scholarly journals Removal of Aflatoxin B1 by Edible Mushroom-Forming Fungi and Its Mechanism

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 668
Author(s):  
Min-Jung Choo ◽  
Sung-Yong Hong ◽  
Soo-Hyun Chung ◽  
Ae-Son Om
Keyword(s):  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Edible Mushroom ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Cell Debris ◽  
Fluorescence Detector ◽  
Whole Cells ◽  
Cell Lysates ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Aspergillus Sp

Aflatoxins (AFs) are biologically active toxic metabolites, which are produced by certain toxigenic Aspergillus sp. on agricultural crops. In this study, five edible mushroom-forming fungi were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD) for their ability to remove aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), one of the most potent naturally occurring carcinogens known. Bjerkandera adusta and Auricularia auricular-judae showed the most significant AFB1 removal activities (96.3% and 100%, respectively) among five strains after 14-day incubation. The cell lysate from B. adusta exhibited higher AFB1 removal activity (35%) than the cell-free supernatant (13%) after 1-day incubation and the highest removal activity (80%) after 5-day incubation at 40 °C. In addition, AFB1 analyses using whole cells, cell lysates, and cell debris from B. adusta showed that cell debris had the highest AFB1 removal activity at 5th day (95%). Moreover, exopolysaccharides from B. adusta showed an increasing trend (24–48%) similar to whole cells and cell lysates after 5- day incubation. Our results strongly suggest that AFB1 removal activity by whole cells was mainly due to AFB1 binding onto cell debris during early incubation and partly due to binding onto cell lysates along with exopolysaccharides after saturation of AFB1 binding process onto cell wall components.

Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2 in Vegetable Oils Using Bare Fe3O4 as Magnetic Sorbents Coupled with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 678-685
Author(s):  
Hui-Xian Zhang ◽  
Ping Zhang ◽  
Xiao-Fang Fu ◽  
You-Xiang Zhou ◽  
Xi-Tian Peng
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
Fluorescence Detector ◽  
Relative Standard

Abstract This paper reports a simple, sensitive and reliable method for the simultaneous detection of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2 in vegetable oils. Aflatoxins were extracted by magnetic solid phase extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography, then postcolumn photochemical derivatization and finally detected by fluorescence detector. Vegetable oil samples were first diluted with hexane and then commercial bare Fe3O4 nanoparticles were directly employed as sorbents to extract aflatoxins from complex vegetable oil samples, which significantly simplified the procedure of sample preparation and largely improved the sample analysis throughput. The effects of various parameters such as the amount of sorbent, loading, washing and eluting conditions were carefully optimized to improve the extraction efficiencies of aflatoxins. Under the optimal conditions, the limits of detection of four aflatoxins ranged from 0.01 μg/kg to 0.16 μg/kg, and squared regression coefficients (R2) >0.9990 were obtained within the linear range of 0.1–20 μg/kg (except for aflatoxin G2 with 0.5–20 μg/kg). Furthermore, the recoveries spiked at four concentration levels in a blank vegetable oil sample were from 82.6 to 106.2%, with inter- and intraday relative standard deviations <9.8%, indicating good accuracy and precision of the proposed method.

Removal of Aflatoxin B1 and Inhibition of Aspergillus flavus Growth by the Use of Lactobacillus plantarum on Olives

2014 ◽  
Vol 77 (10) ◽  
pp. 1760-1767 ◽  
Author(s):  
FATEN KACHOURI ◽  
HAMIDA KSONTINI ◽  
MOKTAR HAMDI
Keyword(s):  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Environmental Scanning ◽  
Fluorescence Detector ◽  
Natural Microflora ◽  
The Impact

Olives can be contaminated with a wide variety of molds (Aspergillus and/or Penicillium) that can be occurring naturally on fresh and processed olives and could support mycotoxin production. The aim of this work was to investigate aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production by fungi and its bioaccumulation in olives during storage and to study the impact of the application of Lactobacillus plantarum on the inhibition of mold development and production of AFB1. Two different treatments were applied: (i) olives with natural microflora and (ii) olives inoculated with Aspergillus flavus after elimination of natural microflora. AFB1 has been extracted from olives and quantitated by high-performance liquid chromatography using a fluorescence detector. Results showed the absence of this metabolite in the olives for the season 2008 to 2009. In 2009 to 2010, AFB1 was detected at the level of 11 μg/kg. The application of L. plantarum during the storage of olives favors the reduction of the level of AFB1 to 5.9 μg/kg correlated with a decrease in the amount of molds (86.3%). The images obtained by environmental scanning electron microscopy showed that L. plantarum was able to adhere to the olive surface and probably produce a biofilm that inhibits the multiplication of yeast and fungi by oxygen competition. Results showed an increase of antioxidant activity and amount of total phenolic compounds of olives, respectively, by 24 and 8.6%. In many olives contaminated with A. flavus, AFB1 was present at an initial level of 5.15 μg/kg and increased to 6.55 μg/kg after 8 days of storage. The biological detoxification of AFB1 in olives by L. plantarum is confirmed by the reduction of the level of AFB1 to 2.12 μg/kg on day 0 and its absence after 4 days of storage.

