scholarly journals Collapse of a Coastal Revetment Due to the Combined Effect of Anthropogenic and Natural Disturbances

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3712
Author(s):  
Jong Dae Do ◽  
Jae-Youll Jin ◽  
Weon Mu Jeong ◽  
Byunggil Lee ◽  
Jin Yong Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disaster ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Video Monitoring ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Natural Disturbances ◽  
Extreme Waves ◽  
Coastal Structures ◽  
Storm Waves ◽  
Beach Width ◽  
Sequential Processes

Coastal structures, such as revetments, are built to protect specific areas and facilities from the attack of extreme waves. However, unexpected environmental damage could be induced from these structures when inappropriately applied. Here, we present the results of measurements carried out using a video monitoring system, indicating the rapid collapse of a coastal revetment due to the attack of storm waves. The destruction occurred in sequence; that is, it was initiated by human activities, followed by a natural disaster. First, the beach in front of the revetment was eroded, even under moderate wave conditions, because sediments transported into this area were blocked by a rip-rap jetty. After the beach width was severely reduced due to the erosion, the revetment collapsed when storm waves attacked the area. The destruction seems accidental and inevitable because it was directly caused by the storm. However, it could have been avoided by predicting and preventing the erosion due to the jetty. This study provides insights into sequential processes that lead to the failure of coastal revetments, which could be applied for prevention of similar anthropogenic disasters.

scholarly journals Monitoring of Recovery Process at Yeongildae Beach, South Korea, Using a Video System

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 10195
Author(s):  
Jung-Eun Oh ◽  
Weon-Mu Jeong ◽  
Kyong-Ho Ryu ◽  
Jin-Young Park ◽  
Yeon-S. Chang
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Process ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Shadow Zone ◽  
Coastal Structures ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Wave Measurements ◽  
Storm Waves ◽  
Accretion Process ◽  
Beach Width ◽  
Erosion And Accretion

Once a beach is eroded by storm waves, it is generally recovered under milder wave conditions. To prevent or reduce damage, it is therefore important to understand the characteristics of the site-specific recovery process. Here, we present the results, based on a data set from a video monitoring system and wave measurements, of the recovery process in a pocketed beach located inside a bay where the shoreline retreated harshly (~12 m, on average, of beach width) during Typhoon TAPAH (T1917) in September 2019. It took about 1.5 years for the beach to be recovered to the level before the typhoon. During this period, the erosion and accretion were repeated, with the pattern highly related to the wave power (Pw); most of the erosion occurred when Pw became greater than 30 kWatt/m, whereas the accretion prevailed when Pw was no greater than 10 kWatt/m. The recovery pattern showed discrepancies between different parts of the beach. The erosion during storm events was most severe in the southern part, whereas the northern shoreline did not significantly change even during TAPAH (T1917). In contrast, the recovery process occurred almost equally at all locations. This discrepancy in the erosion/accretion process was likely due to human intervention, as a shadow zone was formed in the northern end due to the breakwaters, causing disequilibrium in the sediment transport gradient along the shore. The results in this study could be applied in designing the protection plans from severe wave attacks by effectively estimating the size of coastal structures and by correctly arranging the horizontal placement of such interventions or beach nourishment. Although the application of these results should be confined to this specific site, the method using wave energy parameters as criteria can be considered in other areas with similar environments, for future planning of beach protection.

scholarly journals EXTREME WAVE PRESSURES AND LOADS ON A PILE-SUPPORTED WHARF DECK - INFLUENCES OF AIR GAP AND WAVE DIRECTION

2018 ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Andrew Cornett
Keyword(s):  
Offshore Structures ◽  
Model Tests ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Extreme Waves ◽  
Wave Direction ◽  
Coastal Structures ◽  
Extreme Wave ◽  
Wave Impact ◽  
The Past ◽  
Water Depths

