scholarly journals Effect of Intramuscular Medetomidine Administration on Tear Flow in Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teppei Kanda ◽  
Yuka Mizoguchi ◽  
Kayo Furumoto ◽  
Yuki Shimizu ◽  
Noritaka Maeta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Phenol Red ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Tear Flow ◽  
Physiological Saline Solution

Medetomidine has been reported to decrease tear flow significantly in dogs, cats, and pigs when used as a sedative or analgesic; however, there are no such reports when it comes to rats. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of medetomidine on tear flow in rats. Medetomidine in doses of 50, 100, or 200 µg/kg or a physiological saline solution as the control, were administered intramuscularly to male Slc:Wistar/ST rats. After the administration of medetomidine, tear flow in both eyes was measured using a phenol red thread tear test. The area under the curve (AUC) of phenol red thread test values from baseline to 8 h was calculated. Data were plotted against the dose of medetomidine and simple linear regression analysis was performed. The effect of the drug on phenol red thread test values was considered dose-related when linear analysis yielded a significant relationship. In all medetomidine-treated groups, tear flow decreased significantly in both eyes after administration, while no significant changes were observed in either eye in the control group. The AUC values from baseline to 8 h after administration in groups treated with 100 and 200 µg/kg of medetomidine were significantly lower in both the left and right eyes compared to the control group. The linear regression of the AUC values was significant for both eyes. Our results indicated that the intramuscular administration of medetomidine in rats decreased tear flow significantly in a dose-dependent manner.

scholarly journals Quercetin Attenuates Pancreatic and Renal D-Galactose-Induced Aging-Related Oxidative Alterations in Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 4348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali H. El-Far ◽  
Mohamed A. Lebda ◽  
Ahmed E. Noreldin ◽  
Mustafa S. Atta ◽  
Yaser H. A. Elewa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Functional Markers ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Physiological Saline Solution ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Bcl2 Protein

Aging is an oxidative stress-associated process that progresses with age. Our aim is to delay or attenuate these oxidative alterations and to keep individuals healthy as they age using natural compounds supplementation. Therefore, we conducted the present study to investigate the protective potentials of quercetin against D-galactose (D-gal)-associated oxidative alterations that were induced experimentally in male Wistar rats. Forty-five rats were randomly allocated into five groups of nine rats each. The groups were a control group that was reared on a basal diet and injected subcutaneously with 120 mg D-gal dissolved in physiological saline solution (0.9% NaCl) per kg body weight daily and quercetin-treated groups that received the same basal diet and subcutaneous daily D-gal injections were supplemented orally with 25, 50, and 100 mg of quercetin per kg body weight for 42 days. Pancreatic and renal samples were subjected to histopathological, immunohistochemical, and relative mRNA expression assessments. Aging (p53, p21, IL-6, and IL-8), apoptotic (Bax, CASP-3, and caspase-3 protein), proliferative (Ki67 protein), antiapoptotic (Bcl2 and Bcl2 protein), inflammatory (NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), antioxidant (SOD1), and functional markers (GCLC and GCLM genes and insulin, glucagon, and podocin proteins) were determined to evaluate the oxidative alterations induced by D-gal and the protective role of quercetin. D-gal caused oxidative alterations of the pancreas and kidneys observed via upregulations of aging, apoptotic, and inflammatory markers and downregulated the antiapoptotic, proliferative, antioxidant, and functional markers. Quercetin potentially attenuated these aging-related oxidative alterations in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, we can conclude that quercetin supplementation is considered as a promising natural protective compound that could be used to delay the aging process and to maintain human health.

scholarly journals THU0433 TREATMENT WITH PEGLOTICASE IMPROVES HEPATIC FIBROSIS ESTIMATED BY FIBROSIS-4 INDEX IN SUBJECTS WITH CHRONIC REFRACTORY GOUT

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 454.1-454
Author(s):  
N. Schlesinger ◽  
A. Yeo ◽  
P. Lipsky
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Serum Urate ◽  
Complete Analysis ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

