scholarly journals An Analysis Safe Protocols Employed in Professional Male Soccer and the Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the 2020 Brazilian Championship

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 13585
Author(s):  
Leonardo José Mataruna-Dos-Santos ◽  
Pedro da Gama Roberto de Albuquerque ◽  
Gabriel de Almeida Vasconcellos ◽  
Rodrigo Mendonça do Nascimento ◽  
Nadine Tonelli Cavalari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Return To Play ◽  
Sporting Events ◽  
The Postponement ◽  
Elite Sports

The COVID-19 pandemic directly reached and impacted upon elite sports and caused the postponement of sporting events globally. In order to enable the return of activities, protocols were created with recommendations to prevent the transmission of COVID-19. The objective of this work is to analyze and compare the safe return protocols of major football leagues and associations to those of the Brazilian Championship, as well as to survey the numbers of COVID-19 outbreaks in clubs that competed in the 2020 Brazilian Championship Series A. The documentary research was carried out through the analysis of articles published on open-source football league and federation websites. National and international return protocols were verified, as well as the documenting of isolated cases and outbreaks of COVID-19 in the Brazilian Championship. In the Brazilian Championship, the return to play occurred at a time when COVID-19 case numbers were rising, a fact that, together with the decentralization of the match cities, was likely linked to the number of positive cases. A total of 302 positive cases of COVID-19 were identified in 14 outbreaks during the competition. Therefore, this work identifies good practice and underscores the need to reassess and refine the protocols to minimize the impacts of COVID-19 going forward.

Why Do Developers Reject Refactorings in Open-Source Projects?

2022 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Jevgenija Pantiuchina ◽  
Bin Lin ◽  
Fiorella Zampetti ◽  
Massimiliano Di Penta ◽  
Michele Lanza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Software Quality ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Source Code ◽  
Code Review ◽  
Code Quality ◽  
Shed Light

Refactoring operations are behavior-preserving changes aimed at improving source code quality. While refactoring is largely considered a good practice, refactoring proposals in pull requests are often rejected after the code review. Understanding the reasons behind the rejection of refactoring contributions can shed light on how such contributions can be improved, essentially benefiting software quality. This article reports a study in which we manually coded rejection reasons inferred from 330 refactoring-related pull requests from 207 open-source Java projects. We surveyed 267 developers to assess their perceived prevalence of these identified rejection reasons, further complementing the reasons. Our study resulted in a comprehensive taxonomy consisting of 26 refactoring-related rejection reasons and 21 process-related rejection reasons. The taxonomy, accompanied with representative examples and highlighted implications, provides developers with valuable insights on how to ponder and polish their refactoring contributions, and indicates a number of directions researchers can pursue toward better refactoring recommenders.

scholarly journals A Systematic Review of the Impact of COVID-19 on Global Sporting Events in 2020: The Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
Tinashe CHUCHU ◽  
◽  
Eugine Tafadzwa MAZIRIRI ◽  
Tarisai Fritz RUKUNI ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Disease ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Sporting Events ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Statistical Inferences ◽  
Secondary Data Sources ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Postponement ◽  
Conclusive Data

The Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19), like no other pandemic has taken the world by storm, affecting all and any spheres of life. This effect has also impacted global sporting events such as the 2020 Summer Olympics that were scheduled for the 24th of July 2020 to the 9th of July 2020 in Tokyo, Japan. Historically, the Summer Olympics have been cancelled 3 times due to war but the postponement that occurred in 2020 is unprecedented. The socio-economic implications are still yet to be fully explored and realised. The purpose of this research is to therefore examine the impact of COVID-19 on the Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics. The study will adopt a systematic literature review of material on the COVID-19 pandemic in relation to sporting events and statistical inferences will be conducted based on publicly accessible secondary data sources. Considering that the pandemic is still an ongoing phenomenon the findings and analysis cannot be conclusive, a snapshot based on current data and scientific predictions will be provided on what COVID-19 meant to global sporting events. A broad analysis of the pandemic’s impact on sport will be provided despite the focus being on the Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics. Last, this study serves as a template for further research on COVID-19’s impact on sporting events in general, preferably studies conducted post the pandemic for reflection purposes based on more conclusive data.

scholarly journals The Importance of Adopting National Policy Papers on Dual Careers in the Field of Sport

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
LILIANA BUDEVICI PUIU
Keyword(s):  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
National Level ◽  
National Policy ◽  
World Health ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Sporting Events ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Health Organization

