scholarly journals Comparative Assessment of Physical and Chemical Cyanobacteria Cell Lysis Methods for Total Microcystin-LR Analysis

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 596
Author(s):  
Katherine E. Greenstein ◽  
Arash Zamyadi ◽  
Eric C. Wert
Keyword(s):  
Optical Density ◽  
Copper Sulfate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cell Lysis ◽  
Comparative Assessment ◽  
Medium Density ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Cell Densities ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Probe Sonication

Standardization and validation of alternative cell lysis methods used for quantifying total cyanotoxins is needed to improve laboratory response time goals for total cyanotoxin analysis. In this study, five cell lysis methods (i.e., probe sonication, microwave, freeze-thaw, chemical lysis with Abraxis QuikLyseTM, and chemical lysis with copper sulfate) were assessed using laboratory-cultured Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) cells. Methods were evaluated for destruction of cells (as determined by optical density of the sample) and recovery of total microcystin-LR (MC-LR) using three M. aeruginosa cell densities (i.e., 1 × 105 cells/mL (low-density), 1 × 106 cells/mL (medium-density), and 1 × 107 cells/mL (high-density)). Of the physical lysis methods, both freeze-thaw (1 to 5 cycles) and pulsed probe sonication (2 to 10 min) resulted in >80% destruction of cells and consistent (>80%) release and recovery of intracellular MC-LR. Microwave (3 to 5 min) did not demonstrate the same decrease in optical density (<50%), although it provided effective release and recovery of >80% intracellular MC-LR. Abraxis QuikLyseTM was similarly effective for intracellular MC-LR recovery across the different M. aeruginosa cell densities. Copper sulfate (up to 500 mg/L Cu2+) did not lyse cells nor release intracellular MC-LR within 20 min. None of the methods appeared to cause degradation of MC-LR. Probe sonication, microwave, and Abraxis QuikLyseTM served as rapid lysis methods (within minutes) with varying associated costs, while freeze-thaw provided a viable, low-cost alternative if time permits.

scholarly journals A review of biomass materials for advanced lithium–sulfur batteries

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (32) ◽  
pp. 7484-7495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huadong Yuan ◽  
Tiefeng Liu ◽  
Yujing Liu ◽  
Jianwei Nai ◽  
Yao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recent Progress ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Abundance ◽  
Chemical Adsorption ◽  
Environmental Friendliness ◽  
Lithium Sulfur Batteries ◽  
Biomass Materials ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Lithium Sulfur

This review summarizes recent progress of biomass-derived materials in Li–S batteries. These materials are promising due to their advantages including strong physical and chemical adsorption, high abundance, low cost, and environmental friendliness.

scholarly journals Magnetic iron oxide/clay nanocomposites for adsorption and catalytic oxidation in water treatment applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1148-1166
Author(s):  
Ganjar Fadillah ◽  
Septian Perwira Yudha ◽  
Suresh Sagadevan ◽  
Is Fatimah ◽  
Oki Muraza
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Photocatalytic Oxidation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Chemical Oxidation ◽  
Magnetic Iron Oxide ◽  
Oxidation Processes ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Physical And Chemical

AbstractPhysical and chemical methods have been developed for water and wastewater treatments. Adsorption is an attractive method due to its simplicity and low cost, and it has been widely employed in industrial treatment. In advanced schemes, chemical oxidation and photocatalytic oxidation have been recognized as effective methods for wastewater-containing organic compounds. The use of magnetic iron oxide in these methods has received much attention. Magnetic iron oxide nanocomposite adsorbents have been recognized as favorable materials due to their stability, high adsorption capacities, and recoverability, compared to conventional sorbents. Magnetic iron oxide nanocomposites have also been reported to be effective in photocatalytic and chemical oxidation processes. The current review has presented recent developments in techniques using magnetic iron oxide nanocomposites for water treatment applications. The review highlights the synthesis method and compares modifications for adsorbent, photocatalytic oxidation, and chemical oxidation processes. Future prospects for the use of nanocomposites have been presented.

scholarly journals Some physical and chemical properties of substrates designed for container production of spruce (Picea abies (L) Karst)

2004 ◽  
pp. 79-90
Author(s):  
Vesna Vratusa
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
Urban Green Spaces ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Countries In Transition ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Efficient nursery production of woody plants, as well as the level of their successful application in urban green spaces, greatly depends upon properties of substrates in which these individuals grow, develop and endure. Furthermore, quality of substrate does not only affect the quality of future product (plant individual or green space), but distinctly determines its price. This element, extremely significant for all countries in transition, thus Serbia as well, commands finding ways of making qualitative, but least expensive substrate. The most logical solution is to use mixtures/substrates of precisely defined properties, composed of domestic components. Results presented in this paper imply that it is possible to create precisely such standard mixtures from domestic resources at relatively low cost, adjusted to needs of particular species, which would ultimately lead to successful, non-expensive nursery production and application of produced stock, both on domestic and foreign markets.