scholarly journals Occurrence and Exposure Assessment of Aflatoxin B1 and Ochra-toxin A in Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) from Tunisia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Lasram ◽  
Z. Hamdi ◽  
A. Ghorbel
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Contamination Rate ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Fluorescence Detector

Background: Ochratoxin A (OTA) and Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) are toxic secondary  metabolites produced by certain mold species. In this primarily survey, we examined the OTA and AFB1 contamination of pearl millet grains distributed in Tunisia. Methods: Twenty-five pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) samples from different regions of Tunisia were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with fluorescence detector in order to evaluate the contamination with of AFB1 and OTA. Statistical tests were performed with XLSTAT 2018. Results: AFB1 and OTA were detected in 32 and 28% millet samples, respectively. Mean amounts of these mycotoxins in the contaminated samples were of 24.54±17.54 µg/kg for OTA and 22.72±23.09 µg/kg for AFB1. Approximately, 28 and 24% of analyzed samples were found above the European Union limits for AFB1 and OTA, respectively. The estimated daily intake of OTA and AFB1 were 3.76 and 3.89 ng/kg b.w. per day, respectively. No significantly (p>0.05) difference in OTA and AFB1 contamination rate was found between samples taken from different regions. Conclusion: Consumption of millet in Tunisia might be an important contributing factor to the risk of dietary exposure to OTA and AFB1

scholarly journals Occurrence and Distribution of Aflatoxin in Maize from Selected Counties, Eastern Region, Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-20
Author(s):  
Nicholas M. Jacob ◽  
Shem O. Wandiga ◽  
David K. Kariuki ◽  
Vincent O. Madadi
Keyword(s):  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Fluorescence Detector ◽  
Total Aflatoxin ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Maize Sample

Purpose: The study aimed to assess the occurrence and distribution of aflatoxin contamination on dry maize in different types of stores in Meru, Embu, Isiolo, Makueni and Machakos Counties of Eastern region of Kenya.Methodology: Automatic spear sampler was used to collect maize samples from each bag at even intervals. 280 maize samples were collected from 29 stores in five Counties. 100 g of each maize sample was ground, resampled into 50g, blended, extracted, centrifuged, filtered and a quantified for Aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2. Samples were prepared and extracted with methanol/water. The bulky of the samples were analyzed with enzyme-linked immunoassay test kits. Confirmation of positive samples was done with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with fluorescence detector.  Data analysis was done with SPSS and Microsoft excel.Findings: Maize samples from Counties in eastern region of Kenya had significantly high levels of (93.10%) aflatoxin contamination. The mean values for aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2 were: 50.08± 4.42, 17.26±1.08, 30.17±2.06 and 10.54± 1.52 (ng/g) in that order. Only nine samples had total aflatoxin within the accepted limit for human consumption of 15 ng/g. The highest total aflatoxin contamination recorded was 198.45ng/g in Makueni county and the lowest recorded was 8.76ng/g in Embu county. Makueni and Embu had mean values for aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2 being (83.07±7.53, 22.15± 1.36, 49.38±3.11, 20.52± 0.70 ng/g) and (18.71 ±2.63, 8.07 ±0.64, 17.02 ±1.38, 8.86 ±1.62 ng/g). Makueni NCPB depot had the highest mean contamination with aflatoxin B1 of 92.67± 5.78 ng/g and Embu had the lowest with 6.26 ± 4.14 ng/g. All the county markets recorded high aflatoxin B1 contamination with exception of Embu county which had a mean of 4.0 ±0.84, Makueni (83.67± 10.42 ng/g), Isiolo (51.27± 32.29 ng/g), Meru (46.02± 23.88 ng/g) and Machakos (36.34± 26.27 ng/g). The stores had aflatoxin load varied from on store to the other and county to county.Unique contribution to theory, policy and practice: The counties in the region had high occurrence and distribution of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2 in maize in all stores where samples were picked. Location for maize stores should be in areas with low levels of carbon dioxide because mycotoxins are produced under aerobic conditions. The design for maize threshing machines should not course shocks, breakage and cracks on maize grains to decrease chances of mycotoxins infestation during their storage.

