scholarly journals Effect of Ethanolic Caesalpinia sappan Fraction on In Vitro Antiviral Activity against Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 106
Author(s):  
Chaiwat Arjin ◽  
Surat Hongsibsong ◽  
Kidsadagon Pringproa ◽  
Mintra Seel-audom ◽  
Warintorn Ruksiriwanich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Crude Extract ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Virus Titer ◽  
Preparative Chromatography ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Caesalpinia Sappan

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a major epidemic in pig production, leading to economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. The use of medicinal plants with antiviral properties might be useful help to prevent and control PRRSV outbreaks. Caesalpinia sappan (CS) heartwood is an important herbal ingredient used in Thai folk medicine, possessing various biological activities, including antiviral activity. The present study focuses on the in vitro antiviral activity against PRRSV of a semi-purified fraction of ethanolic CS crude extract using preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. Qualification of the fractions illustrating positive antiviral activity was carried out with liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The preparative chromatography separated the crude extract into six consecutive fractions, among which the first fraction showed potential antiviral activity by inhibiting PRRSV replication in a MARC-145 monolayer (virus titer 2.75 median tissue culture infective dose (TCID50)/mL (log10) vs. 9.50 median log10 TCID50/mL of the control) at 72 h post-infection, and this fraction included byakangelicin, brazilin, naringenin, and brazilein. These results provide useful information for further study to effectively develop the CS bioactive antiviral compounds against PRRSV as a feed additive or veterinary drug in the pig industry.

scholarly journals In vitro Screening Antiviral Activity of Thai Medicinal Plants Against Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaiwat Arjin ◽  
Kidsadagon Pringproa ◽  
Surat Hongsibsong ◽  
Warintorn Ruksiriwanich ◽  
Mintra Seel-audom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Virus Titer ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Total Phenol Content ◽  
Medicinal Plant Extracts ◽  
Thai Medicinal Plants

Abstract Background Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) caused by the PRRS virus (PRRSV) results in economic losses in the swine industry globally. Several studies have investigated the use of plant extracts for the prevention and control of PRRS outbreaks. Thai medicinal plants may be useful for treating PRRSV infection in pigs. Therefore, we investigated the in vitro anti-PRRSV and antioxidant properties of seven Thai medicinal plants: Caesalpinia sappan Linn., Garcinia mangostana Linn., Houttuynia cordata , Perilla frutescens , Clinacanthus nutans , Phyllanthus emblica , and Tiliacora triandra .Results In the antiviral screening test, we observed that the T. triandra extract strongly inhibited the infectivity of PRRSV into MARC-145 cells [virus titer 3.5 median tissue culture infectious doses (TCID 50 )/ml (log 10 )] at 24 h post-infection, whereas the C. sappan Linn. extract strongly inhibited PRRSV replication [virus titer 2.5 TCID 50 /ml (log 10 )] at 72 h postinfection. C. sappan Linn. extract had the highest total phenol content [220.52 mM gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g] and the lowest half-maximal inhibitory concentration [IC 50 ; 1.17 mg/ml in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2.58 mg/ml in 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazo-line-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS)].Conclusion Our study showed that T. triandra could inhibit the infectivity of PRRSV, whereas C. sappan Linn was the most effective for inhibiting PRRSV replication in MARC-145 cells. This study elucidates the antiviral activities of Thai medicinal plant extracts in vivo . The result promising that the extracts of Thai medicinal plants, especially that of T. triandra and C. sappan Linn, can be developed into pharmaceutical drugs for the prevention of PRRS in pigs.

scholarly journals Chromatographic Characterization and In Vitro Bioactivity Evaluation of Lactobacillus helveticus Hydrolysates upon Fermentation of Different Substrates

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 811
Author(s):  
Federica Ianni ◽  
Alessandra Anna Altomare ◽  
Beniamino T. Cenci-Goga ◽  
Francesca Blasi ◽  
Luca Grispoldi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Proteolytic Activity ◽  
Bioactive Peptides ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Brain Heart Infusion ◽  
Starter Cultures ◽  
Lactobacillus Helveticus ◽  
Food Sources