scholarly journals LOW ENERGY BACTERIA PRESERVATION OF EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA HALOFERAX LUCENTENSE AND HALOFERAX CHUDINOVII IMMOBILIZED USING NATURAL ZEOLITE

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-28
Author(s):  
Rizal Awaludin Malik ◽  
Nilawati Nilawati ◽  
Novarina Irnaning Handayani ◽  
Rame Rame ◽  
Silvy Djayanti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Pore Volume ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Halophilic Archaea ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Slight Reduction ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Preservation Method ◽  
Chemical Content ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The methods of microbial cells preservation were already known by liquid drying, freeze-drying, and freezing. Those methods could preserve bacteria cells in a long period of time but its survivability was relatively low and used relatively high energy during preservation. Immobilization was known as entrapping, attaching or encapsulating bacterial cells in a suitable matrix. This research was conducted to know the suitability of zeolite as immobilization carrier and also as preservation matrix of two halophilic archaea Haloferax chudinovii and Haloferax lucentense. Variable of this research was the type of the carrier which was raw zeolite, 110oC and 300oC heat-activated zeolite carrier, parameters measured in this study was physical and chemical of zeolite such as chemical content, Si/Al ratio, surface area and pore volume, and biochemical assay, bacterial cells numbers after immobilization and bacterial cells after preservation as bacterial response to the immobilization and preservation. Heat activation was significantly affecting the chemical composition, carrier surface area, and pore volume. Highest surface area, pore volume, and Si/Al ratio were obtained in 110oC pretreated zeolite followed by 300oC pretreated zeolite. The bacterial cells obtained after immobilization process was 1,8x107 cfu/g, 3,0 x 107 cfu/g, and 2,1x107 for raw zeolite, 110oC pretreated zeolite and 300oC zeolite respectively. After 4 months preservation, the slight reduction of the bacterial cells was observed. Immobilization halophilic archaeae using zeolite as carrier was proven as low cost and effective preservation method due to relatively simple process and unspecific preservation temperature requirements.

scholarly journals M-Polynomials and Associated Topological Indices of Sodalite Materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Ghazanfar Abbas ◽  
Muhammad Ibrahim ◽  
Ali Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Azeem ◽  
Kashif Elahi
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Topological Index ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Topological Indices ◽  
Mathematical Tool ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Natural Zeolites ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Natural zeolites are commonly described as macromolecular sieves. Zeolite networks are very trendy chemical networks due to their low-cost implementation. Sodalite network is one of the most studied types of zeolite networks. It helps in the removal of greenhouse gases. To study this rich network, we use an authentic mathematical tool known as M-polynomials of the topological index and show some physical and chemical properties in numerical form, and to understand the structure deeply, we compare different legitimate M-polynomials of topological indices, concluding in the form of graphical comparisons.

scholarly journals Basic Materials Studies of Lanthanide Halide Scintillators

2007 ◽  
Vol 1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. P. Doty ◽  
Douglas McGregor ◽  
Mark Harrison ◽  
Kip Findley ◽  
Raulf Polichar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Anisotropic Plasticity ◽  
Ongoing Work ◽  
Perfect Cleavage ◽  
Physical And Chemical

AbstractCerium and lanthanum tribromides and trichlorides form isomorphous alloys with the hexagonal UCl3 type structure, and have been shown to exhibit high luminosity and proportional response, making them attractive alternatives for room temperature gamma ray spectroscopy. However the fundamental physical and chemical properties of this system introduce challenges for material processing, scale-up, and detector fabrication. In particular, low fracture stress and perfect cleavage along prismatic planes cause profuse cracking during and after crystal growth, impeding efforts to scale this system for production of low cost, large diameter spectrometers. We have reported progress on basic materials science of the lanthanide halides. Studies to date have included thermomechanical and thermogravimetric analyses, hygroscopicity, yield strength, and fracture toughness. The observed mechanical properties pose challenging problems for material production and post processing; therefore, understanding mechanical behavior is key to fabricating large single crystals, and engineering of robust detectors and systems. Analysis of the symmetry and crystal structure of this system, including identification of densely-packed and electrically neutral planes with slip and cleavage, and comparison of relative formation and propagation energies for proposed slip systems, suggest possible mechanisms for deformation and crack initiation under stress. The low c/a ratio and low symmetry relative to traditional scintillators indicate limited and highly anisotropic plasticity cause redistribution of residual process stress to cleavage planes, initiating fracture. Ongoing work to develop fracture resistant lanthanide halides is presented.