Many deck-on-pile structures are located in shallow water depths at elevations low enough to be inundated by large waves during intense storms or tsunami. Many researchers have studied wave-in-deck loads over the past decade using a variety of theoretical, experimental, and numerical methods. Wave-in-deck loads on various pile supported coastal structures such as jetties, piers, wharves and bridges have been studied by Tirindelli et al. (2003), Cuomo et al. (2007, 2009), Murali et al. (2009), and Meng et al. (2010). All these authors analyzed data from scale model tests to investigate the pressures and loads on beam and deck elements subject to wave impact under various conditions. Wavein- deck loads on fixed offshore structures have been studied by Murray et al. (1997), Finnigan et al. (1997), Bea et al. (1999, 2001), Baarholm et al. (2004, 2009), and Raaij et al. (2007). These authors have studied both simplified and realistic deck structures using a mixture of theoretical analysis and model tests. Other researchers, including Kendon et al. (2010), Schellin et al. (2009), Lande et al. (2011) and Wemmenhove et al. (2011) have demonstrated that various CFD methods can be used to simulate the interaction of extreme waves with both simple and more realistic deck structures, and predict wave-in-deck pressures and loads.

scholarly journals Statistics of Simulated Storm Waves over Bathymetry

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 784
Author(s):  
Arnida Lailatul Latifah ◽  
Durra Handri ◽  
Ayu Shabrina ◽  
Henokh Hariyanto ◽  
E. van Groesen
Keyword(s):  
Water Waves ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Extreme Waves ◽  
Marine Structures ◽  
Wave Statistics ◽  
Storm Waves ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Good Agreement

This paper shows simulations of high waves over different bathymetries to collect statistical information, particularly kurtosis and crest exceedance, that quantifies the occurrence of exceptionally extreme waves. This knowledge is especially pertinent for the design and operation of marine structures, safe ship trafficking, and mooring strategies for ships near the coast. Taking advantage of the flexibility to perform numerical simulations with HAWASSI software, with the aim of investigating the physical and statistical properties for these cases, this paper investigates the change in wave statistics related to changes in depth, breaking and differences between long- and short-crested waves. Three different types of bathymetry are considered: run-up to the coast with slope 1/20, waves over a shoal, and deep open-water waves. Simulations show good agreement in the examined cases compared with the available experimental data and simulations. Then predictive simulations for cases with a higher significant wave height illustrate the changes that may occur during storm events.

scholarly journals Coastal landscape changes pattern due to natural disasters in Pelabuhanratu District, West Java

2019 ◽  
Vol 125 ◽  
pp. 01007
Author(s):  
Mufidah Tartila ◽  
Supriatna ◽  
Masita Dwi Mandini Manessa ◽  
Yoanna Ristya
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Natural Disaster ◽  
Coastal Area ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Overlay Analysis ◽  
Landscape Changes ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Over Time

The concept of landscape is known to be always changing dynamically because of its attachment to natural and human activities that continue to grow over time. The aim of this study is to identify landscape changes from 2010 to 2018 which are associated with natural disaster events. Coastal area is the study target on landscape changes due to natural disasters. The research took place in Pelabuhanratu District, Sukabumi Regency which is known for its varied geomorphological form and its natural disaster events occurrence including coastal floods, flash floods, and landslides. The research data was processed using ArcGIS 10.4.1 and ENVI 5.1 software. Data verification was done by field surveys in the study area. The method of this study is an overlay analysis and explained in the term of spatial dan descriptive concept. The landscape of Pelabuhanratu District is dominated by volcanic landforms and vegetation cover. The total area experiencing landscape changes is 44.47 km2 of the district total area of 91.91 km2 and major changes are involving alteration of land cover area.

How do natural disturbances and human activities affect soils and tree nutrition and growth in the Canadian boreal forest?

