scholarly journals Determination of Ochratoxin A (OTA), Ochratoxin B (OTB), T-2, and HT-2 Toxins in Wheat Grains, Wheat Flour, and Bread in Lebanon by LC-MS/MS

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jomana Elaridi ◽  
Osama Yamani ◽  
Amira Al Matari ◽  
Saada Dakroub ◽  
Zouhair Attieh
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Wheat Grains ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Ochratoxin B ◽  
Interday Precision

Cereals are prone to fungal infection during growth, harvesting, transportation, and/or storage. As a result, cereals such as wheat grains and wheat-derived products may be contaminated with mycotoxins leading to acute and chronic health exposure. The current study investigated the presence of the mycotoxins: ochratoxin A (OTA), ochratoxin B (OTB), T-2, and HT-2 toxins in samples of wheat grains (n = 50), wheat flour (n = 50), and bread (n = 37) from the main mills in Lebanon using LC-MS/MS. Accuracy ranged from 98–100%, recoveries from 93–105%, and intraday and interday precision were 5–7% and 9–12%, respectively. The tested wheat grains, wheat flour, and bread samples did not contain detectable levels of T-2 and HT-2 toxins and OTB. Four wheat flour samples (8% of flour samples) showed positive OTA levels ranging from 0.6–3.4 μg·kg−1 with an arithmetic mean of 1.9 ± 0.2 μg·kg−1. Only one sample contained an OTA concentration greater than the limit set by the European Union (3 μg·kg−1) for wheat-derived products. This study suggests that mycotoxin contamination of wheat grains, wheat flour, and bread in Lebanon is currently not a serious public health concern. However, surveillance strategies and monitoring programs must be routinely implemented to ensure minimal mycotoxin contamination of wheat-based products.

scholarly journals Determination of Ochratoxin A and Ochratoxin B in Archived Tokaj Wines (Vintage 1959–2017) Using On-Line Solid Phase Extraction Coupled to Liquid Chromatography

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 739
Author(s):  
Aneta Kholová ◽  
Ivona Lhotská ◽  
Adéla Uhrová ◽  
Ivan Špánik ◽  
Andrea Machyňáková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Column Switching ◽  
Online Spe ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Ochratoxin B ◽  
On Line ◽  
Total Analysis ◽  
The Eu

According to the EU legislation, ochratoxin A contamination is controlled in wines. Tokaj wine is a special type of sweet wine produced from botrytized grapes infected by “noble rot” Botrytis cinerea. Although a high contamination was reported in sweet wines and noble rot grapes could be susceptible to coinfection with other fungi, including ochratoxigenic species, no screening of Tokaj wines for mycotoxin contamination has been carried out so far. Therefore, we developed an analytical method for the determination of ochratoxin A (OTA) and ochratoxin B (OTB) involving online SPE coupled to HPLC-FD using column switching to achieve the fast and sensitive control of mycotoxin contamination. The method was validated with recoveries ranging from 91.6% to 99.1% with an RSD less than 2%. The limits of quantification were 0.1 and 0.2 µg L−1 for OTA and OTB, respectively. The total analysis time of the online SPE-HPLC-FD method was a mere 6 min. This high throughput enables routine analysis. Finally, we carried out an extensive investigation of the ochratoxin contamination in 59 Slovak Tokaj wines of 1959–2017 vintage. Only a few positives were detected. The OTA content in most of the checked wines did not exceed the EU maximum tolerable limit of 2 µg L−1, indicating a good quality of winegrowing and storing.

scholarly journals Detection of Five Mycotoxins in Different Food Matrices in the Malaysian Market by Using Validated Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Alsharif ◽  
Yeun-Mun Choo ◽  
Guan-Huat Tan
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Food Contaminants ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Food Matrices

Mycotoxins are common food contaminants which cause poisoning and severe health risks to humans and animals. The present study applied chemometric approach in liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) optimization for simultaneous determination of mycotoxins, i.e., aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2, and ochratoxin A. The validated quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS)-LC-MS/MS method was used to study the occurrence of mycotoxins in 120 food matrices. The recovery ranges from 81.94% to 101.67% with relative standard deviation (RSD) lesser than 11%. Through the developed method, aflatoxins were detected in raisin, pistachio, peanut, wheat flour, spice, and chili samples with concentration ranges from 0.45 to 16.93 µg/kg. Trace concentration of ochratoxin A was found in wheat flour and peanut samples which ranged from 1.2 to 3.53 µg/kg. Some of the tested food samples contained mycotoxins of above the European legal maximum limit.