Among various food sources, milk proteins remain the major vector for functional peptides endowed with several biological activities. Particularly, the proteolytic activity of lactic acid bacteria during milk fermentation has been one of the most followed strategies to produce bioactive peptides. In the present study, the exploration of the activity of several starter cultures, at different fermentation times, was firstly investigated by reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography. Among the tested strains, Lactobacillus helveticus showed a higher proteolytic activity and it was submitted to further investigations by changing the fermentation substrate (skim milk, brain heart infusion, peptone water) as well as the extraction strategy (trichloroacetic acid vs. glass beads). The chromatographic analyses and the in vitro antioxidant and antihypertensive assays highlighted considerable differences for L. helveticus hydrolysates from different substrates, while a negligible impact by the two extraction protocols emerged. Furthermore, nano-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled with a high resolution mass spectrometry analyzer allowed the preliminary discrimination of fractions from fermented skim milk, likely responsible for the found activity. The obtained results suggest the possibility of varying the fermentation parameters in order to maximize the functional effects of the bioactive peptides.

scholarly journals Momilactones A, B, and Tricin in Rice Grain and By-Products are Potential Skin Aging Inhibitors

Foods ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Van Quan ◽  
Dam Duy Thien ◽  
Tran Dang Khanh ◽  
Hoang-Dung Tran ◽  
Tran Dang Xuan
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Skin Aging ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Synergistic Activity ◽  
Ic50 Values

We previously reported the inhibitory potentials of momilactones A (MA) and B (MB) against key enzymes related to type 2 diabetes and obesity. In this study, antioxidant and anti-skin-aging activities of MA and MB were investigated and compared with tricin, a well-known antioxidant and antiaging flavonoid in rice. MA, MB, and tricin were purified from rice husk by column chromatography and their biological activities were subsequently assayed by in vitro trials. The contents of MA, MB, and tricin of different commercial rice cultivars in Japan were quantified and confirmed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses. The antioxidant assays revealed a synergistic activity of the mixture MA and MB (MAB, 1:1, v/v). In addition, in 2,2’-azino-bis (ABTS) assay, IC50 values of MAB (0.3 mg/mL) and tricin (0.3 mg/mL) was 4-fold and 9-fold greater than that of individual MB (1.3 mg/mL) or MA (2.8 mg/mL), respectively. The in vitro enzymatic assays on pancreatic elastase and tyrosinase indicated that MA and MB were potential to relief skin wrinkles and freckles. In detail, MA exerted higher inhibition on both enzymatic activities (30.9 and 37.6% for elastase and tyrosinase inhibition, respectively) than MB (18.5 and 12.6%) and MAB (32.0 and 19.7%) at a concentration of 2.0 mg/mL. Notably, MA and the mixture MAB exhibited stronger inhibitions on elastase and tyrosinase in comparison with tricin and vanillin. MA, MB, and tricin in rice are potential to develop cosmetics as well as supplements for skin aging treatments.

scholarly journals The Comparative Analysis of Antiviral Activity of Native and Modified Fucoidans from Brown Algae Fucus evanescens In Vitro and In Vivo

Marine Drugs ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalya V. Krylova ◽  
Svetlana P. Ermakova ◽  
Vyacheslav F. Lavrov ◽  
Irina A. Leneva ◽  
Galina G. Kompanets ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Brown Algae ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Intraperitoneal Administration ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Mice Model ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Antiviral Activities

