scholarly journals Mercury Bioaccumulation in Benthic Invertebrates: From Riverine Sediments to Higher Trophic Levels

Toxics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 197
Author(s):  
Laura Marziali ◽  
Claudio Roscioli ◽  
Lucia Valsecchi
Keyword(s):  
Benthic Invertebrates ◽  
Sediment Accumulation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Accumulation Factor ◽  
Trophic Chain ◽  
Top Predators ◽  
Riverine Sediments ◽  
Wet Weight

Riverine sediments are important sites of mercury methylation and benthic invertebrates may be indicators of Hg exposure to higher organisms. From 2014 to 2018, sediments and invertebrates were collected along a mercury gradient in the Toce River (Northern Italy) and analyzed for THg and MeHg. Concentrations in invertebrates, separated according to taxon and to Functional Feeding Group, ranged from 20 to 253 µg kg−1 dry weight (d.w.) for THg, increasing from grazers (Leuctra, Baetis, Serratella) to predators (Perla). MeHg ranged from 3 to 88 µg kg−1 d.w. in biota, representing 6–53% of THg, while in sediments it was mostly below LOD (0.7 µg kg−1), accounting for ≤3.8% of THg. The Biota-Sediment Accumulation Factor (BSAF, ranging 0.2–4.6) showed an inverse relation to exposure concentrations (THg in sediments, ranging 0.014–0.403 µg kg−1 d.w.) and to organic carbon. THg in invertebrates (up to 73 µg kg−1 wet weight), i.e., at the basal levels of the aquatic trophic chain, exceeded the European Environmental Quality Standard for biota (20 µg kg−1 w.w.), posing potential risks for top predators. Concentrations in adult insects were close to those in aquatic stages, proving active mercury transfer even to terrestrial food chains.

scholarly journals Assessment of Mercury Accumulation and Magnification in a Freshwater Food Chain: Sediment, Benthos and Benthivorous Fish

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
Mehdi Khoshnamvand ◽  
◽  
Almasieh Almasieh ◽  
Shahram Kaboodvandpour ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Common Carp ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Trophic Level ◽  
Sediment Accumulation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Accumulation Factor ◽  
Benthivorous Fish ◽  
The Common ◽  
Study Sites

Background: Present study was conducted to measure the level of total mercury (tHg) in sediments, benthos and benthivorous fish (i.e., common carp) for determining Biota (Benthos)-Sediment Accumulation Factor (BSAF), as well as Biomagnification Factor (BMF) of tHg between two trophic levels of benthos and benthivorous fish caught from Sanandaj Gheshlagh Reservoir (SGR) in the west of Iran. Methods: Samples of sediments and benthos biomasses were collected from three sampling stations. Common carps were captured around the selected stations during July to December 2010. Results: Means accumulated tHg (±SE) in sediments, benthos masses and muscle tissue of common carp were 117.66±9.72, 94.3±5.02 and 233.21±20.67 ng g-1 dry weight, respectively. Means accumulated tHg in benthos masses and muscle tissue of the common carp during the studying months showed no significant differences (P>0.05), while it was significantly differed in sediment samples (P<0.05). Results showed that there were statistically significant differences between accumulated tHg between sediment and benthos mass samples collected from the study sites (P<0.05). Conclusion: During the study, all calculated BSAF measurements were less than one, indicating transmission of mercury from sediment to benthos was not considerable. However, mercury BMFs was higher than one, denoting mercury biomagnification occurred from the benthos trophic level to the higher trophic level (i.e., common carp) in study site. Hence, the health considerations have to be taken in to the account for consumption of fishery products of SGR.

scholarly journals Amazon types of waters, BSAF (Biota Sediment Accumulation Factor), biomagnification and bioaccumulation of Hg

2019 ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
Miguel Vieira de Melo Netoc
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Ecosystem ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Sediment Accumulation ◽  
Optical Characteristics ◽  
Accumulation Factor ◽  
Trophic Chain ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Amazonian Rainforest

Amazonian rainforest aquatic ecosystem is a very unique ecosystem in the Earth, which waters from the Amazon basin have distinct physicochemical and optical characteristics (black, clear and white). In this mini review paper, Amazon status of bioaccumulation and biomagnifications of Hg and MeHg is discussed. Emphasis has been given to understand the effect of BSAF on the aquatic trophic chain (plankton, macroinvertebrates). Keywords: Mercury; Methylmercury; Amazon

