scholarly journals A Survey of Mycoviral Infection in Fusarium spp. Isolated from Maize and Sorghum in Argentina Identifies the First Mycovirus from Fusarium verticillioides

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1161
Author(s):  
Andrés Gustavo Jacquat ◽  
Martín Gustavo Theumer ◽  
María Carmen Cañizares ◽  
Humberto Julio Debat ◽  
Juliana Iglesias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Vertical Transmission Rate ◽  
Host Fungus

Mycoviruses appear to be widespread in Fusarium species worldwide. The aim of this work was to identify mycoviral infections in Fusarium spp., isolated from maize and sorghum grown in Argentina, and to estimate their potential effects on the pathogenicity and toxigenesis of the host fungus towards maize. Mycoviruses were identified in 2 out of 105 isolates analyzed; Fusarium verticillioides strain Sec505 and Fusarium andiyazi strain 162. They were characterized as members of the genus Mitovirus by high-throughput sequencing and sequence analysis. The F. verticillioides mitovirus was a novel mycovirus whereas the F. andiyazi mitovirus was found to be a new strain of a previously identified mitovirus. We have named these mitoviruses, Fusarium verticillioides mitovirus 1 (FvMV1) and Fusarium andiyazi mitovirus 1 strain 162 (FaMV1-162). To our knowledge, FvMV1 is the first mycovirus reported as naturally infecting F. verticillioides, the major causal agent of ear rot and fumonisin producer in corn. Both mitoviruses exhibited 100% vertical transmission rate to microconidia. The Fa162 strain infected with FaMV1-162 did not show phenotypic alterations. In contract, F. verticillioides Sec505 infected with FvMV1 showed increased virulence as well as microconidia and fumonisin-B1 production, compared with two uninfected strains. These results suggest that FvMV1 could have a role in modulating F. verticillioides pathogenicity and toxin production worth further exploring.

scholarly journals Toxigenicity of Fusarium Species in Gibberella fujikuroi Species Complex (GFSC) Associated With Stalk and Ear Rot Disease of Corn

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Titi Darnetty ◽  
Baharuddin Salleh
Keyword(s):  
Species Complex ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Gibberella Fujikuroi ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Gibberella Fujikuroi Species Complex

Fusarium stalk and ear rot disease did not only cause significant losses of yield but also produced mycotoxins that are harmful to animals and human. This study was conducted to elucidate three major mycotoxins i.e. fumonisin B1 (FUMB1), moniliformin (MON), and beauvericin (BEA) produced by the Fusarium spp. isolated from corn showing typical stalk and ear rot symptoms in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. Twenty selected strains of Fusarium species in Gibberella fujikuroi species complex i.e. F.verticillioides, F. proliferatum, F. subglutinans, and F. konzum were analyzed for production of the three mycotoxins by using an Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC).  All strains of F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum produced FUMB1 at high levelsand MON at low levels. Many strains of F. verticillioides (67%) and F. proliferatum (50%) did not produce BEA while the others produced BEA at low levels. Two strains of F. subglutinans did not produce FUMB1 but produced MON at low levels. One strain of F. subglutinans produced BEA and the other one did not produce the toxin.  Two strains of F. konzum produced both MON and BEA at low levels but only one strain produced FUMB1 at a low level. These mycotoxins have not been reported from Fusarium spp. in Gibberella fujikuroi species complex isolated form stalk and ear rot diseases of corn in these areas. Therefore, concerted efforts must be made to educate all stake holders about the presence and health hazards of these mycotoxins.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Mycotoxigenic Fusarium Species and Competitive Fungi on Preharvest Maize Ear Rot in Poland

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Gromadzka ◽  
Lidia Błaszczyk ◽  
Jerzy Chełkowski ◽  
Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Lecanicillium Lecanii ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Maize Ear Rot ◽  
Maize Ear

Maize has become one of the most important crops for food and feed production—both as a silage and crop residue worldwide. The present study aimed to identify the co-occurrence of Fusarium subglutinans, Fusarium verticillioides, Trichoderma atroviride, Sarocladium zeae, and Lecanicillium lecanii on maize ear rot. Further, the accumulation of mycotoxins as secondary metabolites of Fusarium spp. in maize ear samples was also analyzed. Maize ear samples were collected between 2014 and 2017 from two main maize growing areas in Poland (Greater Poland and Silesia region). A significant difference was found in the frequency of two main Fusarium spp. that infect maize ears, namely F. subglutinans and F. verticillioides. In addition to Fusarium spp. T. atroviride, S. zeae, and L. lecanii were also identified. T. atroviride species was found in 14% of maize samples examined between 2014 and 2017, particularly with a high percentage of Trichoderma spp. recorded in 2014, i.e., in 31% of samples. However, mycotoxin content (beauvericin and fumonisins) varied, depending on both the location and year of sampling. The interaction of fungi and insects inhabiting maize ear and kernel is very complex and not yet elucidated. Therefore, further research is required in this area.

