scholarly journals Metadata Analysis to Evaluate Environmental Impacts of Wheat Residues Burning on Soil Quality in Developing and Developed Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6356
Author(s):  
Mohsen Jamali ◽  
Esmaeil Bakhshandeh ◽  
Mohammad Yaghoubi Khanghahi ◽  
Carmine Crecchio
Keyword(s):  
Soil Quality ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Crop Residue Burning ◽  
Metadata Analysis

Crop residues are widely considered as a biofuel source and used in livestock feeding, or are burned off to clean the field for tillage and planting. Nonetheless, crop residue burning poses serious threats to the soil stability and sustainability of the food chain. This study aimed to investigate the potential environmental impacts of wheat residues burning on declines in soil quality in developing (Iran) and developed (Italy) countries by analyzing metadata of the last 50 years. All metadata were provided from the ‘Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations’ (FAO) including wheat harvested area, annual production, and biomass burning, to assess the potential impact of crop residue burning on soil quality. In detail, the greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission, and energy and nutrient losses by the wheat residues burning were estimated. Our results showed a robust interdependence between wheat residues burning and environmental effects in both developed and developing systems. Accordingly, the global warming potential increased in Iran (4286 to 5604 kg CO2eq) and decreased in Italy (3528 to 1524 kg CO2eq) over the last 50 years. Amongst all nutrient losses, nitrogen represents the higher lost value in both countries, followed by potassium, sulfur, and phosphorus.

scholarly journals Impact of Sustainable Land Management Practices on Soil Properties: Example of Organic and Integrated Agricultural Management

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Rok Mihelič ◽  
Jure Pečnik ◽  
Matjaž Glavan ◽  
Marina Pintar
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Agricultural Management ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Modified Method ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
River Terraces ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization

Maintaining good soil quality is crucial for the sustainability of agriculture. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the visual soil assessment (VSA) method by testing it on two soil types and two agricultural management practices (AMP) (organic and integrated) that are considered to protect soil quality. We selected two farms with plots on two river terraces with different soil properties. The test was based on the modified method Annual Crops Visual Quality Assessment developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and supported by a standardized soil physical and chemical analysis. This study showed that the assessed score is highly dependent on the type of farming practice and how soils are managed. The soil type also plays an important role. The results for Calcaric Fluvisol showed that the effects of selected agricultural management practices on the visual assessment of soil quality could be almost undetectable. The time of assessment also plays a significant role in VSA scoring. Different crops and agricultural activities with significant impacts on the soil occur throughout the year (especially in vegetable production). It was observed that a higher score for the soil cover indicator had a beneficial effect on the total VSA rating.

scholarly journals Crop Residue Management for Sustenance of Natural Resources and Agriculture Productivity

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maninder Singh ◽  
Anita Jaswal ◽  
Arshdeep Singh
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Crop Residue Management

Crop residue management (CRM) through conservation agriculture can improve soil productivity and crop production by preserving soil organic matter (SOM) levels. Two major benefits of surface-residue management are improved organic matter (OM) near the soil surface and boosted nutrient cycling and preservation. Larger microbial biomass and activity near the soil surface act as a pool for nutrients desirable in crop production and enhance structural stability for increased infiltration. In addition to the altered nutrient distribution within the soil profile, changes also occur in the chemical and physical properties of the soil. Improved soil C sequestration through enhanced CRM is a cost-effective option for reducing agriculture's impact on the environment. Ideally, CRM practices should be selected to optimize crop yields with negligible adverse effects on the environment. Crop residues of common agricultural crops are chief resources, not only as sources of nutrients for subsequent crops but also for amended soil, water and air quality. Maintaining and managing crop residues in agriculture can be economically beneficial to many producers and more importantly to society. Improved residue management and reduced tillage practices should be encouraged because of their beneficial role in reducing soil degradation and increasing soil productivity. Thus, farmers have a responsibility in making management decisions that will enable them to optimize crop yields and minimize environmental impacts. Multi-disciplinary and integrated efforts by a wide variety of scientists are required to design the best site-specific systems for CRM practices to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability while minimizing environmental impacts.

