of the population and fruit yields is required in this area, particularly in the farmlands. This baseline information could assist elsewhere in areas that are facing similar challenges for the species due to land-use change.

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Modulation of odour-guided behaviour in mosquitoes

Cell and Tissue Research ◽

10.1007/s00441-020-03368-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 383 (1) ◽

pp. 195-206

Author(s):

Sharon R. Hill ◽

Rickard Ignell

Keyword(s):

Functional Genomics ◽

Life Stage ◽

Blood Feeding ◽

Model Systems ◽

Extrinsic Factors ◽

Intrinsic Factors ◽

Host Seeking ◽

Enhancing Resources ◽

Maturation Age ◽

Behavioural Repertoire

AbstractMosquitoes are emerging as model systems with which to study innate behaviours through neuroethology and functional genomics. Decades of work on these disease vectors have provided a solid behavioural framework describing the distinct repertoire of predominantly odour-mediated behaviours of female mosquitoes, and their dependence on life stage (intrinsic factors) and environmental cues (extrinsic factors). The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of how intrinsic factors, including adult maturation, age, nutritional status, and infection, affect the attraction to plants and feeding on plant fluids, host seeking, blood feeding, supplemental feeding behaviours, pre-oviposition behaviour, and oviposition in female mosquitoes. With the technological advancements in the recent two decades, we have gained a better understanding of which volatile organic compounds are used by mosquitoes to recognise and discriminate among various fitness-enhancing resources, and characterised their neural and molecular correlates. In this review, we present the state of the art of the peripheral olfactory system as described by the neural physiology, functional genomics, and genetics underlying the demonstrated changes in the behavioural repertoire in female mosquitoes. The review is meant as a summary introduction to the current conceptual thinking in the field.

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Foraging behavior and predation success of the sand viper (Cerastes vipera)

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z09-034 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 87 (6) ◽

pp. 520-528 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Aziz Subach ◽

Inon Scharf ◽

Ofer Ovadia

Keyword(s):

Length Ratio ◽

Annual Rainfall ◽

Activity Levels ◽

Extrinsic Factors ◽

Hunger Level ◽

Intrinsic Factors ◽

Thermal Range ◽

Capture Success ◽

Study Sites ◽

Consequent Increase

Activity levels and foraging success of ectotherms are dependent both on extrinsic factors (e.g., ambient temperature) and intrinsic factors (e.g., hunger level). We focus here on activity and foraging of sand vipers ( Cerastes vipera (L., 1758)) (Squamata: Viperidae) in the northwestern Negev desert of Israel. Viper activity is bounded by a specific thermal range, but within this range, temperature does not affect the distance moved. Movement distances are, however, positively correlated with relative humidity. The capture success of lizards, the main prey of this viper, is strongly related both to movement distances of the snake and to the number of the lizard burrows scanned. Body size and shape have a direct effect on the number of burrows scanned and on the number of lizards captured. The increase in capture success with size is probably due to the consequent increase in the range of prey items the sand viper can subdue or handle. Vipers are larger and have a higher mass to length ratio in one of the three study sites, characterized by higher mean annual rainfall and vegetation cover. Finally, females tend to have a higher mass to length ratio than males, which may provide some space within the female body for reproductive materials such as eggs.

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Radiographic Measurements of the Affected and Unaffected Feet in Patients with Unilateral Hallux Limitus

Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association ◽

10.7547/14-137 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 106 (3) ◽

pp. 172-181

Author(s):

Andrew F. Knox ◽

Alan R. Bryant

Keyword(s):

Metatarsal Head ◽

Radiographic Evaluation ◽

Head Shape ◽

Intrinsic Factors ◽

Hallux Limitus ◽

First Metatarsal ◽

Radiographic Measurements ◽

Angle Data ◽

Significant Difference ◽

First Ray

Background: Controversy exists regarding the structural and functional causes of hallux limitus, including metatarsus primus elevatus, a long first metatarsal, first-ray hypermobility, the shape of the first metatarsal head, and the presence of hallux interphalangeus. Some articles have reported on the radiographic evaluation of these measurements in feet affected by hallux limitus, but no study has directly compared the affected and unaffected feet in patients with unilateral hallux limitus. This case-control pilot study aimed to establish whether any such differences exist. Methods: Dorsoplantar and lateral weightbearing radiographs of both feet in 30 patients with unilateral hallux limitus were assessed for grade of disease, lateral intermetatarsal angle, metatarsal protrusion distance, plantar gapping at the first metatarsocuneiform joint, metatarsal head shape, and hallux abductus interphalangeus angle. Data analysis was performed using a statistical software program. Results: Mean radiographic measurements for affected and unaffected feet demonstrated that metatarsus primus elevatus, a short first metatarsal, first-ray hypermobility, a flat metatarsal head shape, and hallux interphalangeus were prevalent in both feet. There was no statistically significant difference between feet for any of the radiographic parameters measured (Mann-Whitney U tests, independent-samples t tests, and Pearson χ2 tests: P > .05). Conclusions: No significant differences exist in the presence of the structural risk factors examined between affected and unaffected feet in patients with unilateral hallux limitus. The influence of other intrinsic factors, including footedness and family history, should be investigated further.

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Individual Variation in the Strength of Territory Defense in Male Song Sparrows: Correlates of Age, Territory Tenure, and Neighbor Aggressiveness

Behaviour ◽

10.1163/156853904772746574 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 141 (1) ◽

pp. 15-27 ◽

Cited By ~ 60

Author(s):

Jeremy Hyman ◽

Melissa Hughes ◽

Stephen Nowicki ◽

William Searcy

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Reproductive Success ◽

Extrinsic Factors ◽

Territory Defense ◽

Intrinsic Factors ◽

Territorial Aggression ◽

Male Song ◽

Song Sparrows ◽

Territory Owner ◽

Older Males

AbstractIn many species, the ability to defend a territory is essential for a male to obtain any reproductive success at all, and even among territorial individuals, variation in the strength of territory defense could have a significant impact on how much reproductive success is obtained. Previous studies have documented consistent individual differences in the vigor with which male song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) defend their territories, as measured by the strength of their reactions to territorial intrusions simulated through song playback. Variation in the strength of defense could reflect intrinsic differences among individuals in their resource holding potential (RHP), or variation in extrinsic factors. In this study, we examined whether variation in the strength of territory defense corresponds to differences in intrinsic factors such as the age or experience of the territory owner, the extrinsic factor of the level of aggression shown by neighbours, or both. Results indicate that males that previously held territories on the study site, regardless of whether they were holding the same territory as the previous year, show higher levels of territory defense than males that are new to the study site, and, assuming that returning males are older males, suggest that age is more important than experience on a specific territory in determining strength of territory defense. In addition, we found evidence that males with high levels of territorial aggression tend to be spatially clustered. The pattern observed suggests that a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors contribute to the expression of individual differences in territorial aggression.

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