scholarly journals Detection of Ochratoxin A From Poultry Feed Using High Pressure Liquid Chromatography

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 18-28
Author(s):  
L.A Adeniran
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Poultry Products ◽  
Commercial Poultry ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

One hundred poultry feed samples comprising of commercially produced poultry feed (48) and poultry feed compounded by farmers (privately milled) (52) were collected from farms located in Minna and analysed for Ochratoxin A (OTA), a member of group 2 possible carcinogen by High Pressure Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC) method. Thirty seven percent of the commercial poultry feeds were contaminated with OTA at a range of 0 -236.73ug/kg while hundred percent of privately made feed were contaminated with OTA at a range of 22.76-226.5lug/kg. The finding of this investigation showed that 71% (71/100) of the sampled poultry feed has OTA concentrations which was far in excess of the maximum permissible limit of 5ug/kg (the European Union Standard). This is of serious health concern to the birds and humans that consume the poultry products.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Ochratoxin A in Coffee: Threads and Solutions—A Mini-Review

Beverages ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Lúcia Leitão
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Alcoholic Beverage ◽  
Final Concentration ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Roasted Coffee ◽  
Coffee Beans ◽  
The World ◽  
Roasted Coffee Beans

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a widespread bioactive extrolite from secondary metabolism of fungi which presence in foods like coffee is of public health concern, particularly for heavy drinkers. Coffee is one of the most consumed and appreciated non-alcoholic beverage in the world. Its production from the plantation to the coffee cup involves several steps that would determine the final concentration of OTA in the beverage. This review gives an overview of OTA contamination in roasted coffee beans in different countries and mitigation strategies for OTA reduction.

Determination of aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A and zearalenone in organic wheat flour under different storage conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loredana Annunziata ◽  
Maria Schirone ◽  
Pierina Visciano ◽  
Guido Campana ◽  
Maria Rosaria De Massis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Storage Conditions

scholarly journals How Safe to Eat Are Raw Bivalves? Host Pathogenic and Public Health Concern Microbes within Mussels, Oysters, and Clams in Greek Markets

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2793
Author(s):  
Athanasios Lattos ◽  
Ilias Chaligiannis ◽  
Dimitrios Papadopoulos ◽  
Ioannis A. Giantsis ◽  
Evanthia I. Petridou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Vibrio Harveyi ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Esherichia Coli ◽  
Photobacterium Damselae ◽  
Production Area

Raw-bivalves consumption is a wide trend in Mediterranean countries. Despite the unambiguous nutritional value of seafood, raw consumption of bivalves may involve risks that could pose a significant threat to consumers’ health. Their filter-feeding behavior is responsible for the potential hosting of a wide variety of microorganisms, either pathogenic for the bivalves or public health threats. Under this prism, the current study was conducted in an effort to evaluate the risk of eating raw bivalves originating from the two biggest seafood markets in Thessaloniki, the largest production area of bivalves in Greece. Both microbiological and molecular methodologies were applied in order to assess the presence of various harmful microbes, including noroviruses, Bonamia, Marteilia, Esherichia coli, Salmonella, and Vibrio. Results indicated the presence of several Vibrio strains in the analyzed samples, of which the halophilic Vibrio harveyi was verified by 16S rRNA sequencing; other than this, no enteropathogenic Vibrio spp. was detected. Furthermore, although Esherichia coli was detected in several samples, it was mostly below the European Union (EU) legislation thresholds. Interestingly, the non-target Photobacterium damselae was also detected, which is associated with both wound infections in human and aquatic animals. Regarding host pathogenic microorganisms, apart from Vibrio harveyi, the protozoan parasite Marteilia refrigens was identified in oysters, highlighting the continuous infection of this bivalve in Greece. In conclusion, bivalves can be generally characterized as a safe-to-eat raw food, hosting more bivalve pathogenic microbes than those of public health concern.

scholarly journals Determination of Ochratoxin A in Selected Cereal Grains Retailed in Nairobi County, Kenya