The prevalence of Fusarium spp. colonizing seed corn stalks in southwestern Ontario, Canada

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Tamburic-Ilincic ◽  
A. W. Schaafsma
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Gibberella Zeae ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Seed Corn ◽  
Over Time

Gibberella zeae, Fusarium verticillioides and F. subglutinans are the most important causes of Fusarium stalk rot in corn (Zea mays L.). Gibberella zeae also causes fusarium head blight in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and gibberella ear rot in corn. The objectives of this study were to investigate prevalence of Fusarium species in the stalks of seed corn over time and to investigate the influence of sampling time and internode position on Fusarium spp. and G. zeae, particularly. Fusarium subglutinans and G. zeae were the most frequently recovered species from asymptomatic host tissue and from pink discoloration on stalks, respectively. More G. zeae was isolated from the basal internode of stalks than from the higher ones closer to harvest time. Other species isolated from seed corn stalks over time included F. verticillioides, F. oxysporum, F. sporotrichioides and F. equiseti. A similar spectrum of Fusarium species was identified from corn ears and from winter wheat across southwestern Ontario. Key words: Zea mays L., Fusarium spp.

scholarly journals Fumonisin and Beauvericin Chemotypes and Genotypes of the Sister Species Fusarium subglutinans and Fusarium temperatum

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Veronica Fumero ◽  
Alessandra Villani ◽  
Antonia Susca ◽  
Miriam Haidukowski ◽  
Maria T. Cimmarusti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Sister Species ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Fusarium Subglutinans ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Close Phylogenetic Relationship ◽  
Fusarium Temperatum

ABSTRACT Fusarium subglutinans and Fusarium temperatum are common maize pathogens that produce mycotoxins and cause plant disease. The ability of these species to produce beauvericin and fumonisin mycotoxins is not settled, as reports of toxin production are not concordant. Our objective was to clarify this situation by determining both the chemotypes and genotypes for strains from both species. We analyzed 25 strains from Argentina, 13 F. subglutinans and 12 F. temperatum strains, for toxin production by ultraperformance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). We used new genome sequences from two strains of F. subglutinans and one strain of F. temperatum, plus genomes of other Fusarium species, to determine the presence of functional gene clusters for the synthesis of these toxins. None of the strains examined from either species produced fumonisins. These strains also lack Fum biosynthetic genes but retain homologs of some genes that flank the Fum cluster in Fusarium verticillioides. None of the F. subglutinans strains we examined produced beauvericin although 9 of 12 F. temperatum strains did. A complete beauvericin (Bea) gene cluster was present in all three new genome sequences. The Bea1 gene was presumably functional in F. temperatum but was not functional in F. subglutinans due to a large insertion and multiple mutations that resulted in premature stop codons. The accumulation of only a few mutations expected to disrupt Bea1 suggests that the process of its inactivation is relatively recent. Thus, none of the strains of F. subglutinans or F. temperatum we examined produce fumonisins, and the strains of F. subglutinans examined also cannot produce beauvericin. Variation in the ability of strains of F. temperatum to produce beauvericin requires further study and could reflect the recent shared ancestry of these two species. IMPORTANCE Fusarium subglutinans and F. temperatum are sister species and maize pathogens commonly isolated worldwide that can produce several mycotoxins and cause seedling disease, stalk rot, and ear rot. The ability of these species to produce beauvericin and fumonisin mycotoxins is not settled, as reports of toxin production are not concordant at the species level. Our results are consistent with previous reports that strains of F. subglutinans produce neither fumonisins nor beauvericin. The status of toxin production by F. temperatum needs further work. Our strains of F. temperatum did not produce fumonisins, while some strains produced beauvericin and others did not. These results enable more accurate risk assessments of potential mycotoxin contamination if strains of these species are present. The nature of the genetic inactivation of BEA1 is consistent with its relatively recent occurrence and the close phylogenetic relationship of the two sister species.

scholarly journals Fumonisin Production by Fusarium verticillioides in Maize Genotypes Cultivated in Different Environments

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oelton Ferreira Rosa Junior ◽  
Mateus Sunti Dalcin ◽  
Vitor L. Nascimento ◽  
Fernando Machado Haesbaert ◽  
Talita Pereira de Souza Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
High Severity ◽  
Maize Genotypes ◽  
Spray Inoculation ◽  
Corn Products ◽  
High Concentrations