Background:Hyperuricemia is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)1,2, but the relationship to fibrosis remains uncertain3. Moreover, it is not known whether lowering serum urate will affect the course of NAFLD. The availability of data from two randomized trials of pegloticase, a pegylated recombinant mammalian uricase, that profoundly decreases serum urate afforded the opportunity to test the hypothesis that lowering urate might improve NAFLD.Objectives:To determine whether treatment of chronic refractory gout patients with pegloticase was associated with improvement in NAFLD determined by Fibrosis 4 index (Fib4).Methods:Databases from patients with chronic refractory gout who participated in two randomized 6 month clinical trials (RCTs) of pegloticase were analyzed4. Sub-sets who had persistent urate lowering to levels <1 mg/dL in response to biweekly pegloticase (Responders, n=36) were compared to those who received placebo (n=43). Since liver biopsy information was not available on these subjects, we relied on Fib4, a validated non-invasive estimate of liver fibrosis in a variety of liver diseases5,6calculated from measurements of AST, ALT, platelet count and age (Age x AST/platelets x √ALT). A Fib4 value of 1.3 is an indication that further evaluation of liver disease is warranted.Results:At baseline, the mean Fib4 values were 1.40 ± 0.86 in pegloticase responders and 1.04 ± 0.53 in subjects receiving placebo. As shown in figure 1, subjects receiving placebo exhibited a change of 0.26 ± 0.41 in the Fib4 score over the six months of the RCTs compared with 0.13 ± 0.62 in the pegloticase responders (p=0.048; by linear regression). When only the subjects with a Fib4 value > 1.3 were considered, a significant difference in the change in the Fib4 values over the 6 months of the trial between pegloticase responders and those receiving placebo was also observed (-0.15 ± 0.67 vs 0.37 ± 0.42, p=0.004, by linear regression). The correlations between serum urate area under the curve (AUC) over the 6 months of the trial and the change in Fib4 value was rs=0.33, p=0.0.0004 (Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient). Finally, multiple linear regression analysis indicated serum urate AUC (as a surrogate measure for group) is the main contributor to the change in Fib4 (p=0.018 by linear regression).Conclusion:The data are consistent with the conclusion that persistent lowering of serum urate had a significant impact on Fib4 levels, implying a possible effect on the course of NAFLD. The results support a more complete analysis involving biopsy examination of the impact of urate on liver inflammation and fibrosis.References:[1]Yang C et al. PlosOne2017; 12:e0177249[2]Jaruvongvanich V et al. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 29:1031[3]Jaruvongvanich V et al. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 29:694[4]Sundy JS, et al. JAMA. 2011; 306 (7):711-20[5]Sterling RK et al. Hepatol 2006; 43:1317[6]Shah AG et al. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;7:1104Disclosure of Interests: :Naomi Schlesinger Grant/research support from: Pfizer, Amgen, Consultant of: Novartis, Horizon Therapeutics, Selecta Biosciences, Olatec, IFM Therapeutics, Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, Anthony Yeo Employee of: Horizon Therapeutics, Peter Lipsky Consultant of: Horizon Therapeutics

scholarly journals The Association of Circulating MiR-29b and Interleukin-6 with Subclinical Atherosclerosis

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 1537-1544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-qing Huang ◽  
Jie Li ◽  
Ji-yan Chen ◽  
Ying-ling Zhou ◽  
An-ping Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression ◽  
Interleukin 6 ◽  
Subclinical Atherosclerosis ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Circulating Levels

Background/Aims: Although it is widely acknowledged that atherosclerosis is mainly a chronic inflammatory process, in which both miR-29b and interleukin-6 (IL-6) play multifaceted roles, the association between miR-29b and IL-6 remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to explore the relationship between miR-29b and IL-6 and to test whether circulating levels of miR-29b and IL-6 could predict atherosclerosis. Methods: A total of 170 participants were divided into two groups according to carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT): study group (CIMT ≥ 0.9mm) and control group (CIMT < 0.9mm). Levels of circulating miR-29b and IL-6 were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. The association of miR-29b and IL-6 levels with CIMT was assessed using Spearman correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. Results: The study group showed higher miR-29b levels (31.61 ± 3.05 vs. 27.91 ± 1.71 Ct, p < 0.001) and IL-6 levels (3.40 ± 0.67 vs. 2.99 ± 0.37 pg/ml, p < 0.001), compared with the control group. CIMT was positively correlated with miR-29b (r = 0.587, p < 0.001) and IL-6 (r = 0.410, p < 0.001), and miR-29b levels were also correlated with IL-6 (r = 0.242, p = 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis also showed that CIMT was positively correlated with miR-29b and IL-6. After adjustment for age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and C-reactive protein, CIMT was still closely correlated with miR-29b and IL-6. The combination of miR-29b and IL-6 (AUC = 0.901, p < 0.001) offered a better predictive index for atherosclerosis than either miR-29b (AUC = 0.867, p < 0.001) or IL-6 (AUC = 0.747, p < 0.001) alone. Conclusion: Circulating levels of miR-29b and IL-6 may be independently correlated with subclinical atherosclerosis, and may serve as novel biomarkers for the identification of atherosclerosis.

