scholarly journals Toxic Effects of Mycotoxin Fumonisin B1 at Six Different Doses on Female BALB/c Mice

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Zhiwei Chen ◽  
Fan Zhang ◽  
Lin Jiang ◽  
Zihan Chen ◽  
Hua Sun
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Time ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
The Body ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin ◽  
Different Doses

Background: Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is one of the most common mycotoxins contaminating feed and food. Although regulatory limits about fumonisins have been established in some countries, it is still very important to conduct research on lower doses of FB1 to determine the tolerance limits. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different concentrations of FB1, provide further evidence about the toxic doses- and exposure time-associated influence of FB1 on mice, especially low levels of FB1 for long-term exposure. Methods: Female BALB/c mice were treated intragastrically (i.g.) with fumonisin B1 (FB1) solutions (0 mg/kg body weight (BW), 0.018 mg/kg BW, 0.054 mg/kg BW, 0.162 mg/kg BW, 0.486 mg/kg BW, 1.458 mg/kg BW and 4.374 mg/kg BW) once a day for 8 weeks to obtain dose- and time-dependent effects on body and organ weights, hematology, blood chemical parameters and liver and kidney histopathology. Results: After the long-term administration of FB1, the body weights of the mice tended to decrease. Over time, FB1 first increased the relative spleen weight, then increased the relative kidney weight, and finally increased the relative liver weight. The mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), hemoglobin (HGB), white blood cells (WBC), platelets (PLT), and mean platelet volume (MPV) were significantly elevated after treatment with FB1 for 8 weeks. Moreover, exposure time-dependent responses were found for aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level, which were coupled with hepatic histopathological findings, necroinflammation and vacuolar degeneration and detrital necrosis. Linear dose response was also found for liver histopathology, in which, even the minimum dose of FB1 exposure also caused changes. Renal alterations were moderate compared to hepatic alterations. Conclusion: In conclusion, we demonstrated the systemic toxic effects of different doses of FB1 in female BALB/c mice at different times. Our data indicated that the effects observed in this study at the lowest dose tested are discussed in relation to the currently established provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) for fumonisins. This study suggested that recommendations for the concentration of FB1 in animals and humans are not sufficiently protective and that regulatory doses should be modified to better protect animal and human health. The toxicity of FB1 needs more attention.

scholarly journals COVID-19: Nutrition to Boost Immune System to Fight Infection

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Syed M. Shahid ◽  
◽  
Muhammad Jawed ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
The Body ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
Working Together ◽  
Scientific Significance ◽  
Global Population

The immunity and immune system functions to fight against infections are significantly impacted by inappropriate food and nutrition. Long term malnutrition is universally considered as the leading cause of immune system deficiency. A substantial proportion of the global population does not meet the recommended daily intake of nutrients. The COVID-19 pandemic has focused attention on the role of the immune system, with health scientists and nutritionists urging people to take supplements and/or eat particular foods (nutrients) to super-charge their immune systems.The immune system is the most complex system of human body. This system is made up of a complex network of structural and functional units like cells, molecules, tissues and organs all working together to safeguard the body as a whole.This precise review provides a chance to go through the efficacy, efficiency and scientific significance of nutritional components and relevant food (especially fruits and vegetables). This will help you keep appropriate food items in your daily meals so that you can get a progressive increment in your body’s defence mechanisms and immunity to fight appropriately against COVID-19. This will also help to decrease your risk for catching the viral infection and/or reducing the chances of having complications from COVID-19.

Inter-subject variability in the metabolism of aluminium following intravenous injection as citrate

1995 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 595-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Talbot ◽  
D. Newton ◽  
N.D. Priest ◽  
J.G. Austin ◽  
J.P. Day
Keyword(s):  
Daily Intake ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
The Body ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Faecal Excretion ◽  
Subject Variability ◽  
Major Loss ◽  
Rapid Clearance ◽  
The Mean

1 Six healthy male volunteers received intravenous injec tions of 26Al as citrate. Accelerator mass spectrometry and γ-ray spectrometry were used to determine levels of the tracer in blood and excreta at times up to 5-6 d. 2 There was a rapid clearance from blood (mean 2% of injection remaining after 1 d) and major loss in urine (59% up to 1 d), but 27 ± 7 (s.d.)% was retained in the body at 5 d. Faecal excretion was negligible (1% up to 5 d). 3 The mean results accord with the early metabolic pat tern in the single subject of a previous, more extensive study, who had retained 4% of the injection after 3 y. Together, the two studies point to the likelihood of large inter-subject differences in the long-term accumulation of dietary aluminium by populations receiving a given level of daily intake.