Fumonisins are mycotoxins (MTs) produced mainly by the fungus Fusarium verticillioides, the main pathogens of maize which cause ear rot. The aim of this work was to evaluate some factors that may lead to high fumonisin production by F. verticillioides in maize grains, correlating the pathogen inoculation method with different genotypes grown in four Brazilian states. Experiments were conducted in 2015–2016 in maize crops from experimental maize fields located in four distinct states of Brazil. Results showed that contamination by fumonisin mycotoxins occurred even on symptomatic or asymptomatic grains. In all municipalities, the samples showed levels of fumonisin B1 that were higher than would be tolerable for the human consumption of corn products (the current tolerance limit for fumonisin is 1.5 μg g−1). High severity of grains infected with F. verticillioides does not always show high concentrations of fumonisins. Environments with higher temperatures may influence the production of high concentrations of fumonisin in maize hybrids. Spray inoculation methods and inoculation at the center of spikes did not influence fumonisin concentrations. Results showed that the hybrids P3630H, P32R48 and P3250 presented higher disease severity, as well as higher mycotoxin levels in the studied locations with higher temperatures.

scholarly journals Different salicylic and jasmonic acids imbalances are involved in the oxidative stress-mediated cell death, induced by fumonisin B1 in maize seedlings with contrasting resistance to Fusarium verticillioides ear rot in the field

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santiago N. Otaiza-González ◽  
Verónica S. Mary ◽  
Silvina L. Arias ◽  
Lidwina Bertrand ◽  
Pilar A. Velez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Maize Seedlings ◽  
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Biomarker Response

ABSTRACTBackground and aimFungal and plant secondary metabolites modulate the plant-pathogen interactions. However, the participation of fumonisins in the Fusarium verticillioides-maize pathosystem is unclear. In this work was studied the cell death, and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) - phytohormone imbalance interplay underlying the phytotoxicity of fumonisin B1 (FB1) in maize germplasms with contrasting resistance to Fusarium ear rot in the field.MethodsResistant (RH) and susceptible hybrid (SH) maize seedlings, grown from uninoculated seeds irrigated with FB1 (1 and 20 ppm), were harvested at 7, 14 and 21 days after planting, and were examined for electrolyte leakage (aerial parts); and for oxidative stress biomarkers (aerial parts and roots). The phytohormone (salicylic and jasmonic acids) imbalance interplay underlying the FB1-induced cell death were further explored in seedlings exposed 24 h to the mycotoxin (1 ppm) in hydroponics.ResultsCell death increased in RH and SH watered with 1 and 20 ppm of mycotoxin, respectively. Both toxin concentrations were pro-oxidant, and the major perturbations were found in roots. An Integrated Biomarker Response index was calculated suggesting that phytotoxicity occurs in a redox context more efficiently controlled by RH.ConclusionThe pre-treatment with the antioxidant ascorbic acid led to the conclusion that cell death in RH was related to a salicylic acid increase mediated by ROS. Nevertheless, FB1 induced two different phytohormonal regulatory mechanisms mediated by oxidative stress in both maize hybrids.

scholarly journals Fusarium Species and Mycotoxins Contaminating Veterinary Diets for Dogs and Cats

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Witaszak ◽  
Łukasz Stępień ◽  
Jan Bocianowski ◽  
Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Additional Risk ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Eu

Veterinary diets are intended for diseased animals and may contain cereal grains, mainly maize and/or wheat. These, in turn, are often infected with pathogens of the Fusarium genus, which are able to produce numerous harmful mycotoxins. Forty-two samples of veterinary diets for dogs and cats were analyzed for the presence of Fusarium species and mycotoxins. Species were identified using molecular methods and the ergosterol and mycotoxins (fumonisin B1, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and zearalenone) were quantified using HPLC methods. Two Fusarium species were identified: Fusarium proliferatum and Fusarium verticillioides. The highest concentrations of fumonisin B1, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and zearalenone were 74.83, 2318.05, 190.90, and 45.84 ng/g, respectively. Only 9.5% of the samples were free from Fusarium mycotoxins. The acceptable limits of mycotoxin content in animal feed, specified by the EU regulations, were not exceeded in any of the samples tested. The mean mycotoxin content in veterinary diets for cats was lower than for dogs. Thus, it is recommended that veterinary diets are examined, since the mycotoxin contamination pose additional risk to animal health. The knowledge on Fusarium occurrence in veterinary diets is scarce and as far as we are aware this is the first report concerning the occurrence of Fusarium spp. and their important secondary metabolites—mycotoxins—in different types of veterinary diets for companion animals in Poland.

