Air Pollution Dispersion Modelling using GRAL in Area Near Coal-Steam Power Plant at Central Java

Sulfur dioxide and Nitrogen dioxide were significant emissions emitted from coal-steam power plants that may cause health problems for humans and damage the environment. Studying the SO2 and NO2 gradients in Indonesian residential communities is critical for evaluating resident's SO2 and NO2 exposure. The method developed to assist analysis of spatial SO2 and NO2 gradients on a community scale combines a mesoscale Lagrangian dispersion model with field observations around coal-steam power plants using GRAL. The objectives of this study focused on GRAL dispersion of SO2 and NO2 in an Indonesian residential community near the coal-steam power plant, with a 6 km x 8 km resolution. Analysis of this model indicates a correlation between simulation and observation, with SO2 coefficient correlation (R) within 0.5 – 0.82 and NO2 coefficient correlation (R) within 0.30 – 0.59. Model performances analyze by NMSE and FB. The SO2 model is comparable to observation data since it has a better average NMSE and FB than the NO2 model. Due to data limitation of observation collected by grab sampling instead of continuous ambient measurement system affect different respond time compared with hourly data from the model.

Utilization of Iron Ore Slag in The Manufacture of Calcium Silicate Boards

This study aims to determine the iron ore slag effect as an additive in particleboard based on the SNI 7705:2011 standard. Iron ore slag comes from the waste processing of iron ore into sponge iron. The iron ore slag is reduced to a size of 200 mesh. Particleboard made with the composition of slag and silica is 0:40, 8:32, 16:24, 20:20, 24:16, 32:8, and 40:0 wt%. Meanwhile, other materials were made permanent, namely PCC cement and lime 16 wt%, coconut fiber 3wt%, and water 3 wt%. They are pressed with 3 tons of pressure for 1 hour using a hydraulic press. Drying at room temperature for one day, under the hot sun for two days, then in an oven at 110 oC for 8 hrs. Analysis of the chemical composition of X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction crystalline phase, SEM-EDS micro-photographs, physical tests including density and porosity, and mechanical compressive strength tests. The dominant composition of SiO2 and CaO affects the formation of silicon dioxide (SiO2), calcium silicate (CaSiO3), and dicalcium silicate (Ca2SiO4) phases. Silica has a positive effect on the compressive strength of particleboard but is different from Ca, which has an impact on reducing the compressive strength. The sem morphology shows that coconut fiber cannot withstand heating at 190 oC and results in agglomeration. The addition of 20% ore slag and silica has met the calcium silicate board SNI 7705-2011. These results can be used to develop slag waste from iron ore processing into much more useful objects.

Environmental Critical Aspects of The Conversion of Biomass to Biogas for Sustainable Energy in Indonesia

Renewable energy will become the foundation for meeting the world's energy needs in the future. However, Indonesia has not done much research on the development and application of technology for sustainable energy. Indonesia has potential energy sources. However, biomass conversion into other forms of energy, such as biogas, will hurt the environment. The development of biomass-based bioenergy is one of the best solution for meeting Indonesia's current and future energy needs. Biogas is biomass-based bioenergy, which is the potential for future energy sources. Minimizing the environment's degradation is a significant aspect of preparing the biomass to biogas conversion model. Furthermore, the production of biogas with automatic monitoring and control will minimize new waste formation. Indonesian government regulatory support and total community participation will increase converting biomass into biogas as renewable energy into electrical energy. The paper analyzes the environmental impact of biomass conversion into biogas and proposed an environmentally friendly conversion model.

Biogas Production from Sugarcane Vinasse: A Review

Biogas is a renewable energy sources that could replace the role of fossil fuel. Biogas could be produced from biomass or agro-industrial wastewater. Sugarcane vinasse has potential of biogas production due to its high BOD concentration (10–65 g BOD/l). However, the biogas production from sugarcane vinasse has several drawbacks that hinders the maximum biogas yield, such as: acidic pH (pH 3.5 – 5.0), high temperature (80–90°C) and high concentration of sulfuric acid (> 150 mg/L). Theoretically, the methane potential per gram COD is 0.35 L/gr COD, containing of 60% methane. However, up to date, the maximum biogas production from vinasse was less then its theoretical value. To get the full potential of biogas production from vinasse wastewater as well as to reduce the capital cost for full scale application, combination of suitable pre-treatment, selected microorganisms and bioreactor design-configuration are the most important parameters to be considered. This paper aims to explore the potential of sugarcane vinasse to produce biogas, by elaborating the aforementioned key parameters. In this review the basic characteristic and the potency of sugarcane vinasse wastewater will be elaborated. Furthermore, the effect of key parameters such as pH, temperature, and organic load to biogas production will also be discussed. The biogas technology will also be explored. Lastly, conclusion will be determined

