scholarly journals Truck Impact on Buried Water Pipes in Interdependent Water and Road Infrastructures

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 11288
Author(s):  
Shihab Uddin ◽  
Qing Lu ◽  
Hung Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Heavy Vehicles ◽  
Water Pipes ◽  
Vehicle Loading ◽  
Allowable Range ◽  
Vehicle Loads ◽  
Truck Load ◽  
Pipe Deflection ◽  
The Impact

In the development of sustainable and resilient infrastructures to adapt to the rapidly changing natural and social environment, the complexity of the dependencies and interdependencies within critical infrastructure systems need to be fully understood, as they affect various components of risk and lead to cascading failures. Water and road infrastructures are highly co-located but often managed and maintained separately. One important aspect of their interdependence is the impact of vehicle loading on a road on underlying water pipes. The existing studies lack a comprehensive evaluation of this subject and do not consider possible critical failure scenarios. This study constructed finite element models to analyze the responses of buried water pipes to vehicle loads under an array of scenarios, including various loads, pipe materials, pipe dimensions, and possible extreme conditions, such as corrosion in pipes and a sinkhole under the pipe. The results showed negligible impact of heavy trucks on buried water pipes. The pipe deflection under a maximum allowable truck load in the worst condition was still within the allowable range specified in standards such as those from the American Water Works Association. This implies that the impact of heavy vehicles on water pipes may not need to be considered in the context of the interdependency between water and road infrastructures, which leads to a more unidirectional dependency between these two infrastructures.

Research on Impact Factor of Simple Composite Box Beam under Vehicle Loads

2011 ◽  
Vol 382 ◽  
pp. 471-476
Author(s):  
Yun Sheng Li ◽  
Li Li Shi ◽  
Shuai Li
Keyword(s):  
Impact Factor ◽  
Dynamic Effect ◽  
Highway Bridges ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Heavy Vehicles ◽  
Wheel Load ◽  
Vehicle Loads ◽  
Heavy Loads ◽  
The Impact

Commonly the vibration due to vehicle loads has no apparently impact on highway bridges, but it is unneglectable when the heavy vehicles load on highway bridges. The impact factor is usually used to define the dynamic effect under vehicle loads in most design code. In this paper, the models of simple composite box beams with different span and the models of two simplified heavy vehicles are established respectively. The impact factors are calculated when the heavy loads pass though bridges at different speed under different load conditions. In addition, the change laws of the impact factors and the influence of different vehicle models on the impact factors are analyzed. Analysis results show that, not only the impact factor are increased with vehicle speed, but also the amplitude and period are all increased. In normal speed range, the influence of speed on the impact factors appears rising trend overall. For the bridge with same span, the impact factors under the double wheel load are smaller than that under single wheel load.

scholarly journals Investigating the impact of pre-processing techniques and pre-trained word embeddings in detecting Arabic health information on social media

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yahya Albalawi ◽  
Jim Buckley ◽  
Nikola S. Nikolov
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Classification Problem ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Word Embeddings ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Lower Accuracy ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of data pre-processing and word embedding techniques in the context of Arabic document classification in the domain of health-related communication on social media. We evaluate 26 text pre-processings applied to Arabic tweets within the process of training a classifier to identify health-related tweets. For this task we use the (traditional) machine learning classifiers KNN, SVM, Multinomial NB and Logistic Regression. Furthermore, we report experimental results with the deep learning architectures BLSTM and CNN for the same text classification problem. Since word embeddings are more typically used as the input layer in deep networks, in the deep learning experiments we evaluate several state-of-the-art pre-trained word embeddings with the same text pre-processing applied. To achieve these goals, we use two data sets: one for both training and testing, and another for testing the generality of our models only. Our results point to the conclusion that only four out of the 26 pre-processings improve the classification accuracy significantly. For the first data set of Arabic tweets, we found that Mazajak CBOW pre-trained word embeddings as the input to a BLSTM deep network led to the most accurate classifier with F1 score of 89.7%. For the second data set, Mazajak Skip-Gram pre-trained word embeddings as the input to BLSTM led to the most accurate model with F1 score of 75.2% and accuracy of 90.7% compared to F1 score of 90.8% achieved by Mazajak CBOW for the same architecture but with lower accuracy of 70.89%. Our results also show that the performance of the best of the traditional classifier we trained is comparable to the deep learning methods on the first dataset, but significantly worse on the second dataset.

scholarly journals Sodium Hypochlorite Treatment: The Impact on Bacteria and Endotoxin Concentrations in Drinking Water Pipes of A Pig Nursery

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Regina Böger ◽  
Karl Rohn ◽  
Nicole Kemper ◽  
Jochen Schulz
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Water Pipes ◽  
Pseudomonas Spp ◽  
Untreated Water ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Total Bacteria