Degradation of Colored Polystyrene Films

2018 ◽  
Vol 930 ◽  
pp. 254-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisca Pereira de Araújo ◽  
Josy Anteveli Osajima ◽  
Mônica Regina Silva de Araujo ◽  
Edson Cavalcanti da Silva Filho ◽  
João Sammy Nery de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Violet ◽  
Carbonyl Compounds ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Visible Radiation ◽  
No Formation ◽  
Crystal Violet Dye ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Polystyrene is commercial polymer of extensive use in industrial scale due to great physical and chemical properties and low cost. Lifespan of polymer materials can be changed by incorporation of additions to polymeric matrix.The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of crystal violet dye in polystyrene matrices when irradiated by visible radiation. The samples were studied in the form of films, in which solution of crystal violet (5.0x10-4mol.L-1) was added to the PS solution (8% w / w). The films were irradiated with commercial lamp for 150 hours and analyzed with UV-Vis and FTIR. The results showed that the dye degraded at a rate of 16%, however the FTIR analysis revealed that polystyrene did not degrade under the conditions studied, since no formation of carbonyl compounds was observed.

scholarly journals Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Based Sensors for Medical Applications

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 1279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeşeren Saylan ◽  
Semra Akgönüllü ◽  
Handan Yavuz ◽  
Serhat Ünal ◽  
Adil Denizli
Keyword(s):  
Surface Modification ◽  
Homeland Security ◽  
Molecular Imprinting ◽  
Molecularly Imprinted Polymer ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Imprinted Polymer ◽  
Molecularly Imprinted ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Sensors have been extensively used owing to multiple advantages, including exceptional sensing performance, user-friendly operation, fast response, high sensitivity and specificity, portability, and real-time analysis. In recent years, efforts in sensor realm have expanded promptly, and it has already presented a broad range of applications in the fields of medical, pharmaceutical and environmental applications, food safety, and homeland security. In particular, molecularly imprinted polymer based sensors have created a fascinating horizon for surface modification techniques by forming specific recognition cavities for template molecules in the polymeric matrix. This method ensures a broad range of versatility to imprint a variety of biomolecules with different size, three dimensional structure, physical and chemical features. In contrast to complex and time-consuming laboratory surface modification methods, molecular imprinting offers a rapid, sensitive, inexpensive, easy-to-use, and highly selective approaches for sensing, and especially for the applications of diagnosis, screening, and theranostics. Due to its physical and chemical robustness, high stability, low-cost, and reusability features, molecularly imprinted polymer based sensors have become very attractive modalities for such applications with a sensitivity of minute structural changes in the structure of biomolecules. This review aims at discussing the principle of molecular imprinting method, the integration of molecularly imprinted polymers with sensing tools, the recent advances and strategies in molecular imprinting methodologies, their applications in medical, and future outlook on this concept.

Preparation of low-cost sludge-based mesoporous carbon and its adsorption of tetracycline antibiotics

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 676-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zou Junyu ◽  
Song Zefeng ◽  
Yang Yuesuo
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Mesoporous Carbon ◽  
Adsorption Process ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Isothermal Adsorption ◽  
Pseudo Second Order ◽  
Acidic Conditions ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Abstract Preparation of sludge-derived mesoporous carbon materials (SMCs) through pyrolysis of excess activated sludge from urban municipal sewage plants is an effective means of reducing pollution and utilizing a waste resource. This paper presented a method of SMC preparation in which calcium oxide (CaO), polyacrylamide (PAM), and chitosan (CAS) flocculating agents were used as pore-forming additives. Physical and chemical characterizations of the prepared SMCs were conducted by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The prepared SMCs were used to adsorb a tetracycline (TC) antibiotic pollutant. The influences of pH, adsorption time, temperature, and pollutant concentration on TC adsorption capacity were determined. The experiments demonstrated that weakly acidic conditions were conducive to TC adsorption, which mainly occurs via electrostatic and π-π interactions. The TC adsorption process by SMCs conformed better to the pseudo-second-order models, indicating that chemical adsorption was the dominant adsorption process. The isothermal adsorption of TC by the SMCs conformed to the Freundlich model. This implied that TC easily adhered onto the SMC surfaces via multilayer homogeneous adsorption. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the adsorption of TC onto SMCs was spontaneous and endothermic.

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