scholarly journals Comparison of the effectiveness and safety of intravenous and topical regimens of tranexamic acid in complex tibial plateau fracture: a retrospective study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhimeng Wang ◽  
Yao Lu ◽  
Qian Wang ◽  
Leilei Song ◽  
Teng Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Loss ◽  
Tibial Plateau ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Wound Complications ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Vascular Events ◽  
Physiological Saline Solution ◽  
Plateau Fracture

Abstract Background Previous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness and safety of tranexamic acid (TXA) in orthopedic surgery. However, no study has investigated TXA in complex tibial plateau fracture surgery. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to confirm the safety and effectiveness of i.v. (intravenous) TXA and topical TXA.Material and methods This was a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data. The control group received an equal amount of placebo (physiological saline solution); the i.v. group received 1.0 g TXA by intravenous injection before the tourniquet was inflated and before the surgical incision was closed, and the topical group received 3.0 g TXA in 75 mL of physiological saline solution 5 minutes prior to the final tourniquet release. Perioperative blood loss, vascular events, wound complications, and adverse reactions were compared among the three groups. The pain, knee function, and quality of life (QoL) assessments were based on their corresponding scoring systems.Results Baseline data were comparable for all groups. The i.v. group showed the best results for total blood loss (TBL) and hidden blood loss (HBL) (424.5 ± 49.4 mL and 219.3 ± 33.4 mL, respectively, all P values < 0.001). Patients in the i.v. group had lesser real Hb decrease than those in the control group (0.9 vs 1.5, P＜0.001) and topical group (0.9 vs 1.2, P = 0.026). The blood coagulation level as measured using fibrinolysis (D-dimer) was lower in the i.v. group than in the control and topical groups on POD1 and POD3; however, this difference was not significant; the fibrin-degradation products also showed a similar trend. Patients in the topical group experienced less pain than those in the control group on POD2, POD4, and PO6W. The VAS pain score was 3.6 vs. 4.4 (POD2, P＜0.05), 2.8 vs 3.3 (POD4, P＜0.05), and 2.1 vs. 2.6 (PO6W, P＜0.001) in the topical group vs control group, respectively. No significant differences were identified in vascular events, wound complications, adverse reactions, knee function, and QoL among the three groups.Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first study that showed both i.v. TXA and topical TXA are safe and effective for complex tibial plateau fractures. The i.v. regimen effectively reduced blood loss during the perioperative period, whereas patients under the topical regimen had less vascular events, wound complications, and a lower incidence of adverse reactions compared to those in the i.v. group.

scholarly journals Effects of anthelminthic of ethanol extract of basil (Ocimum americanum) leaf against Ascaris suum death in vitro

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
OKKIE MHARGA SENTANA ◽  
SRI HARYATI ◽  
YUL MARIYAH
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Ascaris Suum ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ocimum Americanum

Sentana OM, Haryati S, Mariyah Y. 2011. Effects of anthelminthic of ethanol extract of basil (Ocimum americanum) leaf against Ascaris suum death in vitro. Biofarmasi 9: 1-6. This research aimed to examine the relationship between the ethanol extract of basil leaf against Ascaris suum mortality rate in vitro. This study was a laboratory experiment with a research design of the post-test with controlled group design. The samples were Ascaris suum Goeze that still actively moved and obtained from pig intestines. The sampling technique used was a purposive sampling by equating the type and the length of worms, and it did not distinguished for the sex of worms. The subjects were divided into five groups, each group consisted of 5 worms and repeated in 6 times. The control group contained 25 mL of physiological saline solution and 25 mL pyrantel pamoate 5 mg/mL. Three other groups contained basil leaves extracts consisted of various concentrations, i.e. 30%, 40% and 50%. The number of dead worms was counted every 2 hours until all the worms in the group died. The data were analyzed by using a linear regression analysis and a probit analysis. Simple linear regression statistical test showed a significance correlation at 0.000 with 0.837 correlation coefficient was negative, R square 0.701, in which the significant correlation <0.05 or the value of 37.565 with a significance of means, there was a negative relationship between the length of time of death of worms with large concentrations of basil extract. Analysis using a probit analysis obtained LC50 at a concentration of 40% and LT50 at a concentration of 40% was 2 hours. The ethanol extract of basil leaf could affect the death of A. suum in vitro with LC50 at a concentration of 40% and LT50 at a concentration of 40% was 2 hours.