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.G. Maynard ◽  
D. Paré ◽  
E. Thiffault ◽  
B. Lafleur ◽  
K.E. Hogg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Natural Disturbances ◽  
Boreal Zone ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
Total N ◽  
Multiple Disturbances ◽  
Tree Nutrition

There are concerns about the effect of increasing resource extraction and other human activities on the soils and vegetation of the boreal zone. The review covers published papers between 1974 and 2012 to assess the effects of natural disturbances and human activities on soils and tree nutrition and growth of the Canadian boreal zone. Changes in soil and foliar nutrients following disturbance were also analyzed by meta-analysis. When sufficient replicated studies were not available for a given disturbance or nutrient, response assessments or narrative summaries are presented. The majority of fertilization studies in the boreal zone showed a positive tree growth response to nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilization either individually or in combination. Large amounts of N may be lost through volatilization following fire depending on the severity and frequency of the fire. This may contribute to N limitation in the boreal zone. Available soil P and extractable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) increased in the surface horizons following fire. In contrast, extractable P decreased following harvest. Harvesting had no effect on total or inorganic N except in mixedwoods where total N decreased in the surface organic horizon following harvest. These are potential areas of concern given tree growth responses to N and P fertilization. Potassium (K) in the forest floor did not change following fire or harvesting; thus, K availability for tree nutrition should not be at risk, since its cycle is rapidly restored. Mercury (Hg) cycling may be altered in the boreal zone as a result of flooding and if fire return intervals and intensities increase. Interactions of multiple disturbances may increase the risk of nutrient depletions, but there is currently little information on these interactions in the boreal zone. Evidence to date suggests the soils of the Canadian boreal zone have not been adversely affected except in localized areas. However, there is the risk of nutrient loss if soils are not considered in our forest management strategies, particularly where multiple disturbances may interact. The potential for off-site movement of nutrients and contaminants into the atmospheric and aquatic ecosystems, in addition to on-site environmental issues, is also a concern.

Incubating snowy plovers (Charadrius nivosus) exhibit site-specific patterns of disturbance from human activities

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cara A. Faillace ◽  
Bradley W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Human Activities ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Breeding Population ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Beach Width ◽  
Single Person ◽  
Snowy Plovers ◽  
Range Of Variation

Context Many shorebirds are threatened by human-caused disturbance. For snowy plovers, disturbance within nesting habitats has been implicated as a major contributing factor in their population decline through deleterious effects on breeding success. Very little is known about site specificity of disturbance from human activities for this species. Aims We examined the disturbance of incubating snowy plovers to determine if nesting shorebirds within one breeding population exhibited site-specific patterns of disturbance from human activities. Methods We recorded flush (i.e. flight or escape from a perceived threat) distances and time spent off the nest following approach by a single person on Sanibel and Cayo Costa Islands, two islands in south-west Florida that differ in daily human visitation, and by a person walking a dog on Sanibel. We used a Bayesian model framework to determine effects of location and approach type on flush distance and time spent off of the nest. Key results Birds nesting on Sanibel flushed at shorter distances from a solitary person without a dog than did birds nesting on Cayo Costa, but spent similar amounts of time off of nests following a flush. On Sanibel, nesting birds also flushed at significantly greater distances and spent significantly more time off of nests when flushed by a person walking a dog rather than by a person alone. Conclusions Within a population, nesting snowy plovers exhibit site- and stimulus-dependent patterns of disturbance. The intraspecific variation falls within the range of variation recorded among species of birds studied elsewhere. Although we cannot determine causation, we suggest habituation to human activities from a combination of high beach usage, smaller nesting exclusion zones, and narrower beach width on Sanibel compared to Cayo Costa as a likely explanation for this difference. Implications Set-back distances for symbolic fencing have been generalised across species and nesting locations. Our results suggest that disturbance of nesting shorebirds can be site-dependent even within one breeding population of a species. Set-back distances around shorebird nests must account for location and types of activities encountered, implying the need for more conservative implementation of set-back distances.