Poor drinking water quality can affect pigs’ health and performance. The disinfection of water may enhance microbial water quality. In this study, bacteria and endotoxins in sodium hypochlorite-treated and -untreated water from one pig nursery were analyzed. Water samples were taken from incoming water and from compartments with treated and untreated water at the beginning and end of pipes and from nipples. The farm was visited 14 times to measure total bacteria counts and concentrations of Pseudomonas spp. and endotoxins. Additionally, the occurrence of coliform bacteria was analyzed. A mixed model analysis revealed significant reductions in total bacteria counts and Pseudomonas spp. in treated water at the beginning of pipes and at nipple drinkers. The differences between bacteria concentrations at the end of pipes had no clear trend. Endotoxin concentrations were approximately equal at the beginning of pipes and at nipple drinkers but were found to have differences at the end of pipes. The occurrence of coliform bacteria was significantly reduced in treated water. The application of sodium hypochlorite can significantly reduce bacteria in water pipes. Endotoxin concentrations were mostly unaffected by water treatment. Disinfection of the dead-end pipe sections failed, and thus these parts should be regarded as potential contamination sources.

scholarly journals Can land use changes alter carbon, nitrogen and major ion transport in subtropical brazilian streams?

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Mariano Lopes da Silva ◽  
Jean Pierre Henry Balbaud Ometto ◽  
Gré de Araújo Lobo ◽  
Walter de Paula Lima ◽  
Marcos Augusto Scaranello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Major Ion ◽  
Se Brazil ◽  
Tropical Watersheds ◽  
The Impact

Several studies in tropical watersheds have evaluated the impact of urbanization and agricultural practices on water quality. In Brazil, savannas (known regionally as Cerrados) represent 23% of the country's surface, representing an important share to the national primary growth product, especially due to intense agriculture. The purpose of this study is to present a comprehensive evaluation, on a yearly basis, of carbon, nitrogen and major ion fluxes in streams crossing areas under different land use (natural vegetation, sugar cane and eucalyptus) in a savanna region of SE Brazil. Eucalyptus and sugar cane alter the transport of the investigated elements in small watersheds. The highest concentration of all parameters (abiotic parameters, ions, dissolved organic carbon DOC - and dissolved inorganic carbon - DIC) were found in Sugar Cane Watersheds (SCW). The observed concentrations of major cations in Eucalyptus Watersheds (EW) (Mg, Ca, K, Na), as well as DIN and DOC, were found frequently to be intermediate values between those of Savanna Watersheds (SW) and SCW, suggesting a moderate impact of eucalyptus plantations on the streamwater. Same trends were found in relation to ion and nutrient fluxes, where the higher values corresponded to SCW. It is suggested that sugar cane plantations might be playing an important role in altering the chemistry of water bodies.

scholarly journals Identifying Sensitive Components in Infrastructure Networks via Critical Flows

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Williams
Keyword(s):  
Reliability Analysis ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Centrality Measures ◽  
Critical Flow ◽  
Infrastructure Networks ◽  
Component Importance ◽  
Infrastructure System ◽  
Critical Components ◽  
The Impact

This paper introduces a novel set of component importance measures that are based on the concept of critical flow. Various research communities have developed techniques for identifying critical components of networks. The methods in this paper extend previous work on flow-based centrality measures by adapting them to the assessment of critical infrastructure in urban systems. The motivation is to provide municipalities with a means of reasoning about the impact of urban interventions. An infrastructure system is represented as a flow network in which demand nodes are assigned both demand values and criticality ratings. Sensitive elements in the network are those that carry critical flows, where a flow is deemed critical to the extent that it satisfies critical demand. A method for computing these flows is presented, and its utility is demonstrated by comparing the new measures to existing flow centrality measures. The paper also shows how the method may be combined with standard approaches to reliability analysis.

scholarly journals Quantitative Analysis of Comprehensive Influence of Music Network Based on Logistic Regression and Bidirectional Clustering

Complexity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Yi-Kun Zhao ◽  
Guo-Qing Wang ◽  
Xiao-Xiao Zhan ◽  
Peng-Hui Yang
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Dynamic Network ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
Music Similarity ◽  
Pagerank Algorithm ◽  
Change Factors ◽  
Cluster Analysis Method ◽  
The Impact

This paper makes a quantitative analysis of the comprehensive influence of music networks. Firstly, 11 music features are selected from energy, popularity, and other aspects to build a comprehensive evaluation index of music influence, and the PageRank algorithm is used to quantify the music influence. Secondly, the multiobjective logistic regression is used to construct the music similarity measurement model and, combined with music influence and music similarity, to judge whether the influence of different musicians is the actual influence. Thirdly, the influence and similarity of the same music genre and different music genres are analyzed by using the two-way cluster analysis method. Finally, the lasso region is used for feature selection to obtain the change factors in the process of music evolution and analyze the dynamic changes in the process of music development. Therefore, this paper uses network science to build a dynamic network to analyze the similarity of music, the evolution process, and the impact of music on culture, which has certain research significance and practical value in the fields of music, history, social science, and practice.