Concentration and Distribution of PCB Congeners in Isolated Ontario Lakes Contaminated by Atmospheric Deposition

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Macdonald ◽  
C. D. Metcalfe
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Deposition ◽  
Yellow Perch ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Smallmouth Bass ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Pcb Congeners ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Golden Shiner ◽  
Wet Weight

The concentration of 19 PCB congeners was analysed in biota, sediments, water, and suspended solids in four central Ontario lakes in which atmospheric deposition was the major source of PCB contamination. Input from the atmosphere resulted in total congener concentrations of 1–2 ng∙L−1 dissolved in water, 10–50 μg∙kg−1 (dry weight} in sediment, 5–10 μg∙kg−1 (wet weight) in biota from lower trophic levels (i.e. zooplankton, golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas)), and 10–30 μg∙kg−1 (wet weight) in fish from upper trophic levels (yellow perch (Perca fiavescens), smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui)). The dominant PCB congeners in the lakes were the trichlorobiphenyl congeners 31(28} and the hexachlorobiphenyl congeners 153 and 138, consistent with congener distributions reported for vapour- and particulate-bound PCBs in the atmosphere. Discriminant analysis indicated slight differences in congener patterns between the study lakes, but the general pattern for isolated lakes was substantially different from point-source contaminated lakes, primarily due to the high proportion of congeners 31(28). There was no significant difference in the total PCB concentrations in biota (lipid basis) between lakes, but within the lakes, total PCB concentrations were significantly higher in yellow perch than in biota from lower trophic levels.

scholarly journals Mercury dynamics in macroinvertebrates in relation to environmental factors in a highly impacted tropical estuary: Buenaventura Bay, Colombian Pacific

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 4044-4057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Esteban Gamboa-García ◽  
Guillermo Duque ◽  
Pilar Cogua ◽  
José Luis Marrugo-Negrete
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Blue Crab ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Accumulation Factor ◽  
Tropical Estuary ◽  
Mantis Shrimp

AbstractThe environmental health of Buenaventura Bay, a highly impacted tropical estuary, is influenced by numerous human activities, including mining upstream. Large- and small-scale fishing plays an important role in the local economy, so we investigated the dynamic processes of bioaccumulation of mercury at basal trophic levels. Four samples were taken at each of the four locations in Buenaventura Bay during each of the four seasons of 2015. We measured the total mercury content (T-Hg, dry weight) in sediments and in muscle tissue across 17 macroinvertebrate species. The most abundant were the blue crab (C. arcuatus) and the mantis shrimp (S. aculeata aculeata). Blue crab showed an average muscle T-Hg value ​​exceeding the limit of 0.2 g·g-1, which is the maximum T-Hg level suggested for food consumption by vulnerable humans and populations: pregnant women, children, and the community that feeds from this source of protein on a daily basis. It was found that, 6.22% of individuals exceeded the 0.5 g·g-1 level, which is the maximum T-Hg level suggested for food consumption by the general population: the population that consumes it sporadically. Significantly high values ​​of T-Hg in blue crab and mantis shrimp occurred during low salinity conditions in the estuary, suggesting that Hg mainly originates from river runoff during the rainy season. Nevertheless, the biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) was favored in high salinity, which could mean greater availability of Hg for higher levels of the estuarine food web in the dry season and in marine waters. In general, the T-Hg levels in some samples exceeded 0.2 g·g−1. Therefore this pollutant must be monitored due to its biomagnification potential and as a threat to human health, especially that for the local population of fishermen and their families.

scholarly journals Trophic Magnification of Legacy (PCB, DDT and Hg) and Emerging Pollutants (PFAS) in the Fish Community of a Small Protected Southern Alpine Lake (Lake Mergozzo, Northern Italy)

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michela Mazzoni ◽  
Claudia Ferrario ◽  
Roberta Bettinetti ◽  
Roberta Piscia ◽  
Davide Cicala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fish Community ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Emerging Pollutants ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Perfluoroalkyl Acids ◽  
Trophic Chain ◽  
Magnification Factors ◽  
Subalpine Lake ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Cold Lake