Ethical dilemmas related to predictions and warnings of impending natural disaster

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-252
Author(s):  
Kai-Lit Phua, PhD ◽  
J. W. Hue, BS
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disaster ◽  
Global Justice ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Individual Autonomy ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Legal Proceedings

Scientists and policy makers issuing predictions and warnings of impending natural disaster are faced with two major challenges, that is, failure to warn and issuing a false alarm. The consequences of failure to warn can be serious for society overall, for example, significant economic losses, heavy infrastructure and environmental damage, large number of human casualties, and social disruption. Failure to warn can also have serious for specific individuals, for example, legal proceedings against disaster research scientists, as in the L’Aquila earthquake affair. The consequences of false alarms may be less serious. Nevertheless, false alarms may violate the principle of nonmaleficence (do no harm), affect individual autonomy (eg, mandatory evacuations), and may result in the “cry wolf” effect. Other ethical issues associated with natural disasters include the promotion of global justice through international predisaster technical assistance and postdisaster aid. Social justice within a particular country is promoted through greater postdisaster aid allocation to the less privileged.

scholarly journals Pembelajaran Lingkungan Berbasis Kearifan Lokal dengan Model Experiential Learning

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 648
Author(s):  
Bunga Dwi Immaniar ◽  
Sumarmi Sumarmi ◽  
I Komang Astina
Keyword(s):  
Experiential Learning ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Environmental Preservation ◽  
Environmental Learning ◽  
Environmental Care ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior

<p><strong>Abstract:</strong> Environmental damage that occurs on earth is caused by human activities. Human activities that use the environment excessively cause the environment to be damaged. These activities describe human attitudes and behavior that are low in environmental preservation. Low human behavior towards the environment can be improved through education through environmental learning. Environmental learning takes the form of real learning activities to gain knowledge through everyday life. Environmental learning in everyday life is obtained through local wisdom to improve environmental care behavior. The purpose of this study was to determine the participation of students using local wisdom-based environmental learning through the Experiential Learning model. The study design included the participation of students using local wisdom-based environmental learning through the Experiential Learning model.</p><strong>Abstrak:<em> </em></strong>Kerusakan lingkungan yang terjadi di bumi disebabkan oleh aktivitas manusia. Aktivitas manusia yang memanfaatkan lingkungan secara berlebihan menyebabkan lingkungan menjadi rusak. Aktivitas tersebut menggambarkan sikap dan perilaku manusia yang rendah dalam pelestarian lingkungan. Perilaku manusia yang rendah terhadap lingkungan dapat diperbaiki melalui pendidikan melalui pembelajaran lingkungan. Pembelajaran lingkungan berupa kegiatan belajar secara nyata untuk memperoleh pengetahuan melalui kehidupan sehari-hari. Pembelajaran lingkungan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari didapatkan melalui kearifan lokal untuk meningkatkan perilaku peduli lingkungan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui partisipasi peserta didik menggunakan pembelajaran lingkungan berbasis kearifan lokal melalui model <em>Experiential Learning</em>. Desain penelitian terdapat partisipasi peserta didik yang menggunakan pembelajaran lingkungan berbasis kearifan lokal melalui model <em>Experiential Learning</em>.

scholarly journals Shipping Accidents Due Caused by Natural Disasters and How to Handle Them

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santoso .
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Natural Disaster ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Natural Disturbances ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Preventative Measures ◽  
Safety Work ◽  
Loading And Unloading ◽  
In Transit

Accidents can occur to ships whether they are in transit, at anchor or are carrying out loading and unloading activities at the port or terminal - despite preventative measures (such as the Health and Safety Work Act, 1974). These measures concern both regular and emergency situations. An emergency usually occurs as the result of not adhering to established system procedures or due to natural disturbances. Planning and preparation are the main requirements for successful coping with an onboard emergency. The captain and officers should be aware of what they should do in various emergencies, for example fires in cargo tanks, engine rooms, A.B.K. rooms and people passed out in tanks, ships off dock and drifting, boats off dock, and other emergencies. Staff must be able to quickly and accurately decide what to do to deal with any kind of emergency. Keywords: Natural Disaster, Handling, Ship Accident

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