The relevance of physical education for sport to society is promoted by many states in order to achieve its social values, especially health, social inclusion, education and volunteering. For example, Liechtenstein regards sport as a cultural component in society, being perceived as being of public interest. The Czech Republic, Estonia and Hungary emphasize through reforms implemented in the field of education and sports, encouraging young people to watch and take part in sporting events and to be informed about sports regularly. The economic aspects of sport, especially the sustainable financing of sporting activities for all and the elaboration of policies based on concrete elements, can be considered as strategic objectives of the Republic of Moldova. In this context, the adoption of normative acts that will lead to the establishment of a framework of national guidelines on double careers will have the effect of regulating those concrete measures regarding the education, work, health and financial means of athletes. At the same time, ensuring the continuation of physical activity levels and national policies in this area, as well as continuously promoting the regular exchange of information and good practice on the role of physical activities to improve the health of the population, are also objectives that can be Implemented at national level in close synergy and cooperation with the World Health Organization (WHO).

scholarly journals TEAM to Defeat COVID-19: A Management Strategy Plan to Address Return to Play in Sports Medicine

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 232596712095145
Author(s):  
Diana Santos-Ferreira ◽  
Rita Tomás ◽  
Hélder Dores
Keyword(s):  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Return To Play ◽  
Sporting Events ◽  
Mild Disease ◽  
Travel Restrictions ◽  
Community Transmission ◽  
Myocardial Injuries ◽  
Time Away

A new viral disease named COVID-19 spread rapidly into a pandemic in early 2020. Most countries have active community transmission and imposed measures such as social distancing and travel restrictions to mitigate its effect. Many sporting events all over the globe were canceled or postponed. In this article, we briefly discuss some important topics regarding the COVID-19 pandemic and propose a strategy to manage return to play in professional athletes. We searched the PubMed and Google Scholar databases to identify articles published through May 12, 2020, using the following keywords: “coronavirus,” “COVID-19,” “SARS-CoV-2,” “athlete,” and “return to play.” Although athletes have a lower risk of severe disease, preventive measures are still very important for minimizing time away from training, avoiding potential complications, slowing the pandemic spread, and ultimately protecting the health of those with a higher risk of complications and death. Athletes may present with mild disease, but complications such as pulmonary fibrosis and myocardial injuries have to be considered. Although still controversial, athletes should be evaluated before return to play and monitored accordingly afterward via proper clinical assessments and testing.

scholarly journals Children and parents’ perspectives of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Ontario children’s physical activity, play, and sport behaviours

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Szpunar ◽  
Leigh M. Vanderloo ◽  
Brianne A. Bruijns ◽  
Stephanie Truelove ◽  
Shauna M. Burke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Return To Play ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Sporting Events ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Children And Parents ◽  
Authority Figures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Children’S Physical Activity

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic and associated public health measures have resulted in the closure of many physical activity-supporting facilities. This study examined Ontario parents’ and children’s perspectives of COVID-19’s impact on children’s physical activity behaviours, return to play/sport during COVID-19, as well as barriers/facilitators to getting active amid extended closures of physical activity venues. Methods Parents/guardians of children aged 12 years and under living in Ontario, Canada were invited to participate in an interview. 12 parent/guardian and 9 child interviews were conducted via Zoom between December 2020 – January 2021, were audio-recorded, and transcribed verbatim. Thematic content analysis was undertaken to identify pronounced themes. Results Themes for both parent and child interviews fell into one of three categories: 1) barriers and facilitators for getting children active amid COVID-19 closures of physical activity-supporting facilities; 2) changes in children’s activity levels; and, 3) perspectives on return to play/sport during and post-pandemic. Various subthemes were identified and varied between parents and children. The most common facilitator for dealing with children’s inactivity voiced by parents/guardians was getting active outdoors. Parents/guardians noted their willingness to have their children return to play/sport in the community once deemed safe by public health guidelines, and children’s willingness to return stemmed primarily from missing their friends and other important authority figures (e.g., coaches) and sporting events (e.g., tournaments). Conclusions Findings from this study could inform families of feasible and realistic strategies for increasing children’s physical activity during community closures, while also providing public health experts with information regarding what supports, or infrastructure might be needed during future lockdown periods and/or pandemics.

scholarly journals tableone: An open source Python package for producing summary statistics for research papers