scholarly journals Resistance of Maize Hybrids to Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, and F. verticillioides Ear Rots with Toothpick and Silk Channel Inoculation, as Well as Their Toxin Production

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akos Mesterhazy ◽  
Eva Toldine Toth ◽  
Sandor Szel ◽  
Monika Varga ◽  
Beata Toth
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Additional Food ◽  
Toxin Regulation

Testing Fusarium resistance to ear rots in maize requires a well-supported methodology and tests for toxin responses. In this study, commercial hybrids were tested for resistance to Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium culmorum, and Fusarium verticillioides (kernel and silk channel), as well as their toxin response. One third of the hybrids tested showed a similar resistance or susceptibility to the three pathogens and their toxin response, but there is no proof for their genetic background being the same or different. The performance of the remaining hybrids was highly variable and supports the idea of different genetic regulation. The mean ear rot severity of the kernel resistance was doubled compared with the silk channel resistance data. The ear rot and toxin tests displayed significant positive correlations, verifying the decisive role of resistance in toxin regulation. Several hybrids, termed toxigenic hybrids, showed significant extra toxin production, indicating an additional food safety risk. The toothpick method gave more reliable results and a better differentiation of genotypes. The resistance to different Fusarium spp. in a specific growing region should be analyzed separately in independent resistance tests. Through this, the food safety risks could be better identified. Susceptible hybrids should not be used for commercial production.

scholarly journals The Relationship Analysis on Corn Stalk Rot and Ear Rot According to Fusarium Species and Fumonisin Contamination in Kernels

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Li ◽  
Qing Qu ◽  
Zhiyan Cao ◽  
Zhengyu Guo ◽  
Hui Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Contamination Rate ◽  
Corn Stalk ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Stalk Rot ◽  
Relationship Analysis ◽  
Corn Root Rot ◽  
Corn Kernels ◽  
The Relationship

Fusarium diseases, including corn root rot, sheath rot, stalk rot, and ear rot are frequently occurring in maize producing areas of China. Fusarium stalk rot and ear rot are the most serious diseases and often occur at the same time, but it is unclear whether there is a correlation between Fusarium composition and disease occurrence. This study was conducted to clarify the relationship between the two diseases. A total of 49 corn stalk rot samples were collected from 15 regions of eight provinces in China from 2016 to 2018. The pathogens were isolated and identified separately from stalks, ear stems, and kernels. The contents of the fumonisins (FB1 and FB2) were detected in kernels. The results showed that the main Fusarium species were found in corn kernels, ear stems and stalks at the same time. The results showed that 1201 strains of Fusarium verticillioides, 668 strains of Fusarium oxysporum, 574 strains of Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC), 318 strains of Fusarium equiseti, 95 strains of Fusarium proliferatum, and 40 strains of Fusarium subglutinans were isolated from 1470 corn kernels, 245 ear stems, and 1225 stalks randomly selected from 49 samples. The contamination rate of fumonisins in the 49 samples was 57.1% with an average content of 1.9 μg/g, of which four samples exhibited higher levels as set by the European Commission (4.0 μg/g). These results provide a certain association between stalk rot and ear rot and lay a foundation to study the relationships among Fusarium maize diseases.

scholarly journals Characterization of the Resistance Mechanism and Risk of Fusarium verticillioides to the Myosin Inhibitor Phenamacril

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (4) ◽  
pp. 790-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weichao Ren ◽  
Na Liu ◽  
Yiping Hou ◽  
Baohua Li ◽  
Mingguo Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Binding Mode ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Green Fluorescent ◽  
High Level

Fusarium verticillioides is a major pathogen of maize that causes ear rot and produces mycotoxins. Phenamacril is a novel cyanoacrylate fungicide that exhibits favorable activity against Fusarium species. In this study, the phenamacril-resistant mutants of F. verticillioides were obtained by ultraviolet mutagenesis. Single point mutations of S73L or E276K in the myosin-1 FvMyo1 were proven to be responsible for the high-level resistance of F. verticillioides to phenamacril. Phenamacril had a significant impact on the localization of the wild-type FvMyo1 (FvMyo1WT-green fluorescent protein [GFP]), but not on the mutated FvMyo1 (FvMyo1S73L-GFP and FvMyo1E276K-GFP) at the hyphal tips. Molecular docking analysis suggested that mutation (S73L or E276K) in FvMyo1 altered the binding mode and decreased the binding affinity between phenamacril and myosin-1. There was no significant fitness penalty in mycelial growth, conidiation, and virulence of F. verticillioides associated with resistance to phenamacril. The results will enhance our understanding of the resistance mechanism of F. verticillioides to phenamacril and provide new reference data for the management of maize ear rot.

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