A REVIEW ON RECENT ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY, SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF ISATIN DERIVATIVES

2018 ◽  
pp. 16-22
Author(s):  
Shukla PK ◽  
Singh MP ◽  
Patel R
Keyword(s):  
Heterocyclic Compounds ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Biological Applications ◽  
Plant Origin ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Biological Aspects ◽  
Isatin Derivatives

Indole and its derivatives have engaged a unique place in the chemistry of nitrogen heterocyclic compounds. The recognition of the plant growthhormone, heteroauxin, the significant amino acids, tryptamine & tryptophan and anti-inflammatory drug, indomethacine are the imperativederivatives of indole which have added stimulus to this review work. Isatin (1H-indole-2,3-dione), an indole derivative of plant origin. Althoughit is a naturally occurring compound, but was synthesized by Erdmann and Laurent in 1840 before it was found in nature. Isatin is a versatileprecursor for many biologically active molecules and its diversified nature makes it a versatile substrate for further modifications. It is concernedin many pharmacological activities like anti-malarial, antiviral, anti-allergic, antimicrobial etc; isatin and its derivatives have been also found todemonstrate promising outcomes against various cancer cell lines. This review provides a brief overview on the recent advances and futureperspectives on chemistry and biological aspects of isatin and its derivatives reported in the recent past.

Edible Mushrooms: Novel Medicinal Agents to Combat Metabolic Syndrome and Associated Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (39) ◽  
pp. 4970-4981
Author(s):  
Yu-Tang Tung ◽  
Chun-Hsu Pan ◽  
Yi-Wen Chien ◽  
Hui-Yu Huang
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Edible Mushroom ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Edible Mushrooms ◽  
Beta Glucan ◽  
Medicinal Mushrooms ◽  
Associated Diseases ◽  
Increased Risk

Metabolic syndrome is an aggregation of conditions and associated with an increased risk of developing diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Edible mushrooms are widely consumed in many countries and are valuable components of the diet because of their attractive taste, aroma, and nutritional value. Medicinal mushrooms are higher fungi with additional nutraceutical attributes having low-fat content and a transisomer of unsaturated fatty acids along with high fiber content, biologically active compounds such as polysaccharides or polysaccharide β-glucans, alkaloids, steroids, polyphenols and terpenoids. In vitro experiments, animal models, and even human studies have demonstrated not only fresh edible mushroom but also mushroom extract that has great therapeutic applications in human health as they possess many properties such as antiobesity, cardioprotective and anti-diabetic effect. They are considered as the unmatched source of healthy foods and drugs. The focus of this report was to provide a concise and complete review of the novel medicinal properties of fresh or dry mushroom and extracts, fruiting body or mycelium and its extracts, fiber, polysaccharides, beta-glucan, triterpenes, fucoidan, ergothioneine from edible mushrooms that may help to prevent or treat metabolic syndrome and associated diseases.

Naturally Occurring Organic Acid-catalyzed Facile Diastereoselective Synthesis of Biologically Active (E)-3-(arylimino)indolin-2-one Derivatives in Water at Room Temperature

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (16) ◽  
pp. 1778-1788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gurpreet Kaur ◽  
Arvind Singh ◽  
Kiran Bala ◽  
Mamta Devi ◽  
Anjana Kumari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Environmentally Benign ◽  
Diastereoselective Synthesis ◽  
Substituted Anilines ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
Reaction Media ◽  
Column Chromatographic

A simple, straightforward and efficient method has been developed for the synthesis of (E)-3-(arylimino)indolin-2-one derivatives and (E)-2-((4-methoxyphenyl)imino)- acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one. The synthesis of these biologically-significant scaffolds was achieved from the reactions of various substituted anilines and isatins or acenaphthaquinone, respectively, using commercially available, environmentally benign and naturally occurring organic acids such as mandelic acid or itaconic acid as catalyst in aqueous medium at room temperature. Mild reaction conditions, energy efficiency, good to excellent yields, environmentally benign conditions, easy isolation of products, no need of column chromatographic separation and the reusability of reaction media are some of the significant features of the present protocol.

Phytochemical, Analytical and Medicinal Studies of Holoptelea integrifolia Roxb. Planch - A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 270-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijay Kumar ◽  
Simranjeet Singh ◽  
Ragini Bhadouria ◽  
Ravindra Singh ◽  
Om Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Holoptelea integrifolia Roxb. Planch (HI) has been used to treat various ailments including obesity, osteoarthritis, arthritis, inflammation, anemia, diabetes etc. To review the major phytochemicals and medicinal properties of HI, exhaustive bibliographic research was designed by means of various scientific search engines and databases. Only 12 phytochemicals have been reported including biologically active compounds like betulin, betulinic acid, epifriedlin, octacosanol, Friedlin, Holoptelin-A and Holoptelin-B. Analytical methods including the Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Liquid Chromatography With Mass Spectral (LC-MS) analysis have been used to analyze the HI. From medicinal potency point of view, these phytochemicals have a wide range of pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor. In the current review, it has been noticed that the mechanism of action of HI with biomolecules has not been fully explored. Pharmacology and toxicological studies are very few. This seems a huge literature gap to be fulfilled through the detailed in-vivo and in-vitro studies.

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