JAMIA Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom J Pollard ◽  
Alistair E W Johnson ◽  
Jesse D Raffa ◽  
Roger G Mark
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Summary Statistics ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Popular Language ◽  
Guidelines And Recommendations ◽  
Stability Issues ◽  
Python Programming

Abstract Objectives In quantitative research, understanding basic parameters of the study population is key for interpretation of the results. As a result, it is typical for the first table (“Table 1”) of a research paper to include summary statistics for the study data. Our objectives are 2-fold. First, we seek to provide a simple, reproducible method for providing summary statistics for research papers in the Python programming language. Second, we seek to use the package to improve the quality of summary statistics reported in research papers. Materials and Methods The tableone package is developed following good practice guidelines for scientific computing and all code is made available under a permissive MIT License. A testing framework runs on a continuous integration server, helping to maintain code stability. Issues are tracked openly and public contributions are encouraged. Results The tableone software package automatically compiles summary statistics into publishable formats such as CSV, HTML, and LaTeX. An executable Jupyter Notebook demonstrates application of the package to a subset of data from the MIMIC-III database. Tests such as Tukey’s rule for outlier detection and Hartigan’s Dip Test for modality are computed to highlight potential issues in summarizing the data. Discussion and Conclusion We present open source software for researchers to facilitate carrying out reproducible studies in Python, an increasingly popular language in scientific research. The toolkit is intended to mature over time with community feedback and input. Development of a common tool for summarizing data may help to promote good practice when used as a supplement to existing guidelines and recommendations. We encourage use of tableone alongside other methods of descriptive statistics and, in particular, visualization to ensure appropriate data handling. We also suggest seeking guidance from a statistician when using tableone for a research study, especially prior to submitting the study for publication.

scholarly journals Return to Basketball Play Following COVID-19 Lockdown

Sports ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Dimitrios I. Bourdas ◽  
Emmanouil D. Zacharakis ◽  
Antonios K. Travlos ◽  
Athanasios Souglis
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Medical Staff ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Return To Play ◽  
Sporting Events ◽  
Multiple Strategies ◽  
Basketball Court ◽  
Team Game ◽  
Extended Duration

Due to concerns regarding the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), major sporting events and activities have been temporarily suspended or postponed, and a new radical sports protocol has emerged. For most sports there are few recommendations based on scientific evidence for returning to team-game activities following the lifting of COVID-19 restrictions, the extended duration of lockdown, and self-training or detraining in the COVID-19 environment, and this is especially true for basketball. A post-lockdown return to the basketball court ultimately depends on the teams—coaches, trainers, players, and medical staff. Nevertheless, our current scientific knowledge is evidently insufficient as far as safety and return-to-play timing are concerned. This situation presents a major challenge to basketball competition in terms of organization, prioritization, maintaining physical fitness, and decision-making. While preparing an adequate basketball return program, the players’ health is the major priority. In this article we briefly discuss the topic and propose multiple strategies.

scholarly journals Sport Spectator Consumption and Sustainable Management of Sport Event Tourism; Fan Motivation in High Performance Sport and Non-Elite Sport. A Case Study of Horseback Riding and Running: A Comparative Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Malchrowicz-Mośko ◽  
Karolina Chlebosz
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Sporting Events ◽  
Horseback Riding ◽  
Elite Sport ◽  
Sports Events ◽  
Fan Motivation ◽  
Sports Consumption ◽  
Elite Sports ◽  
Individual Mass

Understanding the sociodemographic characteristics and motivations of participants in contemporary sports events is important for event organizers, host cities and tourist destinations who seek to acquire rights to organise sports events of various types. It is also important to know what functions sporting events have for fans—their needs, thanks to passive sports consumption, are now being met. This research was conducted to broaden knowledge about fan motivation of participation in individual high-performance and non-elite sport and to analyse the differences between them. The case study was a running event of mass character (the 6th edition of half-marathon held in Poznań, Poland) and a horseback riding elite event (“Cavaliada”, held in Poznań, Poland). The empirical research among fans of these disciplines conducted during popular running and horseback riding Polish events allowed to characterise the sociodemographic profile of fans of individual mass and elite sports and the motivations of passive sports consumption. The motives were divided into four groups connected with social, experiential, factual and results orientation. We used a standardised interview technique and diagnostic survey method. 1328 sports fans participated in our study (510 fans of half-marathon [non-elite sport] and 818 fans of Cavaliada [high performance sport]). We developed a self-constructed questionnaire according to the motivation typology of Freyer and Gross. Research results indicate that supporters of individual mass and elite sports have thoroughly different motivations. On 14 examined motives, 13 statistically significant differences were found. Moreover, the article presents the division of motivation among female and male supporters, young people, elderly people, local (hosts) and sport tourist supporters. The research has shown what the sociopsychological impact of watching sports competition on fans of various categories is. For example, what is the motivation of sports tourists (N = 764) to participate in mass and elite sports events. We also investigated the influence of participation in sporting events in the level of life satisfaction and the impact of running and horse event in destination image (Poznań) in the opinion of supporters.

