scholarly journals A Review of Associations between Externalizing Behaviors and Prenatal Cannabis Exposure: Limitations & Future Directions

Toxics ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Ami S. Ikeda ◽  
Valerie S. Knopik ◽  
L. Cinnamon Bidwell ◽  
Stephanie H. Parade ◽  
Sherryl H. Goodman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Development ◽  
Externalizing Behaviors ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Delinquent Behaviors ◽  
Increase Risk ◽  
Prenatal Alcohol ◽  
Behavioral Disruptions ◽  
Study Designs

In utero cannabis exposure can disrupt fetal development and increase risk for various behavioral disruptions, including hyperactivity, inattention, delinquent behaviors, and later substance abuse, among others. This review summarizes the findings from contemporary investigations linking prenatal cannabis exposure to the development of psychopathology and identifies the limitations within the literature, which constrain our interpretations and generalizability. These limitations include a lack of genetic/familial control for confounding and limited data examining real world products, the full range of cannabinoids, and motives for use specifically in pregnant women. Taken together, our review reveals the need to continue to improve upon study designs in order to allow researchers to accurately draw conclusions about the development of behavioral consequences of prenatal cannabis exposure. Findings from such studies would inform policy and practices regarding cannabis use during pregnancy and move the field toward developing a comprehensive teratogenic profile of cannabis similar to what is characterized in the prenatal alcohol and tobacco literature.

scholarly journals Prenatal alcohol exposure programs offspring disease: Insulin resistance in adult males in a rat model of acute exposure

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tam M T Nguyen ◽  
Sarah E Steane ◽  
Karen M Moritz ◽  
Lisa K Akison
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Fetal Development ◽  
Prenatal Alcohol Exposure ◽  
Alcohol Exposure ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunction ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Prenatal Alcohol

AbstractAlcohol consumption is highly prevalent amongst women of reproductive age. Given that approximately 50% of pregnancies are unplanned, alcohol has the potential to affect fetal development and program chronic disease in offspring. We examined the effect of an acute but moderate prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) on glucose metabolism, lipid levels and dietary preference in adolescent and/or adult rat offspring. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats received an oral gavage of ethanol (1g/kg maternal body weight, n=9 dams) or an equivalent volume of saline (control, n=8 dams) at embryonic days 13.5 and 14.5. PAE resulted in a blood alcohol concentration of 0.05-0.06% 1h post-gavage in dams. Fasting blood glucose concentration was not affected by PAE in offspring at any age, nor were blood glucose levels during a glucose tolerance test (GTT) in 6-month old offspring (P>0.5). However, there was evidence of insulin resistance in PAE male offspring at 6 months of age, with significantly elevated fasting plasma insulin (P= 0.001), a tendency for increased first phase insulin secretion during the GTT and impaired glucose clearance following an insulin challenge (P= 0.007). This was accompanied by modest alterations in protein kinase B (AKT) signalling in adipose tissue. PAE also resulted in reduced calorie consumption by offspring compared to controls (P= 0.04). These data suggest that a relatively low-level, acute PAE programs metabolic dysfunction in offspring in a sex-specific manner. These results highlight that alcohol consumption during pregnancy has the potential to affect the long-term health of offspring.Key points summaryPrenatal alcohol exposure has the potential to affect fetal development and program chronic disease in offspring.Previous preclinical models typically use high, chronic doses of alcohol throughout pregnancy to examine effects on offspring, particularly on the brain and behaviour.In this study we use a rat model of moderate, acute, prenatal alcohol exposure to determine if this can be detrimental to maintenance of glucose homeostasis in adolescent and adult offspring.Although female offspring were relatively unaffected, there was evidence of insulin resistance in 6-month old male offspring exposed to prenatal alcohol, suggestive of a pre-diabetic state.This result suggests that even a relatively low-dose, acute exposure to alcohol during pregnancy can still program metabolic dysfunction in a sex-specific manner.

Current Study Designs, Methods, and Future Directions of Genetic Association Mapping

2015 ◽  
pp. 323-358
Author(s):  
Jami Jackson ◽  
Alison Motsinger-Reif
Keyword(s):  
Association Mapping ◽  
Rare Variants ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Methods Development ◽  
Emerging Trends ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
Genetic Association Mapping ◽  
Generation Sequencing

Rapid progress in genotyping technologies, including the scaling up of assay technologies to genome-wide levels and next generation sequencing, has motivated a burst in methods development and application to detect genotype-phenotype associations in a wide array of diseases and other phenotypes. In this chapter, the authors review the study design and genotyping options that are used in association mapping, along with the appropriate methods to perform mapping within these study designs. The authors discuss both candidate gene and genome-wide studies, focused on DNA level variation. Quality control, genotyping technologies, and single-SNP and multiple-SNP analyses have facilitated the successes in identifying numerous loci influence disease risk. However, variants identified have generally explained only a small fraction of the heritable component of disease risk. The authors discuss emerging trends and future directions in performing analysis for rare variants to detect these variants that predict these traits with more complex etiologies.

