Timeliness Harvesting Loss of Rice in Cold Region under Different Mechanical Harvesting Methods

The yield loss during the process of harvesting is a great challenge in rice production. A suitable harvesting time and harvesting method can help to reduce the yield losses of rice, and decisions about the harvest date have important implications for labor management as well as for agricultural machinery scheduling. Nonetheless, the comprehensive composition of timeliness harvesting loss (THL) and its changing rules for different harvesting methods remain poorly understood. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of harvest date and mechanical harvesting methods on grain dry matter timeliness loss (GDMTL) and mechanical timeliness losses (MTL) of rice in the cold region. To this end, the field experiment was conducted from 45 days after heading (45 DAH) to 59 days after heading (59 DAH), adopting a full-feeding and semi-feeding combine harvester (FCH and SCH) from 2019 to 2020. The results showed that harvest date had a significant effect on GDMTL and four kinds of MTL including header timeliness loss (HTL), cleaning timeliness loss (CTL), un-threshed timeliness loss (UTTL), and entrainment timeliness loss (ETL, only under FCH). With the prolonged harvest date, the HTL and CTL increased and the UTTL and ETL decreased, which ranged from 0.15–0.31%, 0.36–0.67%, 0.72–0.18%, and 0.69–0.31%, respectively for FCH. For SCH, the variation range of HTL, CTL, and UTTL was 0.41–0.59%, 0.66–0.98%, and 0.64–0.21%, respectively. The GDMTL increased first and then decreased, ranging from 2.84–0.87%. The mechanical harvesting methods had no significant effect on the GDMTL of rice, but the MTL could be large between FCH and SCH. In general, optimal harvest period was 52 DAH~53 DAH for both harvesting methods, which exhibited the highest yield and the lowest loss, i.e., 9269.3 kg/hm2 and 1.70%, respectively, and the mechanical operating mode on different harvest dates was recommended to minimize the mechanical loss. The optimal harvest date for rice in a cold region ensured both quality and quantity for mechanized harvesting, and provided a reference for the reasonable allocation of operating harvesters in the harvesting season.

Download Full-text

Impact of Cultivar, Harvest Date and Threshing Parameter Settings on Floret and Carthamidin Yield of Safflower

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10091272 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 1272 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kathrin Steberl ◽

Jens Hartung ◽

Simone Graeff-Hönninger

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Carthamus Tinctorius ◽

Harvest Date ◽

Harvest Dates ◽

Combine Harvester ◽

Reduced Costs ◽

The Individual ◽

The University ◽

Selection Of

The industrial need for safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) increased over the last decade due to its potential use as food colorant. Safflower is mainly cultivated in Asia for its use as floret. In Germany, an economically attractive cultivation for floret use would require a mechanization of harvest. In order to develop a mechanical harvesting system, field experiments were conducted at the experimental station Ihinger Hof of the University Hohenheim in 2017 and 2018. Safflower was harvested with a combine harvester to obtain the florets. Two safflower (i) cultivars were harvested with (ii) three threshing parameter settings on (iii) five harvest dates to evaluate threshed floret yield, dry matter and carthamidin content, and carthamidin yield. Results showed that the maximum threshed floret yield was achieved at the latest harvest date (784.78–1141.76 kg ha−1), while the highest carthamidin contents were observed depending on cultivar on the first two harvest dates (0.53–3.14%). The decisive and resulting amount of carthamidin yield reached its maximum with the Chinese cultivar and the threshing parameter setting P3 between the fourth and fifth harvest date in 2018 (19.05–19.36 kg ha−1). Highest dry matter contents were achieved at the last harvest date (62.67–77.77%). Individual capitula weight and carthamidin content decreased with later harvest dates. Further investigations should clarify whether the individual capitula weight and carthamidin content correlate with each other or are independent of the date of harvest. This could be a decisive criterion for the selection of cultivars for harvesting florets with a combine harvester. Reduced costs of machine harvesting compared to hand harvesting will make the cultivation of safflower for the food coloring industry in Germany more attractive in the future.