Effect of Substrate/Water Ratio on Biogas Production from the Mixture Substrate of Rice Straw and Salvinia molesta

The substrate/water (S/W) ratio is one of the affecting parameters in anaerobic digestion (AD) since it affects the concentration of total solids (TS) in the biogas feedstocks. The appropriate S/W ratio has to be found to result in a high biogas yield. The goal of this study was to look into the influence of S/W ratio on biogas production from mixture substrate of rice straw and Salvinia molesta. Ratio of S/W was varied to be 1/7 w/v (TS 9.67%w/w), 1/10 w/v (TS 7.52%w/w), 1/13 w/v (TS 6.15%w/w), 1/16 w/v (TS 5.20%w/w). The results showed that S/W of 1/7, 1/10, 1/13, 1/16 resulted a total biogas yield of 22.86, 38.67, 42.71, 43.69 mL/g TS respectively. Decreasing TS from 9.67 %w/w (S/W of 1/7) until 6.15%w/w (S/W of 1/13) could increase the TS removal from 31.03% until 55.66%. However, at TS 5.20%w/w (S/W of 1/16), the TS removal was lower than that at TS 6.15%w/w (S/W of 1/13). The modified Gompertz (R2 = 0.94 – 0.98) can predict evolution of biogas production with higher precision than the first order kinetic (R2 = 0.91 – 0.98). The optimum TS was successfully predicted to become 5.40%w/w.

Removal of Total Coliform and TSS for Hospital Wastewater by Optimizing the Role of Typha Angustifolia and Fine Sand-Gravel Media in Horizontal Sub Surface Flow Constructed Wetland

This study aims to evaluate the performance of a pilot-scale HSSF-CW utilizing Typha angustifolia and fine sand-gravel media in removing total coliform and TSS from hospital wastewater. Three pilot-scale HSSF-CW cells measuring 1.00 x 0.45 x 0.35 m3 were filled with gravel sand media with a diameter of 5 - 8 mm as high as 35 cm with a submerged media depth of 0.30 m. There were three treatments, namely the first cell (CW1) without plants, the second cell (CW2) was planted with a density of 12 Typha angustifolia plants, and the third cell (CW3) was planted with a density of 24 Typha angustifolia plants. The three HSSF-CW cells received the same wastewater load with total coliform and TSS contents of 91000 MPN / 100 mg and 53 mg / L, respectively, with Hydraulic Loading Rates 3,375 m3 per day. Wastewater was recirculated continuously to achieve the equivalent HSSF-CW area requirement. The experimental results show that the performance of CW3 is more efficient than CW1 and CW2 in total coliform and TSS removal for hospital wastewater. The pollutant removal efficiency at CW3 reached 91.76% for total coliform with one day hydraulic retention time and 81.00% for TSS with two days of hydraulic retention time. This study concludes that the HSSF-CW system using sand-gravel media with a diameter of 5 - 8 mm with a submerged media depth of 0.30 m and planted with Typha angustifolia with a tighter spacing proved to be more efficient in removing total coliform and TSS from hospital wastewater.

PVDF-TiO2 Hollow Fibre Membrane For Water Desalination

The clean water crisis is increasing along with the increasing human population. Sea water is one of the largest water sources that can be utilized on the earth. However, the high salt concentration dissolved in seawater must be treated before it can use. Desalination is the directly technology for treating seawater with PVDF-TiO2 hollow fibre membrane via pervaporation process. The aim of this research was to determine the performance of PVDF-TiO2 hollow fibre membrane against variations in feed temperature in the artificial seawater pervaporation process. Method for fabrication membrane is using dry-wet spinning method. The result showed that the highest flux permeat occurred at feed temperature of 60ºC, namely 8.96 kg.m-2.h-1 with salt rejection > 92.86%. The result via SEM showed that of the membrane surface morphology, there is a white spot on the membrane surface is TiO2 because the dope solution is too thick. The PVDF-TiO2 hollow fiber membrane in this research is can be applied for seawater pervaporation.