scholarly journals MITIGATION OF CROP RESIDUE BURNING INDUCED AIR POLLUTION IN NEW DELHI – A REVIEW

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gopalakrishnan Srinivasan ◽  
Arumugam Abirami
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Municipal Solid Wastes ◽  
Crop Residue Burning ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Indian Industries ◽  
Stubble Burning

The atmosphere of New Delhi during the months of October to the January next year (every year) remains critical due to factors such as stubble burning in the nearby state of Punjab, air pollution rising out of Diwali fireworks and the smog during December and January. Stubble burning is the intentional incineration of paddy / any other field stubbles by farmers after the harvest. It is usually done to eliminate pests such as rats, crickets and hoppers. The availability of short time between rice harvesting and sowing of wheat is the most important reason for burning of crop residues. Also yield and quality of wheat gets severely affected if there is delay in sowing. Since the time gap is very limited (about 3 – 4 weeks) between rice and wheat, burning of crop residues is preferred since it is the quickest and easiest solution for the farmers. According to reports, New Delhi, Noida and Ghaziabad recorded a peak Air Quality Index (AQI) of around 480 – 490 in the month of November 2019. Health effects of air pollution include respiratory diseases, skin and eye irritation and other ailments. An important factor is shortage of labor contributing to burning of rice straw. Apart from stubble burning, farmers burn wood for domestic cooking, removal of municipal solid wastes and accidental / intentional wildfires. Use of combined harvester – Happy Seeder machine is a profitable and less labour-intensive management of rice residue. Yet many farmers still have the perception that there are no alternative solutions for crop residue management. Besides Happy Seeder machine, there are other machines such as rotavator, reaper binder and no-till seed drill that can be alternatives for crop residue burning. In 2019 – 20, the Punjab government disbursed a certain amount to farmers for not burning stubble as compensation, yet many farmers adopted the stubble burning process. Other measures such as adoption of villages by Confederation of Indian Industries, MoU with institutes for wast

Latin American countries and Russia in the international trade of the main tropical fruits

2021 ◽  
pp. 48-59
Author(s):  
Rafail R. Mukhametzyanov ◽  
◽  
Ana Isabel Fedorchuk Mac-Eachen ◽  
Gulnara K. Dzhancharova ◽  
Nikolay G. Platonovskiy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Market ◽  
Tropical Fruits ◽  
Tropical Fruit ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
The World ◽  
Latin American Countries

The orientation of a part of the population of economically developed countries to a healthy diet, the spread of ideas of vegetarianism, concern for the environment, and relatively higher incomes contributed to an increase in demand for fruits, berries and nuts of tropical and subtropical origin. Some of them, in particular bananas, oranges, tangerines, lemons, have become common food products and practically everyday consumption for the majority of the population of developed countries in the last quarter of the 20th century. In the future, some other types of fresh fruit and berry products from the tropics and subtropics (for example, pineapple, kiwi, avocado) gradually, due to increased production and international trade, also became more economically available to the ordinary consumer. Based on the analysis of statistics from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations for 1961-2019, the article shows a number of trends in international trade (for exports) of major tropical fruits are reflected, with a deeper look at the participation of Latin American countries in this process. It was revealed that some states of this region, such as Mexico, Ecuador, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Colombia, Honduras, Peru, Brazil, Chile, occupy significant positions in the supply of bananas, pineapple, avocado, mango, papaya to the world market. Currently, Russia is one of the largest countries in the world in terms of imports of fruit and berry products, therefore, the issue of its participation as a subject of demand in the world tropical fruit market is raised.

scholarly journals Indicators of Complexity and Over-Complexification in Global Food Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip A. Loring ◽  
Palash Sanyal
Keyword(s):  
Food Systems ◽  
Food System ◽  
Genetically Modified Crops ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Disruptive Technology ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Agricultural Revolution ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Global Food