Causal Factors and Symptoms of Task-Related Human Fatigue in Vessel Traffic Service: A Task-Driven Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 1340-1357
Author(s):  
Fan Li ◽  
Chun-Hsien Chen ◽  
Gangyan Xu ◽  
Danni Chang ◽  
Li Pheng Khoo
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Causal Network ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Physical Fatigue ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Standard Definition ◽  
Human Fatigue ◽  
Inducing Factors ◽  
Definition Of

Human fatigue is a major risk factor in transportation that contributes, directly or indirectly, to a large number of traffic accidents. Though many studies have investigated fatigue-inducing factors in transportation to manage human fatigue more efficiently, there are limited studies related to vessel traffic service (VTS). To fill this gap, this work aims to determine the key causal factors and symptoms of human fatigue with a focus on VTS operations. Achieving this aim is hindered by the problems of no standard definition of task-related fatigue and limited data sources. To solve these problems, this paper proposes a novel definition of task-related human fatigue, a task-driven approach for identifying causal factors and a causal network-based approach for selecting key causal factors. Twelve key causal factors of human fatigue in VTS were identified and analysed. In addition, it was found that VTS operators suffered from multidimensional fatigue, especially physical fatigue. The results provide a foundation and future directions for designing interventions to manage human fatigue.

Emotion regulation and depressive symptoms during adolescence: A functionalist perspective

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Kobak ◽  
Rayanne Ferenz-Gillies
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Intimate Relationships ◽  
Adolescent Depression ◽  
Family Factors ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The Family ◽  
Increase Risk

AbstractThis paper uses a functionalist view of emotion to consider family factors that create risk for depressive symptoms in adolescents. Two adolescent siblings and their mothers were assessed for emotion regulation during autonomy-related communication tasks, whereas their mother's attachment- and intimacy-related functioning was assessed through interview and self-report. The results indicate that older teens' failure to establish autonomous stances during communication and their mothers' dissatisfaction with intimate relationships increase risk for teenagers reporting depressive symptoms. Further, mothers' preoccupation attachment-related issues was found to be associated with less autonomous communication from older teenagers. Implications of these findings and future directions for investigating the family factors associated with adolescent depression are discussed.

scholarly journals Delirium and other neuropsychiatric manifestations of COVID-19 infection in people with preexisting psychiatric disorders: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma A. van Reekum ◽  
Tea Rosic ◽  
Anjali Sergeant ◽  
Nitika Sanger ◽  
Myanca Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Alcohol Use Disorder ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Psychiatric History ◽  
Increase Risk ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Manifestations ◽  
Poor Outcomes ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Psychiatric disorders increase risk of neuropsychiatric disease and poor outcomes, yet little is known about the neuropsychiatric manifestations of COVID-19 in the psychiatric population. The primary objective is to synthesize neuropsychiatric outcomes of COVID-19 in people with preexisting psychiatric disorders. Methods Data were collected during an ongoing review of the impact of pandemics on people with existing psychiatric disorders. All study designs and gray literature were included. Medline, PsychInfo, CINAHL, EMBASE, and MedRx were searched from inception to September 1 2020. Risk of bias was assessed using a published tool that can accommodate all study types. Two independent authors screened the studies and extracted data. Data were narratively synthesized, as there were insufficient data to meta-analyze. Evidence was appraised according to GRADE. Results Four case reports were included, comprising 13 participants from three countries. Many large-sample, relevant papers were omitted for not reporting psychiatric history, despite reporting other comorbidities. Included participants (n = 13) were hospitalized with COVID-19 and appeared to meet criteria for delirium. Myoclonus, rigidity, and alogia were also reported. The most commonly reported preexisting psychiatric diagnoses were mood disorders, schizophrenia, and alcohol use disorder. Conclusions People with preexisting psychiatric disorders may experience delirium, rigidity, myoclonus, and alogia during COVID-19 infection; although higher quality and longitudinal data are needed to better understand these phenomena. Relevant COVID-19 literature does not always report psychiatric history, despite heightened neuropsychiatric vulnerability within this population. Trial Registration: PROSPERO (CRD42020179611).

scholarly journals Invited Commentary: Examining Sex/Gender Differences in Risk of Alzheimer Disease and Related Dementias—Challenges and Future Directions

2019 ◽  
Vol 188 (7) ◽  
pp. 1224-1227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Rose Mayeda
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Alzheimer Disease ◽  
Death Certificate ◽  
Current Issue ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Study Designs