RESEARCH ON THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF THE CARBOHYDRATE-VITAMIN-MINERAL CONCENTRATE “LIZUNETS SOLEVIT”

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1147-1153
Author(s):  
D.D. Khayrullin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Suspension ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Rat Pups ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Production Increase ◽  
Different Doses

The main factors constraining the development of animal husbandry is a weak fodder base, due to insufficient supply of nutrients; the costs of its production increase and becomes the cause of metabolic disorders in animals. The aim of our research was to study the embryotoxic and teratogenic effect of the new CVMC “Lizunets-Solevit” on white rats. For this reason, the drug was administered to pregnant females in the form of an aqueous suspension in different doses for 19 days. By the end of the study, no visible signs of fetal abnormalities were found after autopsy of the experimental rats. There was no significant increase in the number of corpus luteum compared with the control group at 1/10 dose by 1.1% and 1/20 dose by 1.95%, respectively. The preimplantation death of zygotes was taken into account on the embryotoxic effect of the drug, in comparison with the control group at a dose of 1/10 more by 19.7%, and at a dose of 1/20 less by 6.23%. The total embryonic mortality is higher in the experimental groups of animals by 12.69% and 3.74% than in the control. Post-implantation death of embryos in the control group was 4.99%, in the experimental 1/10 dose - 4.69% and in the experimental 1/20 dose - 6.66%. In terms of physiological development, the rat pups of the experimental groups did not differ from the control. Thus, it was found that CVMC “Lizunets-Solevit”, in doses of 1/10 and 1/20, has no embryotoxic and teratogenic effects in the body of white rats, their embryos and young animals of the neonatal and postnatal periods of life.

scholarly journals Morphology, Histopathology and Hematology as Biomarkers of Cadmium Toxicity in Field Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-42
Author(s):  
Javeria Wakeel ◽  
◽  
Nazia Ehsan ◽  
Rana Waseem Akhtar ◽  
Syed Aftab Hussain Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cadmium Toxicity ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Corpuscular Hemoglobin ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Hematological Abnormalities ◽  
Cd Exposure

Background: Cadmium is known as a unique heavy metal compared to others, due to its long half-life, low discharge from the body, toxicity at low concentrations and accumulation in tissues. Methods: The effects of chronic and acute Cadmium (Cd) exposure were investigated on the morphology and histopathology of 24 field rats (Millardia meltada). The rats were divided into two groups of 12 each, then sub-divided into: one control and two treatment sub-groups with Cd in the feed or water. The treatment subgroups received either 15mg/kg (low) or 30mg/kg (high) Cd concentration in the feed. Results: Hemorrhagic spots and fibrosis were observed in the liver of Cd treated rats compared to the controls. Also, necrosis, dilation, and calcinosis occurred in the renal tubules of the treatment groups compared to the controls. The levels of hemoglobin, red and white blood cells, hematocrit, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin were reduced, while mean corpuscular volume and hemoglobin concentrations were increased. Conclusion: This study reports the morphological, pathological and hematological abnormalities in the blood, liver and kidneys of rats due to Cd toxicity, which may be considered as the biomarkers of cadmium toxicity in other experimental mammals.

scholarly journals Effect Long-Term Exposure to Different Doses of Lipopolysaccharides on the Intestinal Mucosal Immune Barrier

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Li ◽  
Baoyu Zhao ◽  
Chenchen Wu
Keyword(s):  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Goblet Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Mucus Layer ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation ◽  
Different Doses

The small intestinal villus is covered with a thick layer of mucus that is secreted by goblet cells and functions primarily to first barrier from damage by toxic substance. Recent studies showed that goblet cells and mucins involved in complex immune function. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is widespread in the housing of livestock, which can induce bacterial infection symptoms and immunological stress within a short of time. Therefore, we aimed to study the effects of long-term exposure to different doses of LPS on intestinal mucus layer and immune barrier. The result showed that mucus layer thickness and goblet cell functions were significantly increased after low doses of LPS. The intestinal mucosal barrier can block the bacteria of the lumen, but LPS can penetrate this barrier into the blood, putting the body in a state of chronic low-grade inflammation and reducing the body’s immune function. However, after long-term exposure to high doses of LPS, a large number of lysosomes in goblet cells caused loss of function, and mucus layer thickness was significantly decreased. A large amount of LPS stuck to the mucus, leading to normal LPS and inflammatory cytokines level of plasma. The intestinal tissue morphology was damaged, and a number of immune cells were necrosis in the intestine. Collectively, long-term exposure to low doses of LPS lead to chronic low-grade inflammation in the body. Long-term exposure to high doses of LPS can be directly linked to the severity of the immunosuppression in the body.