Global food systems have increased in complexity significantly since the mid-twentieth century, through such innovations as mechanization, irrigation, genetic modification, and the globalization of supply chains. While complexification can be an effective problem-solving strategy, over-complexification can cause environmental degradation and lead systems to become increasingly dependent on external subsidies and vulnerable to collapse. Here, we explore a wide array of evidence of complexification and over-complexification in contemporary global food systems, drawing on data from the Food and Agriculture Organization and elsewhere. We find that food systems in developed, emerging, and least developed countries have all followed a trajectory of complexification, but that return on investments for energy and other food system inputs have significantly declined—a key indicator of over-complexification. Food systems in developed countries are further along in the process of over-complexification than least developed and emerging countries. Recent agricultural developments, specifically the introduction of genetically modified crops, have not altered this trend or improved return on investments for inputs into food systems. Similarly, emerging innovations belonging to the “digital agricultural revolution” are likewise accompanied by energy demands that may further exacerbate over-complexification. To reverse over-complexification, we discuss strategies including innovation by subtraction, agroecology, and disruptive technology.

Various Approaches for Food Waste Processing and Its Management

2021 ◽  
pp. 578-594
Author(s):  
Anupam Pandey ◽  
Priyanka Harishchandra Tripathi ◽  
Ashutosh Paliwal ◽  
Ankita Harishchandra Tripathi ◽  
Satish Chandra Pandey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Financial Impact ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Waste Processing ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Time And Energy ◽  
Food Wastage

Food wastage is a huge crisis arising in today's world. An extensive amount of waste generation has become a serious concern of our society in the past years that affects developing and developed countries equally, and according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), as much as one-third of the food intentionally grown for human consumption is never consumed and is therefore wasted, with significant environmental, social, and economic ramifications. By wasting food, we also waste the time and energy that we have used to produce the food and as well our natural resources and the limited available agricultural land will be used up which could be handled in a much better and sustainable way. Additionally, waste has a strong financial impact and affects the environment including the overall greenhouse gas emission. In an increasingly resource-constrained world, it is imperative to reduce the high environmental, social, and economic impacts associated with this type of waste.

Soil microbiological properties during decomposition of crop residues under conventional and zero tillage

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Z. Lupwayi ◽  
G. W. Clayton ◽  
J. T. O’Donovan ◽  
K. N. Harker ◽  
T. K. Turkington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Functional Diversity ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Microbial Functional Diversity ◽  
Soil Microbial

Field experiments were conducted to correlate decomposition of red clover (Trifolium pratense) green manure (GM), field pea (Pisum sativum), canola (Brassica rapa) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) residues, and soil organic C (SOC), under zero tillage and conventional tillage, with soil microbial biomass C (MBC), bacterial functional diversity and microbial activity (CO2 evolution). A greenhouse experiment was also conducted to relate crop residue quality to soil microbial characteristics. Zero tillage increas ed MBC only in the 0- to 5-cm soil layer. Soil MBC decreased more with soil depth than either microbial diversity or total SOC. Legume GM residues induced greater initial CO2 evolution than the other residues. This means that results that do not include the initial flush of microbial activity, e.g., by sampling only in the season(s) following residue placement, probably underestimate gas evolution from legume crop residues. Residue N, P and K contents were positively correlated with microbial functional diversity and activity, which were positively correlated with crop residue decomposition. Therefore, microbial functional diversity and activity were good indicators of microbial decomposition processes. Residue C/N and C/P ratios (i.e., high C content) were positively correlated with MBC, which was positively correlated with SOC. Therefore, soil MBC was a good indicator of soil quality (soil organic matter content). Key words: Biological soil quality, crop residues, crop rotation, microbial activity, microbial biomass, microbial diversity

Use of the gas production technique to investigate responses of supplementing low quality forages. 1. In vitro interactions

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 92-94
Author(s):  
C. D. Wood ◽  
A. H. Murray ◽  
A. R. Moss ◽  
D. I. Givens
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residue ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Short Supply ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
In Vitro Interactions