Download Full-text

Effects of autumn harvest date on the performance of white clover/grass mixtures in Nova Scotia

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s002185960008549x ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 121 (3) ◽

pp. 315-321 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

J. Fraser ◽

K. Sutherland ◽

R. C. Martin

Keyword(s):

Nova Scotia ◽

White Clover ◽

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Dactylis Glomerata ◽

Harvest Date ◽

Harvest Dates ◽

Acid Detergent Fibre ◽

Clover Content

SUMMARYWhite clover (Trifolium repens L.) is well adapted to the cool moist climate of Atlantic Canada, where it improves digestibility and protein content in pastures, but little is known about its role in pasture stockpiled for autumn grazing in this region. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of autumn harvest dates on dry matter yield and clover content in herbage mixtures. Two experiments conducted in Nova Scotia between 1985 and 1991 on two different soil types showed that the effects of autumn harvest dates were inconsistent from year to year. Herbage growth rates ranged from 11 to 41 kg/ha per day between early September and mid-October. Clover content was generally lower in August–early September than in November harvests and declined in subsequent years irrespective of harvest date or forage species. Kersey White and Sonja white clovers were the highest yielding cultivars. Crude protein declined in late autumn harvests whereas acid detergent fibre tended to increase, and there were differences between years. Forage quality was significantly better in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) than orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.)/white clover mixtures.

Download Full-text

THE PRODUCTIVITY OF INTERMEDIATE WHEATGRASS AS AFFECTED BY INITIAL HARVEST DATES AND RECOVERY PERIODS

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps66-002 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 9-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

T. Lawrence ◽

R. Ashford

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Recovery Period ◽

Harvest Date ◽

Dry Matter Yield ◽

Intermediate Wheatgrass ◽

Agropyron Intermedium ◽

Harvest Dates ◽

Critical Phase

The productivity of Agropyron intermedium (Host.) Beauv., as influenced by variation in the date of initial harvest and length of recovery period between cuttings, was studied on irrigated land over a 2-year period. Ten initial cutting dates, each spaced 3 days apart, and two recovery periods of 21 days and 42 days, were used. Delaying the initial harvest date resulted in progressively greater dry-matter yields at the first cutting and progressively lower yields at the second cutting. Earlier and later initial cuttings gave higher yields than at the shotblade stage when this species seems to be in a critical phase of development. Grass given a 42-day recovery period between cuttings produced an average dry-matter yield of 3.63 tons per acre over the 2-year period, and 1.71 tons of root material per acre in the first crop year. Comparable yields in tons per acre for grass given a 21-day recovery period were 2.29 for dry matter and 1.31 for root material. Likewise, grass given a 21-day recovery period showed a rapid stand deterioration, whereas that given a 42-day recovery period did not show a reduction. Intermediate wheatgrass is high-yielding if managed properly and not abused by intensive cutting or grazing. It appears to be more suitable for hay production than for pasture.

Download Full-text

543 PB 081 THE EFFECTS OF SOIL TYPE, SULFUR FERTILITY, AND HARVEST DATE ON THE PUNGENCY OF TG1015Y ONIONS

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.29.5.509c ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 29 (5) ◽

pp. 509c-509

Author(s):

B.K. Hamilton ◽

L.M. Pike

Keyword(s):

Pyruvic Acid ◽

Soil Type ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Rio Grande Valley ◽