scholarly journals Dose and Exposure Time-Dependent Renal and Hepatic Effects of Intraperitoneally Administered Fumonisin B1 in Rats

Toxins ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 465 ◽  
Author(s):  
András Szabó ◽  
Judit Szabó-Fodor ◽  
Mariam Kachlek ◽  
Miklós Mézes ◽  
Krisztián Balogh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Antioxidant Response ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Functional Disturbance ◽  
Plasma Creatinine Level ◽  
Male Wistar Rats

Male Wistar rats were treated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with fumonisin B1 (FB1; 0, 20, 50 and 100 mg/kg dietary dose equivalent) for 5 and 10 days (n = 24–24 in each setting) to gain dose- and time-dependent effects on antioxidant status and oxidative stress response, clinical chemical endpoints and liver, kidney and lung histopathology and lymphocyte damage (genotoxicity). FB1 decreased feed intake, body weight gain and absolute liver weight, irrespective of the toxin dose. Relative kidney weight increased in the 10-day setting. Linear dose response was found for plasma aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total cholesterol, urea and creatinine, and exposure time-dependence for plasma creatinine level. The latter was coupled with renal histopathological findings, tubular degeneration and necrosis and the detachment of tubular epithelial cells. The pronounced antioxidant response (reduced glutathione accretion, increasing glutathione peroxidase activity) referred to renal cortical response (5–10 days exposure at 50–100 ppm FB1). Hepatic alterations were moderate, referring to initial phase lipid peroxidation (exposure time dependent difference of conjugated diene and triene concentrations), and slight functional disturbance (↑ total cholesterol). Lymphocyte DNA damage was moderate, supporting a mild genotoxic effect of FB1.

scholarly journals Toxic effects of non-acute lead exposure on animal model

2019 ◽  
pp. 275-284
Author(s):  
Gheorghita Isvoranu ◽  
Daniela Ionela Popescu ◽  
Elena Codrici ◽  
Simona Mihai ◽  
Ana Maria Enciu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Toxic Metal ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Lead Toxicity ◽  
Environmental Pollutant ◽  
The Body ◽  
Acute Exposure ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Time Of Administration ◽  
Different Doses

Lead, a high-risk environmental pollutant and extensively used by industry, is one of the most widely outspread toxic metal today. Lead toxicity is a public health problem both for the children and for the adults. Lead does not have any useful functions in the body, instead it produces only harmful effects once it gets into the body. In this study, we investigated the toxicity of lead in an animal model of non-acute exposure. Experimental groups received treatment of aqueous solution lead acetate at different doses and time of administration. Toxic effects of lead were investigated on haematological and behaviour of treated rats. We noticed the disturbances of both haematological parameters and behaviour. Our results indicated that non-acute exposure to lead induced toxic effects in the blood, and central nervous system of adult Wistar rats.

Circulating tumor cells during and beyond maintenance therapy with SERM or aromatase inhibitors for decision making in long-term survivorship.

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (26_suppl) ◽  
pp. 119-119
Author(s):  
Katharina Pachmann ◽  
Carola Rabenstein ◽  
Oumar Camara ◽  
Matthias Rengsberger ◽  
Ingo B. Runnebaum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Maintenance Therapy ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Aromatase Inhibitors ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Maintenance Treatment ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Automated Image Analysis

