scholarly journals Accumulation and Elimination of Tetrodotoxin in the Pufferfish Takifugu obscurus by Dietary Administration of the Wild Toxic Gastropod Nassarius semiplicata

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojun Zhang ◽  
Jingjing Zong ◽  
Si Chen ◽  
Menglong Li ◽  
Yibo Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Chain ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Free Food ◽  
Exposure Dose ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Accumulation Ratio ◽  
Takifugu Obscurus ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Safety Limit ◽  
Different Tissues

To investigate pufferfish accumulation, elimination, and distribution of tetrodotoxin (TTX), Takifugu obscurus was fed with wild TTX-containing gastropod Nassarius semiplicata to simulate the natural food chain. Three-month-old non-poisonous T. obscurus was fed with wild toxic N. semiplicata at three exposure dose for 28 days, and later, with toxin-free food until day 67. Three fish individuals from each treatment were sampled, and the distribution of TTX in different tissues was measured. The results showed that the accumulation ratio of TTX in the three exposure dose groups ranged from 35.76% to 40.20%. The accumulation ratio in the skin and liver was the highest amongst all tissues, accounting for more than 85% of the total TTX, whereas that in the kidney and gallbladder was the lowest (0.11–0.78%). Studies on the kinetic of TTX accumulation and elimination revealed that the skin was the tissue with the highest accumulation speed constant (8.06), while the liver, kidney, and intestinal tract showed the highest speed of TTX elimination. The time required for TTX reduction to reach the safety limit could be predicted by using standard elimination equations. Qualitative analysis by UPLC-MS/MS revealed the occurrence of seven TTX derivatives in T. obscurus; of these TTX, 5-deoxy TTX, 11-deoxy TTX, 4,9-anhydro TTX were found in all tested tissues.

scholarly journals Effects of Food-Chain Mediated Metal Exposures on Lipid Profile in Rats

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Richard Omonigho Ovie ◽  
Samuel Ogheneovo Asagba
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Low Density ◽  
State University ◽  
Delta State University ◽  
Significant Increment

Aims: To evaluate the effect of Cd and As on lipid profile in rats by using an experimental food-chain to imitate the natural food-chain of fish to rat. Study Design: Toxicity of Cd and As was first induced in fishes through an artificial habitat; the fishes after 1 month of exposure were killed and used as source of protein in formulating rat feed. In this way, the natural food-chain of fish to rat was mimicked as the rats get the toxic metals in their fish diets. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria, from June 2016 to September 2018. Methodology: Adult male rats weighing between 100–150 g were fed with formulated rat feed that has Cd/As (at a dose of 0.4 mg/100 ml) contaminated fish as source of protein. Control group comprises of rats that were not given metal contaminated fish as food. The rats were fed for 3 months after which they were sacrificed and the plasma and vital organs obtained for investigation of lipid metabolism function. Results: Biochemical analysis on lipid profile status was made after 90 days of inoculation. A significant increment (p≤0.05)  in plasma and organ concentrations of Cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), lipoprotein of low density (LDL), and lipoprotein of very low density (VLDL) was seen in the rats given these metals in diet in comparison to control, while plasma and organ lipoprotein of high density (HDL) concentrations declined. Conclusion: These results infer that cadmium and arsenic produces reactive oxygen compounds that are toxic to man, hence calls for caution and further studies.

scholarly journals High-resolution analysis of spatiotemporal virulence gene regulation during food-borne infection withEscherichia coliO157:H7 within a live host

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel H Stones ◽  
Alexander GJ Fehr ◽  
Thekke P Madhavan ◽  
Kerstin Voelz ◽  
Anne Marie Krachler
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Bacterial Physiology ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
High Resolution Analysis ◽  
Resolution Analysis