scholarly journals Physiotherapy utilisation by sports physicians for musculoskeletal injuries in selected elite sports in Nigeria

2000 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
U. Ushotanefe ◽  
F. E. Mbajiogu ◽  
A. O. Sanya
Keyword(s):  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Musculoskeletal Injuries ◽  
Track And Field ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Sporting Events ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
Sports Events ◽  
Sport Events ◽  
Elite Sports

In Nigeria, the majority of injured athletes seen in sports physiotherapy units are referred by sports physicians. The extent to which a physician utilises the services of physiotherapy in sport depends largely on the level of awareness or knowledge of physiotherapy services that such physicians have. This survey evaluated the degree of utilisation of physiotherapy services for the treatment of injuries during preparation for multi-sports events by sports physicians in selected elite sporting events in Nigeria.One hundred and twenty-eight athletes, coaches, sports administrators, scientists, medical doctors and physiotherapists located at four different camping sites, were sampled. The responses between different professional groups on the non-utilisation of physiotherapy services by sports physicians during preparation for multi-sport events, was not significant. However, Nigerian professionals who were surveyed, accepted the hypothesis that sports physicians did not utilize physiotherapy services for the management of musculoskeletal injuries during training and pre-games preparation in selected elite sports in Nigeria.This retrospective study of the actual referral records at the clinic of the sports medicine centre revealed that 20 (91%) different types of musculoskeletal injuries sustained by volley ball players were referred for physiotherapy. Nine (56.3%) injuries sustained by basketball players, 62 (87.3%) by track and field athletes, and 6 (74%) by football players were referred for physiotherapy between 1992 and 1995. The majority of the injuries sustained were ligamentous sprain and muscular strain with joints of the lower limbs and the back mostly affected.

scholarly journals Concussion Guidelines in National and International Professional and Elite Sports

Neurosurgery ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 418-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin A Davis ◽  
Michael Makdissi ◽  
Paul Bloomfield ◽  
Patrick Clifton ◽  
Charlotte Cowie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
National Football League ◽  
Rugby League ◽  
Return To Play ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Australian Football League ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Australian Football ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Elite Sports

Abstract The Berlin statement on sport-related concussion was published in 2017 using evidence-based recommendations. We aimed to examine (1) the implementation of, distribution and education based on the Berlin recommendations, and the development of sport-specific protocols/guidelines among professional and elite sports, (2) the implementation of guidelines at the community level, (3) translation of guidelines into different languages, and (4) research activities. Senior medical advisers and chief medical officers from Australian Football League, All Japan Judo Federation, British Horseracing Authority, Cricket Australia, Fédération Equestre Internationale, Football Association, Gaelic Athletic Association, International Boxing Association, Irish Horseracing Regulatory Board, Major League Baseball, National Football League, National Hockey League, National Rugby League, and World Rugby completed a questionnaire. The results demonstrated that all 14 sporting organizations have published concussion protocols/guidelines based on the Berlin recommendations, including Recognize, Removal from play, Re-evaluation, Rest, Recovery, and Return to play. There is variable inclusion of Prolonged symptoms. Prevention and Risk reduction and Long-term effects are addressed in the guidelines, rules and regulations, and/or sport-specific research. There is variability in education programs, monitoring compliance with guidelines, and publication in other languages. All sporting bodies are actively involved in concussion research. We conclude that the Berlin recommendations have been included in concussion protocols/guidelines by all the sporting bodies, with consistency in the essential components of the recommendations, whilst also allowing for sport- and regional-specific variations. Education at the elite, community, and junior levels remains an ongoing challenge, and future iterations of guidelines may consider multiple language versions, and community- and junior-level guidelines.

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