scholarly journals Ziziphus spina-christi Leaf Extract Suppressed Mercury Chloride-Induced Nephrotoxicity via Nrf2-Antioxidant Pathway Activation and Inhibition of Inflammatory and Apoptotic Signaling

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafa S. Almeer ◽  
Gadah Albasher ◽  
Fatimah Alotibi ◽  
Saud Alarifi ◽  
Daoud Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Antioxidant Response ◽  
Renal Tissue ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mercury Chloride ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Physiological Saline Solution

Exposure to heavy metals, including mercury chloride (HgCl2), is associated with severe health problems. This study was designed to investigate HgCl2-induced nephrotoxicity and evaluate the protective role of Ziziphus spina-christi leaf extract (ZSCLE). Four randomly selected groups containing seven rats were used. For a period of 28 days, the control group was administered 0.9% saline solution; the second group was administered 300 mg/kg ZSCLE; the third group was administered 0.4 mg/kg HgCl2 dissolved in 0.9% physiological saline solution; and the fourth group was administered an oral supplement of 300 mg/kg ZSCLE one hour after HgCl2 administration. HgCl2 intoxication resulted in Hg accumulation in renal tissue; decreases in body weight, kidney index, and glutathione content and superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities; increases in creatinine, urea, Kim-1 expression, lipid peroxidation, and nitric oxide production; suppression of the Nrf2-antioxidant response pathway; upregulation of Il1β, Tnfα, and Nos2; and potentiation of proapoptotic activity. ZSCLE exerted beneficial effects against mercury-induced renal toxicity and significantly reversed these alterations to near normal values. These effects resulted from its chelation and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities. ZSCLE may prevent or minimize the pathological changes induced by mercury in the kidney.

Evolution of blood serum mineral composition during antler growth and rut as consequence of Cu supplementation in captive red deer and its effects in mature antler composition

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 1886
Author(s):  
M. P. Serrano ◽  
J. Cappelli ◽  
A. García ◽  
L. Gallego ◽  
T. Landete-Castillejos
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Balanced Diet ◽  
Antler Growth ◽  
P Content ◽  
Mineral Profile ◽  
Physiological Saline Solution ◽  
Group Serum

In the present study we assessed the effects of Cu supplementation and antler growth stage on mineral composition of serum and hard antler in red deer fed a balanced diet. Correlations between minerals were analysed for serum, for antlers, and between serum versus mature antler. Blood samples were drawn at Days –36, 54, 132 and 197 of the start of antler growth (SAG). Hard antlers were cut at Day 165 from SAG. The Cu supplemented group (n = 9) was injected with 0.83 mg Cu/kg of bodyweight, whereas the control group (n = 9) was injected with a physiological saline solution, both every 42 days between Days –36 (Cu supplied after blood sampling) and 132 from SAG. Supplementation with Cu increased (P &lt; 0.05) the contents of P and Cu in serum but did not affect the antler mineral profile. Serum contents of Mg, Na, S, B and Cu increased during the antler growth, whereas contents of K, Al and Fe decreased in the same period (P &lt; 0.001). At Day 54 from SAG in Cu group, serum P content correlated negatively with antler Ca content whereas Zn of serum and antler correlated positively (P &lt; 0.05). The maximum number of correlations between the mineral profile of serum and hard antler was achieved at Day 132 from SAG (3.3, 4.7 and 12.9% for Days –36, 54 and 132, respectively). In conclusion, the analysis of specific minerals in serum could be used to detect in advance some mineral deficiencies in the antler.

Oxytocin Pretreatment Attenuates Oxytocin-induced Contractions in Human Myometrium In Vitro

2013 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 552-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mrinalini Balki ◽  
Magda Erik-Soussi ◽  
John Kingdom ◽  
Jose C. A. Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Oxytocin Receptor ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Physiological Salt Solution ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Receptor Desensitization ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Motility Index