The biomagnification of mercury, polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs) and perfluoroalkyl acids substances (PFASs) was evaluated in the trophic web of Lake Mergozzo, a small and deep Italian subalpine lake, which has been chosen because it is a protected environment, and discharges into the lake are mostly avoided. Carbon source and relative trophic levels were calculated by using 13C and 15N stable isotopes, respectively, and trophic magnification factors (TMFs) were derived. Zooplankton and thirteen species of fish were collected and analyzed, and the results showed the elevated level of biota contamination from both legacy and emerging pollutants, even if direct discharges were avoided. Concentrations in biota, expressed as sums of compounds, ranged from 0.4 to 60 µg kg−1 wet weight (ww) for PFASs, from 16 to 1.3 104 µg kg−1 lipid content (lw) for DDTs, from 17 to 1.5 104 µg kg−1 lw for PCBs and from 20.0 to 501 µg kg−1 ww for mercury (Hg). TMFs of this deep, cold lake, with a prevalent pelagic trophic chain, were high and clearly indicated fish biomagnification, except for PFAS. The biomagnification capability of PFAS in a fish-only food web was discussed by using the biomagnification of Hg as a benchmark for assessing their bioaccumulation potential.

Biota-Sediment Accumulation Factors (BSAF) for Radionuclides and Sediment Associated Biota of the Ottawa River

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Rowan ◽  
R. Silke ◽  
J. Carr
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Benthic Invertebrates ◽  
Concentration Factor ◽  
Sediment Accumulation ◽  
Trophic Transfer ◽  
Accumulation Factor ◽  
Ottawa River ◽  
River Contamination ◽  
Deposit Feeding ◽  
Spurious Results

As Ottawa River contamination is historical and resides in sediment, ecological risk and trophic transfer depend on linkages between sediment and biota. One of the ways in which this linkage is quantified is through the use of the biota sediment accumulation factor (BSAF). In this study, we present the first field estimates of BSAF for a number of radionuclides. The strongest and most consistent BSAFs were those for 137Cs in deposit feeding taxa, suggesting that sediment concentrations rather than dissolved concentrations drive uptake. For crayfish and unionid bivalves that do not feed on sediment, biota radionuclide concentrations were not related to sediment concentrations, but rather reflected concentrations in water. BSAFs would not be appropriate for these non-deposit feeding biota. BSAFs for 137Cs were not significantly different among deposit feeding taxa, suggesting similar processes for ingestion, assimilation and elimination. These data also show that the concentration factor approach used for guidance would have led to spurious results in this study for deposit feeding benthic invertebrates. Concentrations of 137Cs in Hexagenia downstream of the CRL process outfall range by about 2-orders of magnitude, in comparison to relatively uniform water concentrations. The concentration factor approach would have predicted a single value downstream of CRL, underestimating exposure to Hexagenia by almost 2-orders of magnitude at sites close to the CRL process outfall.

BIOASSAY OF PROLACTIN

1969 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles S. Nicoll
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Assay Sensitivity ◽  
Mucosal Epithelium ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Total Dry Weight

ABSTRACT The response of the pigeon crop-sac to systemically acting prolactin (injected subcutaneously) was evaluated by measuring the wet weight of the responsive lateral lobes of the organ and by determining the dry weight of a 4 cm diameter disc of mucosal epithelium taken from one hemicrop. Of several different injection schedules tested, administration of prolactin in four daily injections was found to yield optimal responses. When compared with a graded series of prolactin doses, measurement of the mucosal dry weight proved to be a better method of response quantification than determination of the crop-sac wet weight with respect to both assay sensitivity and precision. The submucosal tissue of the crop-sac was estimated to constitute about 64 % of the total dry weight of the unstimulated organ and it was found to be relatively unresponsive to prolactin stimulation in comparison with the mucosa. The lipid content of the mucosal epithelium was determined using unstimulated crop-sacs or tissues which showed varying degrees of prolactin-induced proliferation. The fat content of the mucosal epithelial cells increased only slightly more rapidly than the dry weight or the defatted dry weight of the mucosa. Suggestions are made for the further improvement of the systemic crop-sac assay for prolactin.