Abstract The majority of people living with Alzheimer disease (AD) and related dementias are women. Longer life expectancy is one factor thought to contribute to this observation, but possible sex-specific biological mechanisms have received considerable attention from the research community. In the current issue of the Journal, Buckley et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2019;188(7):1213–1223) use death certificate information on all deaths occurring among adults aged ≥60 years in Australia between 2006 and 2014 to evaluate sex/gender differences in rates of death with dementia (all types), AD dementia, and vascular dementia listed on the death certificate. The paper by Buckley et al. highlights several important methodological challenges for research examining sex/gender differences in risk of AD and related dementias, including challenges in measurement, survival bias and competing risks, and selection bias arising from sample selection. The current evidence on possible sex-specific biological risk factors for AD is intriguing, but there are numerous alternative explanations for differences in AD dementia and AD biomarkers between women and men. Triangulation of evidence from study designs with different strengths and weaknesses and transdisciplinary collaboration will be vital to generating conclusive evidence about sex/gender differences in risk of AD and related dementias.

scholarly journals Smoking during pregnancy and offspring externalizing problems: An exploration of genetic and environmental confounds

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian M. D'Onofrio ◽  
Carol A. van Hulle ◽  
Irwin D. Waldman ◽  
Joseph Lee Rodgers ◽  
K. Paige Harden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Externalizing Problems ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Externalizing Behaviors ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Longitudinal Survey ◽  
Teratogenic Effects ◽  
Smoking During Pregnancy ◽  
Oppositional Defiant ◽  
Increase Risk ◽  
Prenatal Nicotine

AbstractPrevious studies have documented that smoking during pregnancy (SDP) is associated with offspring externalizing problems, even when measured covariates were used to control for possible confounds. However, the association may be because of nonmeasured environmental and genetic factors that increase risk for offspring externalizing problems. The current project used the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and their children, ages 4–10 years, to explore the relations between SDP and offspring conduct problems (CPs), oppositional defiant problems (ODPs), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity problems (ADHPs) using methodological and statistical controls for confounds. When offspring were compared to their own siblings who differed in their exposure to prenatal nicotine, there was no effect of SDP on offspring CP and ODP. This suggests that SDP does not have a causal effect on offspring CP and ODP. There was a small association between SDP and ADHP, consistent with a causal effect of SDP, but the magnitude of the association was greatly reduced by methodological and statistical controls. Genetically informed analyses suggest that unmeasured environmental variables influencing both SDP and offspring externalizing behaviors account for the previously observed associations. That is, the current analyses imply that important unidentified environmental factors account for the association between SDP and offspring externalizing problems, not teratogenic effects of SDP.

scholarly journals Ovarian Cancer Immunotherapy and Personalized Medicine

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 6532
Author(s):  
Susan Morand ◽  
Monika Devanaboyina ◽  
Hannah Staats ◽  
Laura Stanbery ◽  
John Nemunaitis
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes ◽  
Tumor Biomarkers ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Tumor Mutation Burden ◽  
Mutation Burden ◽  
Target Treatment ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
Infiltrating Lymphocytes

Ovarian cancer response to immunotherapy is limited; however, the evaluation of sensitive/resistant target treatment subpopulations based on stratification by tumor biomarkers may improve the predictiveness of response to immunotherapy. These markers include tumor mutation burden, PD-L1, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, homologous recombination deficiency, and neoantigen intratumoral heterogeneity. Future directions in the treatment of ovarian cancer include the utilization of these biomarkers to select ideal candidates. This paper reviews the role of immunotherapy in ovarian cancer as well as novel therapeutics and study designs involving tumor biomarkers that increase the likelihood of success with immunotherapy in ovarian cancer.

scholarly journals Electronic consultations (E-consults) and their outcomes: a systematic review

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Varsha G Vimalananda ◽  
Jay D Orlander ◽  
Melissa K Afable ◽  
B Graeme Fincke ◽  
Amanda K Solch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Us ◽  
Access Cost ◽  
Clinician Experience ◽  
Rigorous Study ◽  
Study Designs

Abstract Objective Electronic consultations (e-consults) are clinician-to-clinician communications that may obviate face-to-face specialist visits. E-consult programs have spread within the US and internationally despite limited data on outcomes. We conducted a systematic review of the recent peer-reviewed literature on the effect of e-consults on access, cost, quality, and patient and clinician experience and identified the gaps in existing research on these outcomes. Materials and Methods We searched 4 databases for empirical studies published between 1/1/2015 and 2/28/2019 that reported on one or more outcomes of interest. Two investigators reviewed titles and abstracts. One investigator abstracted information from each relevant article, and another confirmed the abstraction. We applied the GRADE criteria for the strength of evidence for each outcome. Results We found only modest empirical evidence for effectiveness of e-consults on important outcomes. Most studies are observational and within a single health care system, and comprehensive assessments are lacking. For those outcomes that have been reported, findings are generally positive, with mixed results for clinician experience. These findings reassure but also raise concern for publication bias. Conclusion Despite stakeholder enthusiasm and encouraging results in the literature to date, more rigorous study designs applied across all outcomes are needed. Policy makers need to know what benefits may be expected in what contexts, so they can define appropriate measures of success and determine how to achieve them.

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