ABSTRACTFood-borne infection with enterohemorrhagicEscherichia coli(EHEC) is a major cause of diarrheal illness in humans, and can lead to severe complications such as hemolytic uremic syndrome. Cattle and other ruminants are the main reservoir of EHEC, which enters the food-chain through contaminated meat, dairy, or vegetables. However, how EHEC transitions from the transmission vector to colonizing the intestinal tract, and how virulence-specific genes are regulated during this transition, is not well understood. Here, we describe the establishment of a vertebrate model for food-borne EHEC infection, using the protozoanParamecium caudatumas a vector and the zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a host. At 4 days post fertilization, zebrafish have a fully developed intestinal tract, yet are fully transparent. This allows us to follow intestinal colonization, microbe-host cell interactions, and microbial gene induction within the live host and in real time throughout the infection. Additionally, this model can be adapted to compare food- and water-borne infections, under gnotobiotic conditions or against the backdrop of an endogenous (and variable) host microbiota. Finally, the zebrafish allows for investigation of factors affecting shedding and transmission of bacteria to naïve hosts. High-resolution analysis of EHEC gene expression within the zebrafish host emphasizes the need for tight transcriptional regulation of virulence factors for within-host fitness.IMPORTANCEEnterohemorrhagicEscherichia coli(EHEC) is a food-borne pathogen which can cause diarrhea, vomiting and in some cases, severe complications such as kidney problems in humans. Up to 30% of cattle are colonized with EHEC, which can enter the food-chain through contaminated meat, dairy and vegetables. In order to control infections and stop transmission, it is important to understand what factors allow EHEC to colonize its hosts, cause virulence and aid transmission. Since this cannot be systematically studied in humans, it is important to develop animal models of infection and transmission. We developed a model which allows us to study food-borne infection in zebrafish, a vertebrate host that is transparent and genetically tractable. Using the zebrafish host, we can follow the bacterial infection cycle in real time, and gain important information regarding bacterial physiology and microbe-host interactions. This will allow us to identify potential new targets for infection control and prevention.

scholarly journals Effects of food-chain mediated metal exposures on phosphatases’ profile in rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 174
Author(s):  
Richard Ovie ◽  
Samuel Asagba
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Lysosomal Membrane ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Kidney Impairment ◽  
Lysosomal Membrane Integrity

This study seeks at investigating the separate and combined toxicities of Arsenic (As) and Cadmium (Cd) administered along food-chain. The natural food-chain was mimicked by exposing rats to diet containing milled Cd and As-exposed (at a dose of 0.4mg/100ml each) catfish as source of protein. Control groups were fed with normal formulated rat feed with non-metal contaminated fish as source of protein. The effects of Cd and As exposures were sought by determining indices of plasma and lysosomal membrane integrity in plasma and organs of the rats after three months exposure time. The results depict that Cd and As exposures in the rats led to bioaccumulation of the metals in their plasma and organs. The results gotten revealed significance (p<0.05) in gain of body weight in both Cd and As exposed rats when control is compared to them. Phosphatases’ activities (ALP and ACP) in the plasma and vital organs were also significant in the metal inoculated rats when the control is compared to them. These results explained that arsenic and cadmium forms free radicals which cause stress due to oxidation, kidney impairment and immunologic disorders.

AN ECO-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL MODEL WITH INFECTIOUS DISEASE IN FOOD CHAIN

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (07) ◽  
pp. 1935-1952 ◽  
Author(s):  
YONGXUE CHEN ◽  
YONG JIANG
Keyword(s):  
Food Chain ◽  
Center Manifold ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Normal Form Theory ◽  
Model Stability ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Form Theory ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Delay Differential ◽  
Infected Prey

In this paper, a model of predator-prey with disease in food chain is investigated — where, prey is infected by bacteria and then the infected prey in turn infects predator, but the disease does not spread among predators. The law for disease development and biodiversity conservation are the focus. Stability and persistence are deduced in terms of system parameters. Next, time required delay is incorporated into the model. Stability and bifurcation analysis of the delay differential equation model are carried out. Furthermore, stability and direction of the bifurcating periodic solutions are performed by the normal form theory and the center manifold argument. Finally, numerical simulations are included for illustrating the theoretical analysis.

scholarly journals Energy-based and energy-free food-consumption are correlated in captive non-human-primates: A novel dispenser for feeding and behavioral enrichment

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yosef Shohat ◽  
Rony Paz ◽  
Raviv Pryluk ◽  
Aryeh H. Taub
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Free Food ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Enrichment Programs ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Behavioral Enrichment ◽  
Behavior And Cognition