Harvest Date ◽

Soil Types ◽

Upward Trend ◽

Lower Rio Grande Valley ◽

Total Sugars ◽

Harvest Dates

A field study was conducted on TG1015Y onions (Allium cepa L.) grown in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Treatments included two soil types (clay & loam), four harvest dates throughout the bulbing process, and two S rates [0 kg S/ha (standard) & 22.4 kg S/ha (high)]. Laboratory analysis included pyruvic acid concentration for pungency measurement, percent dry matter, and sucrose, glucose, and fructose concentrations. Harvest date influenced all variables tested. Percent dry matter generally decreased as bulbs matured (8.0 to 6.9% DM) with a slight increase at maturity (7.4% DM). Enzymatically developed pyruvic acid concentrations ranged from 3.13 to 4.03 μmole/g fresh wt. There was an upward trend of pyruvic acid over the bulbing process. Total sugars, measured by HPLC methods, tended to increase during bulb development (39.3 to 46.5 mg/g fresh wt.). However, sucrose decreased during the last two harvests causing a corresponding increase in glucose and fructose. The S treatment had no effect on any of the factors measured. The only influence by soil type was sugar concentration, with the loam field being higher in glucose.

Download Full-text

Effect of the Cultivar and Harvest Date of Kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) on Crop Yield and Plant Morphological Features

Vegetable Crops Research Bulletin ◽

10.2478/v10032-010-0018-7 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 73 (1) ◽

pp. 55-65 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Anna Korus

Keyword(s):

Brassica Oleracea ◽

Crop Yield ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Total Yield ◽

Morphological Features ◽

Harvest Date ◽

Dry Matter Yield ◽

Marketable Yield ◽

Harvest Dates ◽

Brassica Oleracea L

Effect of the Cultivar and Harvest Date of Kale (Brassica oleraceaL. var.acephala) on Crop Yield and Plant Morphological FeaturesThe experimental material consisted of three kale cultivars: Winterbor F1, Redbor F1and Medium High Green Curly were obtained from three harvest dates. The experiment was conducted in a three-year cycle (2006-2008). Total yields ranged from 5.13 to 9.32 kg·m-2, of which marketable yield constituted on average 51-72% and processing yield 27-34%. In the present experiment, 8.42 kg of total yield per 1m2was obtained from Winterbor F1, 7.55 kg from Medium High Green Curly cv. and 6.71kg from Redbor F1as an average for all years and harvest dates. The highest total yield for all cultivars was from the second harvest date and ranged from 6.76 to 9.32 kg·m-2. The dry matter yield of leaves with removed veins averaged between 0.28 and 0.50 kg per 1m2for all years and harvest dates.

Download Full-text

The effect of ensiling on variety rank of forage maize

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859617000259 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 155 (8) ◽

pp. 1253-1262 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. SWANCKAERT ◽

J. PANNECOUCQUE ◽

J. VAN WAES ◽

G. HAESAERT ◽

J. DE BOEVER ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Matter Content ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Forage Maize ◽

Variety Trials ◽

Silage Maize ◽

Harvest Dates ◽

Maize Varieties ◽

Optimal Harvest

SUMMARYThe objective of the present study was to calculate an optimal harvest period for both fresh and ensiled samples of forage maize and to calculate a set of harvest dates (called a harvest window), for which the variety ranking of the fresh forage corresponds with the variety ranking at the optimal harvest period calculated from the ensiled forage. Forage maize is fed almost exclusively as silage, but official variety trials with silage maize determine quality parameters in fresh (i.e. non-preserved) forage. Eight silage maize varieties were monitored at six harvest dates (from 25 to 40% dry matter content) in Merelbeke (Belgium) in 2013–15. At each harvest date, fresh samples were taken and half of the sampled material was ensiled in micro silos for 20 weeks. An optimal harvest period was calculated based on frequently measuring starch concentration and organic matter digestibility for both fresh and ensiled forage. Eventually, harvesting the silage maize at a dry matter content of 32–35% guaranteed an optimal harvest period. Based on the results of eight varieties, reporting variety ranks without going through the ensiling process continues to be a scientifically justified practice in Belgian official variety trials. Varieties with a superior fresh quality keep their leading position after ensiling, but variety differences become smaller after ensiling.