Potential Activated Carbon of Theobroma cacao L. Shell for Pool Water Purification in Politeknik Negeri Padang

Research has been carried out to improve the quality of the yellow pool water. The water is used as a source of clean water for the academics of the Politeknik Negeri Padang, so it needs to be improved in accordance with the quality standards of clean water, and is suitable for daily use. The adsorption process was carried out using activated carbon of Theobroma cacao L. shells which was carbonated at 400oC for 1 hour and activated with H3PO4. Characterization of functional groups using Frontier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), and morphology of surface using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The quality of clean water standard analyzed is turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), color, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), and Fe content. Functional group analysis exhibits that the activated carbon produced has a pattern of absorption with O-H, C-H, and C-O bond types. At the optimum condition of the activation process, a good adsorbent is absorbed in pool water purification at a flow rate of 5 mL/min with a mass of 2 grams. The analysis showed an efficiency decrease in turbidity value of 67%, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 71%, Color 97%, Total Suspended Solids (TSS) 86%, and Fe content 38%. Surface morphology of activated carbon showed the presence of pore cavities, and after the filtration process the cavities became saturated. This shows that there has been an absorption by activated carbon, so that the water becomes clear. Activated carbon of Theobroma cacao L.shell is very effective in the process of purifying pool water into clean water and fulfilling clean water standards, so it is suitable for are used.

Online Monitoring of Effluent Quality for Assessing the Effect of Wastewater Treatment Plant to Discharge into the Receiving Water: a review

In general, industries that use water in their production process will produce wastewater which usually contains a lot of polluting contaminants. It will affects the surrounding environment by contaminating the water bodies, which will adversely affect the health life of all living beings. Pollution that occurs in the some rivers in Indonesia has begun to raise concern for Indonesian Goverment. Some of the river locations already have heavy poluted status. The pollution is mostly caused by industrial waste and domestic waste along the river. Treatment plants for wastewater effluents are mandatory for any industry which discharges their wastewater effluents into the environment. Information on monitoring the quality of industrial wastewater is very important to be perceived by examining changes in water quality condition that are getting better or worse. It is necessary to develop a system that monitors the condition of industrial wastewater. Industrial wastewater monitoring is a device system that collects real time data. Online monitoring technology is one part that plays an important role in supporting activities to control marine environmental pollution. Real‐time monitoring of wastewater quality remains an unresolved problem to the wastewater treatment industry. One of the problem in most industries in Indonesia is that the operational and performance of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) are still not optimal, and need to be improved. The application of industrial technology concept 4.0 and automation systems in the industry is expected to improve the WWTP supervision process which has advantages such as reducing down time, reducing consumption of raw materials, reducing the energy used, increasing productivity, improving product quality and making efficient use of resources and processes, so as to reduce industrial operating costs.

Modelling Green Production Process in the Natural Dyes Batik Industry Using Cleaner Production Options

Sustainable production policy has encouraged batik industry to switch synthetic dyes to natural dyes. However, the production process still brings negative impacts on the environment as well as on humans. In order to solve this problem, the batik industry needs to develop green production model using cleaner production options. The purpose of this research is to design green production model for greening the natural dyes batik industry. The research was conducted in the natural dyes batik industry “Mbah Guru”. Mbah Guru batik industry is located in Lamongan, East Java. The research used a feasibility study by using Pay Back Period (PBP). The last decision making of cleaner production options was used Bayes Method to assess and determine cleaner production options based on technical, economical, and environmental aspects. The result showed that all of cleaner production options are feasible. "Fertilizer making from natural dyes" had the shortest payback period of 0,057 years and "two steps washing for all washing processes" had the longest payback period of 0,92 years. The highest criterion weight was the environmental aspect of 0.41 and followed by the economical aspect of 0.35. “Natural dyes wastewater reusing” became the most priority of the cleaner production options. The batik industry will be more profitable if it is able to properly implement the recommended process improvements so that the negative impacts, both the environment and on humans, can be minimized.