scholarly journals Addressing Impact Evaluation Gaps in Belt and Road Initiative Projects in Africa: The Standard Gauge Railway Project in Kenya as a Proof of Concept

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-38
Author(s):  
Keren Zhu ◽  
Rafiq Dossani ◽  
Jennifer Bouey
Keyword(s):  
Impact Evaluation ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Stakeholder Participation ◽  
Social Benefit ◽  
Evaluation Framework ◽  
Systematic Evaluation ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The impact of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) to global development will be unprecedented and significant, and developmental impact evaluation is therefore central to understanding BRI projects and making informed decisions. Compared with evaluations of individual projects and programs, evaluation of large and mega infrastructure projects under the BRI is particularly challenging and complex in integrating stakeholder objectives, accounting for social benefit and costs, and tracking long-term project impact. In this paper, we summarize the key drawbacks of existing BRI evaluation frameworks, propose a systematic evaluation framework elicitation method based on the inputs from BRI subject matter experts and verified through stakeholder participation, and apply an interim evaluation framework in understanding the Mombasa-Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway project in Kenya, as a proof of concept of a comprehensive evaluation framework. In doing so, we seek to provide a tool for BRI decision makers and stakeholders to assess these projects holistically at planning, construction and operation stages.

scholarly journals EVALUATING THE EFFECT OF HEAVY VEHICLES ON TRAFFIC PARAMETERS BY USING HEAVY VEHICLE FACTOR

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 95-104
Author(s):  
Parthkumar Patel ◽  
H.R. Varia
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Traffic Flow ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Freight Transport ◽  
Heavy Vehicle ◽  
Mixed Traffic ◽  
Heavy Vehicles ◽  
Highway Traffic ◽  
Ideal Situation ◽  
The Impact

Safe, convenient and timely transportation of goods and passengers is necessary for development of nation. After independence road traffic is increased manifold in India. Modal share of freight transport is shifted from Railway to roadways in India. Road infrastructures continuously increased from past few decades but there is still need for new roads to be build and more than three forth of the roads having mixed traffic plying on it. The impact of freight vehicles on highway traffic is enormous as they are moving with slow speeds. Nature of traffic flow is dependent on various traffic parameters such as speed, density, volume and travel time etc. As per ideal situation these traffic parameters should remain intact, but it is greatly affected by presence of heavy vehicle in mixed traffic due to Svehicles plying on two lane roads. Heavy vehicles affect the traffic flow because of their length and size and acceleration/deceleration characteristics.  This study is aimed to analyse the impact of heavy vehicles on traffic parameters.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND CHANGING DISINFECTANTS ON STEEL WATER PIPES CORROSION: CASE STUDY OF MASHHAD, IRAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-71
Author(s):  
Mobin Rahimi-Golkhandan ◽  
Shahnaz Danesh ◽  
Ali Davoodi
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Permanganate ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Water Pipe ◽  
Steel Pipes ◽  
Water Pipes ◽  
Corrosion Of Steel ◽  
The Impact

Water pipe corrosion inflicts big health problems and financial damages to societies. Temperature, pH, type, and dosage of oxidants, and DO are some of the key factors that affect water pipe corrosion. The aim of this research is to assess the impacts of temperature (15 and 25oC), dosage of potassium permanganate (0, 1 and 2 mg/L) and sodium hypochlorite (0, 0.5 and 1 mg/L) on corrosion of steel pipes. To measure the corrosion of steel specimens, OCP, EIS and potentiodynamic polarization tests were conducted. The results showed a direct relationship between temperature and corrosion rate. A 10-degree raise in the temperature, caused a 25% increase in corrosion current density (CCD). Adding sodium hypochlorite to the solution, decreases CCD by around 50%. Moreover, potassium permanganate proved to have a positive impact on reducing CCD by up to 21%. The results demonstrate that simultaneous usage of NaClO and KMnO4 for water disinfection can have beneficial impact on corrosion of steel pipes. Finally, our analysis suggests that when combined with KMnO4, lower dosage of NaClO significantly increases polarization resistance. The findings of this research highlight the impact of disinfectants on steel water pipes corrosion in different temperatures and supports water infrastructure decision-makers in more effective rehabilitation and maintenance of water pipes. Further, our results inform decision-makers for a more effective infrastructure design and resilience planning to random failures caused by corrosion.

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