Download Full-text

Seed loss as a result of pod shatter in spring rape and spring turnip rape in Finland

Agricultural and Food Science ◽

10.23986/afsci.5694 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 209-216 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

K. PAHKALA ◽

H. SANKARI

Keyword(s):

Yield Loss ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Harvest Date ◽

Turnip Rape ◽

Pod Shattering ◽

Seed Loss ◽

Optimal Harvest ◽

Pod Shatter ◽

Possible Cause ◽

Spring Rape

The aims of this study were to evaluate seed shedding in spring turnip rape (Brassica rapa L.) and spring rape (B. napus L.) and to assess the effect of delayed harvesting on seed yield loss. Experiments on spring turnip rape (cv. Emma) were conducted in 1988-1990 and on spring rape (cv. Topas) in 1989-1990 in Jokioinen (60o49'N, 23o28'E). Rimmed tin boxes were used to collect seed from shattered pods. They were placed between the continuous rows before pods started to shatter. The shed seeds were collected two to three times a week. Susceptibility and timing of pod shattering varies between spring turnip rape and rape. However, before optimal harvest date spring rape does not shatter significantly more than spring turnip rape. Spring rape starts to shatter more compared with spring turnip rape after its optimal harvest date. It is also more sensitive to weather conditions than spring turnip rape. Furthermore, pod shattering after optimal harvest time differs among years. Weather conditions are discussed as one possible cause of pod shattering

Download Full-text

Husk Softening and Kernel Characteristics of Three Black Walnut Cultivars at Successive Harvest Dates

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.43.3.691 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 43 (3) ◽

pp. 691-695 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Scott A. Brawner ◽

Michele R. Warmund

Keyword(s):

Classification System ◽

Black Walnut ◽

Juglans Nigra ◽

Harvest Date ◽

Force Measurements ◽

Color Classification ◽

Harvest Dates ◽

Optimal Harvest ◽

Hue Angle ◽

Light Medium

Eastern black walnuts (Juglans nigra L.) were collected weekly in September and October to identify a method to determine the optimal harvest date and to develop a quantifiable color classification system for kernels. Husk hardness, measured by a durometer, decreased over a 5-week period. During the collection periods, the greatest percent kernel for ‘Emma K’, ‘Kwik Krop’, and ‘Sparrow’ was recorded when durometer values (i.e., force measurements) of husks were 5.2, 5.5, and 3.4 N, respectively. Husk softening was also detected using the denting method, but the perception of denting did not consistently correspond with a specific husk hardness value. Of the three cultivars, ‘Kwik Krop’ kernels were the most difficult to visually sort into light, medium, and dark colors. Kernel LCH sum (L* + chroma + hue angle values), measured by a handheld spectrophotometer, provided a reliable color classification for all black walnut cultivars in which light kernels had LCH sums ≥150, medium kernels had sums of 149 to 126, and dark kernels had values ≤125.

Download Full-text

Optimum harvest date of maize for biogas and silage purposes

Acta Agronomica Hungarica ◽

10.1556/aagr.57.2009.2.3 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 57 (2) ◽

pp. 119-125

Author(s):

G. Hadi

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Biogas Production ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Vegetation Period ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Matter Content ◽

Harvest Date ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Dry Matter Yield ◽

Vegetative Organs

The dry matter and moisture contents of the aboveground vegetative organs and kernels of four maize hybrids were studied in Martonvásár at five harvest dates, with four replications per hybrid. The dry matter yield per hectare of the kernels and other plant organs were investigated in order to obtain data on the optimum date of harvest for the purposes of biogas and silage production.It was found that the dry mass of the aboveground vegetative organs, both individually and in total, did not increase after silking. During the last third of the ripening period, however, a significant reduction in the dry matter content was sometimes observed as a function of the length of the vegetation period. The data suggest that, with the exception of extreme weather conditions or an extremely long vegetation period, the maximum dry matter yield could be expected to range from 22–42%, depending on the vegetation period of the variety. The harvest date should be chosen to give a kernel moisture content of above 35% for biogas production and below 35% for silage production. In this phenophase most varieties mature when the stalks are still green, so it is unlikely that transport costs can be reduced by waiting for the vegetative mass to dry.

Download Full-text