119 Background: Although current guidelines still support 5 years of hormone blocking therapy after primary breast cancer due to earlier results showing no benefit of longer treatment, recent data have shown that longer treatment with tamoxifen can better reduce recurrence and death. However, side effects with this therapy can be considerable and compliance declines with time. We, here, report data on monitoring circulating epithelial tumor cells (CETC) beyond maintenance therapy showing that even if maintenance therapy with SERM or aromatase inhibitors had been effective in reducing tumor cells in blood, there can be a reincrease after the end of maintenance therapy and that this is highly correlated with relapse. Methods: 7.5ml of anti-coagulated blood was drawn before the start of chemotherapy, after each cycle and after the end of chemotherapy. Using a nondissipative approach with only red blood cell lysis the white blood cells including the tumor cells were stained with a fluorescent labelled anti-epithelial antibody, positive events counted using an automated image analysis microscope and calculated per volume blood. Results: 96 patients with nonmetastatic breat cancer were observed beyond maintenance treatment with hormone blocking therapy. Results on CETC were evaluable from 35 patients even after completion of therapy. Increasing cell numbers after the end of therapy were able to predict relapsing from long term relapse free survivors (p = 0.0001). Conclusions: In breast cancer, a debate has been reiinitated with respect to the length of maintenane treatment. Even if hormone blocking maintenance treatment is capable of reducing or even eliminating tumor cells circulating in peripheral blood and this is related to improved relapse free survival there may remain tumor cells in the body capable of re-growing and leading to late relapse. Monitoring of CETC in peripheral blood even after completion of maintenance therapy can early predict imminent relapse and help to decide whether to reinitiate hormone blocking therapy.

scholarly journals Changes in goslings’ blood pattern under the influence of different doses additives of selenium in forages

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (92) ◽  
pp. 50-55
Author(s):  
S. V. Sobolieva ◽  
B. V. Gutyj ◽  
O. I. Sobolev
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cells ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
The Body ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Doses

According to many scientists, the list of trace elements that are currently used in compound feeds for various types of poultry is clearly insufficient. In recent years, applied research has been conducted to determine the physiological needs of poultry for certain mineral elements that perform important biochemical functions in the body. This also applies to such biotic ultramicroelement as selenium. Scientific research of domestic and foreign scientists in the field of physiology, biochemistry, medicine and veterinary medicine has proved that selenium is a trace element with a fairly wide range of physiological and biochemical effects. When developing and theoretically justifying optimal norms for introducing selenium into poultry feed, it is necessary to evaluate not only its productive qualities, but also the blood picture. The question of the influence of selenium on changes in blood parameters in the poultry body is a great theoretical and practical significance because it allows us to expand our knowledge of its biological role and explain the data obtained in experiments. In scientific and economic experience has been studied the influence of additives of different doses of selenium in compound feed on the morphological and biochemical parameters of the goslings' blood raised for meat. During the experiment, feeding of goslings of all groups were carried out with dry feed mixes in accordance with existing norms. The goslings of the first control group did not receive selenium supplementation. The poultry of the second experimental group were additionally fed selenium at the rate of 0.2 mg/kg, the third of 0.3 and the fourth of 0.4 mg/kg. It is established that the additive in the feed of different doses of selenium stimulate hemocytopoiesis are added to different compound feeds, this is achieved by a homogeneous tendency per day, within physiological values in the goslings' peripheral blood number of red blood cells (by 1.7–3.9 %), white blood cells (by 2.1–3.2 %) and hemoglobin (by 2.4–8.6 %). Immune defense mechanisms are activated, which is manifested in an increase in the level of total protein (by 1.4–3.8 %) and the concentration of immunoglobulins in the blood serum (by 3.2–9.7 %). It is found changes in the content of total glutathione and its reduced form in the blood indicate a positive effect of selenium on the non-enzymatic element of the antioxidant defense system of the poultry's body. The addition of selenium to compound feed at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg had a significant effect on the morphological and biochemical parameters of the goslings' blood raised for meat.

Defining the Competence of Psychologists with a View to Public Accountability *

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ype H. Poortinga ◽  
Ingrid Lunt
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Professional Competence ◽  
Codes Of Ethics ◽  
The Body ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Rigorous Evaluation ◽  
Judicial Proceedings ◽  
Psychological Knowledge

In national codes of ethics the practice of psychology is presented as rooted in scientific knowledge, professional skills, and experience. However, it is not self-evident that the body of scientific knowledge in psychology provides an adequate basis for current professional practice. Professional training and experience are seen as necessary for the application of psychological knowledge, but they appear insufficient to defend the soundness of one's practices when challenged in judicial proceedings of a kind that may be faced by psychologists in the European Union in the not too distant future. In seeking to define the basis for the professional competence of psychologists, this article recommends taking a position of modesty concerning the scope and effectiveness of psychological interventions. In many circumstances, psychologists can only provide partial advice, narrowing down the range of possible courses of action more by eliminating unpromising ones than by pointing out the most correct or most favorable one. By emphasizing rigorous evaluation, the profession should gain in accountability and, in the long term, in respectability.

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