Abstract Background: Oxytocin receptor desensitization has been shown to occur in humans at biomolecular level and in isolated rat myometrium; however, its effect on human myometrial contractility has not been demonstrated. The objective of this in vitro study was to investigate the contractile response of human pregnant myometrium to oxytocin after pretreatment with different concentrations of oxytocin for variable durations. Methods: Myometrial samples were obtained from 62 women undergoing elective cesarean deliveries under regional anesthesia. The strips were pretreated with oxytocin 10−10, 10−8, 10−5M, or physiological salt solution (control) for 2, 4, 6, or 12 h, followed by a dose–response testing with oxytocin 10−10 to 10−5M. Amplitude and frequency of contractions, motility index, and area under the curve during the dose–response period were recorded, analyzed with linear regression models, and compared among groups. Results: Pretreatment with oxytocin 10−5 and 10−8M significantly reduced motility index (estimate [standard error]: −0.771 [0.270] square root units, P = 0.005 and −0.697 [0.293], P = 0.02, respectively) and area under the curve (−3.947 [1.909], P = 0.04 and −4.241 [2.189], P = 0.05, respectively) compared with control group, whereas pretreatment with oxytocin 10−10M did not significantly attenuate contractions. Increase in duration of oxytocin pretreatment from 2 to 12 h significantly decreased amplitude (type 3 generalized estimating equation analysis: chi-square = 14.0; df = 3; P = 0.003), motility index (chi-square = 9.3; df = 3; P = 0.03), and area under the curve (chi-square = 10.5; df = 3; P = 0.02), but not the frequency of oxytocin-induced contractions. Conclusion: Pretreatment with oxytocin decreases oxytocin-induced myometrial contractions in a concentration and time-dependent manner, likely as a function of the oxytocin receptor desensitization phenomenon.

scholarly journals Effect of sex class on the levels of some biochemical variables in thalassemia patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Khalaf N. Mohammed ◽  
Mossa M. Marbut
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Simple Linear Regression ◽  
Positive Direction ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Control

The study was conducted at Azadi Teaching Hospital - Thalassemia Center for the period from 1/10/2017 to 1/4/2018. It included 60 patients including 30 males and 30 females, as well as control group which included 20 Healthy people were all 10 to 21 years of age. The following variables were studied: ferritin, GSH, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) Malondialdehyde (MDA) Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and Cortisol. The analysis of correlation coefficients and simple linear regression was carried out to determine the effect of the variables among them. The results were as follows: Thalassemia patients recorded the lowest levels of GSH, IGF-1 and cortisol at 2.2 μmol / L and 50.4 ng / ml and 10.11 μg / dL respectively, while the same group recorded the highest levels of ferritin, MDA and IL- 6 was 3083 ng / ml, 941 mmol / L and 368 pg / mol. There were significant effects of both sexes in the group of thalassemia patients in both ferritin, GSH, IGF-1, MDA, and IL-6 with 2573, 3592 μg / dL, 2.821, 1.573 μmol / L, 63.3, 37.47 ng / ml and 1163.1 719.3 mmol / L 300.9 and 435.6 pg / mol for males and females, respectively. The results of the correlation coefficient analysis showed existence of and low correlations in the negative and positive direction between the study variables of the two groups of patients and control. The results of the simple linear regression analysis showed positive and negative regression ratios of IL-6 and IGF-1 growth factor on the rest of the study variables.   http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.24.2019.101  

scholarly journals Parathyroid function and calcium concentration in serum of dexamethasone treated rabbits

2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-133
Author(s):  
Mashi S. K. ◽  
Al-Ar'rak J. K.
Keyword(s):  
Parathyroid Gland ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Parathyroid Function ◽  
Physiological Saline Solution ◽  
Therapeutic Doses

This experiment was carried out to determine structural functional changes which could be caused due to uses of dexamethasone at daily therapeutic doses in rabbits for a reasonable period. Ten adult male rabbits were randomly divided into two equal groups control and treatment. Animals of the treatment group were intramuscularly injected with dexamethasone sod. citrate (0.06 mg/100g.B.W.) for 14 days. Animals of control group received the same dose of normal physiological saline solution blood samples were collected every other day until 48 hours after the last injection serum was isolated for measurement of calcium concentrations. At the end of the experiment tissue samples from the parathyroid glands were isolate to prepare histological stained sections . Dexamethasone did not cause significant changes in serum concentration of calcium of treated group compared with its concentrations in control group. Light microscopic examination of hematoxylin eosion stained sections of parathyroid gland showed enlargement and increase in number of light chief cells indicating increased secretory activity due to dexamethasone injection. The increased of parathyroid gland activity explain the maintenance of total calcium level within the normal range in spite of the expected hypocalcemia due to dexamethasone administration. 

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