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter K. Karoki ◽  
Wilson M. Njue ◽  
Sauda Swaleh ◽  
Ezekiel K. Njoroge ◽  
Cecilia W. Kathurima
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Finger Millet ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Wheat Grains ◽  
Cereal Samples

Ochratoxin A (OTA) belongs to a group of mycotoxins which are a key threat to quality of cereals based foodstuff. Mycotoxins are toxic, carcinogenic, nephrotoxic, neurotoxic and immunotoxic secondary metabolites of certain molds occurring in crop produce and their products. OTA occurs naturally in majority of foodstuffs such as coffee, cereal grains and beverages. The aim of the study was to determine the levels of OTA in cereal grains sampled from various market outlets in Nairobi County, Kenya. The levels of OTA were determined from 27 samples of finger millet (Eleusine coracana), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) grains. The levels of OTA in grains was determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The results indicated that wheat grains recorded the highest contamination (2.1478±0.3061 ng/g) followed by sorghum (1.0311±0.0635 ng/g), while finger millet recorded the lowest levels (0.6918±0.0315 ng/g). Cereal samples from Gikomba outlet had a higher contamination (1.1750±0.0353 - 3.8147±0.4317 µg kg-1) than those from Githurai outlet (0.1244±0.0795 - 0.4808±0.0321 µg kg-1). OTA levels in samples from Nyamakima outlet were below the detection limit of HPLC (0.03 µg/L). Though levels are lower than maximum allowable limits for OTA in cereals in the European Union (5 µg/kg) and United Kingdom (10 µg/kg), chronic exposure can have serious health risk. The study provides baseline data on the levels of OTA in finger millet, sorghum and wheat grains retailed in Nairobi County, Kenya. The information creates awareness on the potential health risk associated with chronic exposure to OTA from cereals.

scholarly journals Mycotoxin Contamination Concerns of Herbs and Medicinal Plants

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwona Ałtyn ◽  
Magdalena Twarużek
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Medicinal Herbs ◽  
Quality And Safety ◽  
The European Union ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Herbal Products ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination

Plants and medicinal herbs that are available on the market do not always meet quality and safety standards. One particular concern is the risk of contamination with mycotoxins. Aflatoxins and ochratoxin A are the most frequently described mycotoxins in herbal products and have repeatedly been reported to occur at concentrations which exceed regulatory levels set by the European Union (EU). Possible solutions include enforcing existing limits, and for the new materials, establishing tighter limits and mandate the growth of medicinal plants in EU member countries under more strict conditions.

scholarly journals Determination of Ochratoxin A in Green Coffee by Immunoaffinity Column Cleanup and Liquid Chomatography: Collaborative Study

2005 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 773-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugênia Azevedo Vargas ◽  
Eliene Alves dos Santos ◽  
Alain Pittet ◽  
T B S Corrêa ◽  
A P P da Rocha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Relative Standard Deviation ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Green Coffee ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Immunoaffinity Column ◽  
Test Portion ◽  
Relative Standard

Abstract A collaborative study was conducted to evaluate a method using immunoaffinity column cleanup with liquid chromatography (LC) for the determination of ochratoxin A (OTA) in green coffee at levels that could be included in possible future regulations of the European Union. The test portion was extracted with methanol–3% aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (50 + 50, v/v). The extract was filtered, and the filtrate was diluted with phosphate-buffered saline and applied to an immunoaffinity column containing antibodies specific for OTA. After washing, the toxin was eluted from the column with methanol and quantified by LC with fluorescence detection. Pairs of 4 homogeneous noncontaminated and naturally contaminated materials (mean levels of <0.12, 2.44, 5.15, and 13.46 ng/g) and blank samples (<0.12 ng/g) for spiking were sent to 20 participant laboratories from 8 countries. The materials were analyzed according to the method description and all difficulties encountered in the analysis were reported. Statistical analysis was carried out according to the Harmonized Protocol of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. The relative standard deviation for repeatability (RSDr) ranged from 7.42 to 20.94%, and the relative standard deviation for reproducibility (RSDR) ranged from 16.34 to 29.17%. The method showed acceptable within-laboratory and between-laboratories precision for green coffee materials, as evidenced by HorRat values of ≤0.85, at the studied range, for spiked and naturally contaminated materials. The mean recovery was 92.8% for green coffee material spiked with OTA at a level of 4.82 ng/g.

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