Nitrogen-deficient fibrous crop residues are widely used as basal diets in less developed countries, particularly in dry seasons when alternative foods are often in short supply. One approach to improving animal performance on crop residue based diets is to include a supplement of improved quality food to provide fermentable protein and energy. There are no established in vitro methods for investigating interactions between foods but the in vitro gas production method shows promise in this regard (Prasad et al., 1994). This paper describes the interactions observed in vitro; an accompanying paper (Murray et al., 1998) describes in vivo responses to supplementation and relationships between in vitro and in vivo data.

scholarly journals International cooperation in food security in Uzbekistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 87-90
Author(s):  
Nurmatov Abdujabbor Ne'matjonovich
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Program Implementation ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mutual Cooperation ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Regional Projects

The article covers the issues of ensuring food security, reforms carried out by Uzbekistan in this regard and mutual cooperation, which are becoming one of the most pressing problems in the world today. The increase in the number of Population year-on-year, climatic changes, urbanization, economic, ecological factors adversely affect the volume and quality of food production. This, in turn, dictates the implementation of deep consistent reforms in the spheres of existing rural agriculture and food industry. In recent years, with the aim of accelerating the development of agricultural production and the food industry, addressing sectoral challenges, Uzbekistan has been working not only in domestic capacity but also with international organizations and developed countries. In particular, Uzbekistan joined the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAOUN) on 2 November 2001. During this period, Uzbekistan has implemented a number of national and regional projects in collaboration with the UN. For example, Uzbekistan carried out 8 national and regional projects in the Republic during 2001-2015 in cooperation with this organization. On June 5-6, 2014 in Tashkent on the initiative of Uzbekistan held an international conference on the theme “significant reserves of Food Program Implementation in Uzbekistan”. In addition, the FAOUN's 32nd regional conference for Europe is scheduled to be held in Uzbekistan for the first time among the countries of Central Asia on May 5-7, 2020. This is evidenced by the growing strengthening of cooperation with the FAOUN Organization of Uzbekistan

Food and Agriculture Organization

1961 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 188-190 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization

The tenth session of the Conference of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) was held in Rome from October 31 through November 20, 1959. In its review of the world situation and oudook the Conference noted with satisfaction that in 1958 a 4 percent increase in world agricultural production had followed the temporary pause in expansion of the previous year, when harvests in many areas had been reduced by bad weather. The information available to the Conference indicated that world production would again rise in the 1959 season, though the increase would probably not be so great as in 1958, and that variable weather conditions were likely to result in considerable differences between regions and between individual commodities. The Conference expressed concern, however, over the fact that the greater part of the 1958 increase had been contributed by the technically advanced countries and that, apart from a substantial increase reported in mainland China, gains had generally been small in the less developed regions, where a rapid increase of agricultural production was urgently needed. In addition, much of the increase in production had not moved into consumption. The large cereal crops of 1958, especially in the United States, had led to a sharp rise in unsold stocks of wheat and coarse grains, and coffee and sugar stocks had also increased markedly. Thus, despite the existence of surplus stocks, the less developed countries could not afford to import sufficient food to ensure the adequate nutrition of their rapidly growing populations, and the problems of rural poverty and inadequate food supplies which characterized most of them could be overcome only by a build-up of dieir agricultures and a balanced development of their economies. Another adverse factor affecting the less developed countries had been the recession in economic activity in most of the industrialized countries in the two years since the previous session of the Conference, for the volume of exports of industrial raw materials had fallen by some 8 percent in 1958, thus decreasing the needed export earnings of the less developed countries. The Conference also expressed its concern at the slackening in the increase of production in relation to population, particularly in the less developed regions, during the last few years, as the average annual increase in world food production had recently been only about 0.5 percent above the average population growth of 1.6 percent, in contrast to the margin of some 1.5 percent that had been achieved in the earlier part of the postwar period.

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