Effect of rhizobacteria strains on the induction of resistance in barley genotypes against Cochliobolus sativus

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Adam
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Pseudomonas Putida ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cochliobolus Sativus ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Barley Genotypes

SummaryEnhancement of the resistance level in plants by rhizobacteria has been proven in several pathosystems. This study investigated the ability of four rhizobacteria strains (Pseudomonas putida BTP1 and Bacillus subtilis Bs2500, Bs2504 and Bs2508) to promote the growth in three barley genotypes and protect them against Cochliobolus sativus. Our results demonstrated that all tested rhizobacteria strains had a protective effect on barley genotypes Arabi Abiad, Banteng and WI2291. However, P. putida BTP1 and B. subtilis Bs2508 strains were the most effective as they reduced disease incidence by 53 and 38% (mean effect), respectively. On the other hand, there were significant differences among the rhizobacteria-treated genotypes on plant growth parameters, such as wet weight, dry weight, plant height and number of leaves. Pseudomonas putida BTP1 strain was the most effective as it significantly increased plant growth by 15-32%. In addition, the susceptible genotypes Arabi Abiad and WI2291 were the most responsive to rhizobacteria. This means that these genotypes have a high potential for increase of their resistance against the pathogen and enhancement of plant growth after the application of rhizobacteria. Consequently, barley seed treatment with the tested rhizobacteria could be considered as an effective biocontrol method against C. sativus.

Respon Akar Bibit Aren Genjah (Arenga pinnata) Di Pembibitan Pada Pemberian Dosis dan Interval Pupuk Organik Cair Nasa

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Yetti Elidar
Keyword(s):  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Treatment Combination ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Dose Study ◽  
Palm Sugar ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

Research on the response of roots of palm sugar palm seeds (Arenga pinnata) in nurseries at doses and intervals of Nasa liquid organic fertilizer. Aims to determine the dosage, interval and combination of dosages and fertilization intervals with Nasa liquid organic fertilizer which can provide the best dry weight of the roots in the nursery. The research design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3x3 factorial experiments and each treatment was repeated 8 (eight) times, consisting of: the first factor was the treatment of POC Nasa dose in a concentration of 3 cc POC Nasa per liter of water (D) consists of 3 levels, namely: d1 = 300 ml POC Nasa, d2 = 400 ml POC Nasa, d3 = 500 ml POC Nasa, while the second factor is the treatment of POC Nasa Interval (I) consisting of 3 levels, namely: i1 = 2 once a week, i2 = once every 3 weeks, i3 = once every 4 weeks. The results of the POC Nasa dose study had a significant effect on leaf wet weight, leaf dry weight, root wet weight and root dry weight. The best dose at this level are: d2 (400 ml of Nasa liquid organic fertilizer), the interval of liquid organic fertilizer Nasa has a significant effect on leaf wet weight, leaf dry weight, root wet weight and root dry weight. The best dose at this level is: i1 (once every 2 weeks). The treatment combination has no significant effect on all parameters. 

PHYTOTOXICITY OF WASTEWATER CONTAINING CADMIUM (Cd) USING OLEANDER

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 1231-1238
Author(s):  
Zeki & Ridha
Keyword(s):  
Translocation Factor ◽  
Preliminary Test ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Exposure Dose ◽  
Test Duration ◽  
Plant Analysis ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Simulated Wastewater ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Plant Shoots

This study was aimed to investigate the ability of N.oleander to remove Cadmium (Cd) from wastewater. A prolonged toxicity test was performed in a single exposure and run for 65 days with various concentrations of Cd. Plants were grown in sand medium and irrigated with simulated wastewater contaminated with Cd, using different concentrations (0, 10, 25, 50, 75 mg/L), which were chosen based on previous preliminary test. The results of physical observation of the plants didn’t show any withering symptoms. The Cd concentration in plants increased, while in water decreased. The results of plant analysis showed that Cd concentration in plant shoots (stems and leaves) was higher than that in roots for almost all exposure doses along the test duration. The concentration of Cd in water decreased significantly from the first week of the test and become (0 mg/l) on day-35 for 10 and 25 mg/l exposure doses, while exceeded the permissible limits for 50 and 75 mg/l exposure doses and were 0.14 and 0.91 mg/l, respectively. Wet weight and dry weight of Oleander decreased with increasing Cd concentration level except for 10 mg/l exposure dose where the plant wet weight and dry weight increased at the end of the test. Bioaccumulation factor (BAF) and Translocation Factor (TF) was found to be greater than 1, indicating that Oleander is a successful hyperaccumulator for Cd.

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