AbstractNon-human primates (NHP) provide an important model for studying biological mechanisms that underlie behavior and cognition, and are crucial for supplying translational knowledge that can aid the development of new clinical approaches. At the same time, the importance of the 3Rs to minimize suffering during experiments encouraged the development of environmental enrichment programs. Among them, tools for feeding and foraging are central. However, it remains unclear whether the behavioral enrichment tools are used by the animals only for feeding and to satisfy hunger (and hence for survival), or whether these feeding tools serve also as behavioral enrichment in itself (namely, the animals enjoy it per-se). To answer this, we designed a novel dispenser method – that requires significant yet reasonable energetic effort to obtain food - and tested food consumption via the dispenser compared to free-access, namely that did not require any effort on the animal side. We found that primates consumed food from both the dispenser and when presented in free-access, and importantly, that the consumption via the dispenser was in correlation with the consumption in free-access. This was similar across different subjects, different times during the day, and different types of food. We suggest that monkeys can benefit from using the dispenser for food consumption, but also benefit from it for play (i.e. as behavioral enrichment in itself). Such an approach allows non-human-primates to preserve their natural food procurement activities.

scholarly journals Komodo Dragon Attacks: The Changing of Human and Environment Relations

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 142
Author(s):  
Dian Lintang Sudibyo
Keyword(s):  
Food Chain ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
National Park ◽  
Wild Animal ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Human Relationship ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Anthropological Perspective ◽  
Natural Diet ◽  
Local Ecosystem

This paper discusses the issue of Komodo Dragon attacks on humans from an anthropological perspective. Wild animal attacks are often regarded as a result of human-wildlife ecological conflict. Humans, in their pursuit of economic expansion, often sacrifice the habitat of fauna, resulting in disturbances to food chain stability in the local ecosystem. It has been said that due to the increased difficulty of finding prey as a result, predators turn to humans instead, which is not part of the natural food chain. However, this research (based on observations on Rinca Island, Komodo National Park in 2013) finds that this explanation is not always correct. In the case of Komodo National Park, a conservation area primarily established to secure the availability of Komodo Dragon prey, the fact that there are still cases of dragons attacking humans throws weight against the idea that dragons are merely supplementing their natural diet. Rather, this paper argues that these attacks come as a result of the creation of spaces that changes the human relationship with the natural environment.

scholarly journals Artificial Induction of Ovulation in Pondraised Mahseer, Tor khudree Using Carp Pituitary and Ovaprim

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. KESHAVANATH ◽  
B. GANGADHARA ◽  
N. BASAVARAJA ◽  
M.C. NANDEESHA
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Fertilization Rate ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Yolk Absorption ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Female Brood

A total of 102 induced breeding trials were carried out at Harangi, Karnataka between 1993 and 1997, with a view to standardize hatchery technology for pond-raised mahseer, Tor khudree. The initial seeds for raising the broodstock were brought from Lonavla, Maharashtra in 1990 and reared in mud-bottomed masonry ponds. Male and female brood fish were maintained separately and fed on improved diets. Female brood were injected with HCG at 5 mg•kg-1 once a month from December till the onset of monsoon in June, to improve fecundity. In all the trials, observations on water temperature, response of females to inducing agent, weight of females that responded, fecundity, time required for ovulation and fertilization rate were recorded. The following are the findings from the series of breeding trials conducted with different objectives. Between the two inducing agents evaluated, Ovaprim performed better in terms of response of female (40%), than pituitary extract (29.63%). Feeding broodstock with a diet having 24.5% crude protein resulted in higher ovulation response, shorter time for ovulation and higher fertilization rate of eggs, compared to 31.5% crude protein diet. Plankton weight recorded in ponds fed on low protein was less than in ponds receiving high protein diet, indicating better utilization of natural food in the former. Cryopreserved spermatozoa performed comparably (P>0.05) with that of normal spermatozoa in terms of fertilization rate and quality of hatchlings. The duration of egg hatching and yolk absorption were found to be temperature dependent. Fertilized eggs incubated in Mangalore at 27-28o C took 60 hours for hatching and 95 hours for yolk sac absorption, compared to 120 hours taken for hatching and 238 hours for yolk absorption by those maintained at 20-24o C in Harangi.

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