The enzymatic depolymerization of fucoidans from brown algae allowed the production of their standardized derivatives with different biological activities. This work aimed to compare the antiviral activities of native (FeF) and modified with enzyme (FeHMP) fucoidans from F. evanescens. The cytotoxicity and antiviral activities of the FeF and FeHMP against herpes viruses (HSV-1, HSV-2), enterovirus (ECHO-1), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) in Vero and human MT-4 cell lines were examined by methylthiazolyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assays, respectively. The efficacy of fucoidans in vivo was evaluated in the outbred mice model of vaginitis caused by HSV-2. We have shown that both FeF and FeHMP significantly inhibited virus-induced CPE in vitro and were more effective against HSV. FeF exhibited antiviral activity against HSV-2 with a selective index (SI) > 40, and FeHMP with SI ˃ 20, when they were added before virus infection or at the early stages of the HSV-2 lifecycle. Furthermore, in vivo studies showed that after intraperitoneal administration (10 mg/kg), both FeF and FeHMP protected mice from lethal intravaginal HSV-2 infection to approximately the same degree (44–56%). Thus, FeF and FeHMP have comparable potency against several DNA and RNA viruses, allowing us to consider the studied fucoidans as promising broad-spectrum antivirals.

In vitro antiviral activity and underlying molecular mechanisms of dipotassium glycyrrhetate against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 997-1004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi-Wei Wang ◽  
Na Sun ◽  
Cai-Hong Wu ◽  
Jun-Bing Jiang ◽  
Yuan-Sheng Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus

The role of pulmonary intravascular macrophages in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection

2000 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roongroje Thanawongnuwech ◽  
Patrick G. Halbur ◽  
Eileen L. Thacker
Keyword(s):  
Virus Titer ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Increased Susceptibility ◽  
Pulmonary Intravascular Macrophages

AbstractThe objective of this article is to summarize the current state of knowledge of the complex interaction of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIMs). PIMs play an important role in pulmonary surveillance, and in the past few years we have investigated their role in PRRSV infection. PRRSV antigens and nucleic acids have been demonstrated in PIMs bothin vitroandin vivo. Examination of cultured PIMs infected with PRRSV revealed the accumulation of viral particles in the smooth-walled vesicles. PRRSV-infected PIMsin vitroyielded a virus titer similar to pulmonary alveolar macrophages. PRRSV infection induces either apoptosis or cell lysis of PIMs. Thein vitrobactericidal activity of PRRSV-infected PIMs is significantly decreased. Phagocytic activity of PIMs, as measured by pulmonary copper clearance, is significantly decreased in PRRSV-infected pigs. This evidence supports the hypothesis that PRRSV-induced damage to PIMs results in increased susceptibility to bacteremic diseases. Recent studies with PRRSV andStreptococcus suiscoinfection confirmed that PRRSV predisposes pigs toS. suisinfection and bacteremia. These results could explain the increase in bacterial respiratory diseases and septicemias observed in PRRSV-infected pigs.

scholarly journals Cordia americana: Evaluation of in vitro anti-herpes simplex virus activity and in vivo toxicity of leaf extracts

2021 ◽  
pp. 362-368
Author(s):  
Gislaine Franco de Moura- Costa ◽  
Gean Pier Panizzon ◽  
Thalita Zago Oliveira ◽  
Marco Antonio Costa ◽  
João Carlos Palazzo de Mello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
In Vivo Toxicity ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and type 2 are responsible for causing infections whose symptoms can vary from subclinical to severe manifestations. Cordia americana is a plant used by traditional communities for the treatment of wounds and diarrhoea, as well as infections like flu and syphilis. Scientific evidence has shown that, among other biological activities, the plant possesses antiviral properties; however, the evaluation of the in vivo toxicity of preparations of this plant is still lacking. This study assessed the in vitro anti-HSV-1 and anti-HSV-2 activity of a crude extract (CE) obtained from the leaves of C. americana, as well as its aqueous (FAq) and ethyl-acetate fractions (FAc). In addition, the in vivo toxicity of the FAq was assessed. The sulforhodamine B method was performed to determine the antiviral activity and the in vivo toxicity was evaluated according to Brazilian federal regulations. The CE, FAq, and FAc demonstrated antiviral activity against HSV-1 in vitro, presenting EC50 values of 7.0±1.4, 1.5±0.35, and 7.5±3.8, respectively. The FAq also had activity against HSV-2 with an EC50 of 11.8±1.02. The toxicological study of FAq in animals showed that it had very low toxicity. No death occurred during acute or subchronic experiments, where up to 5000 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg FAq were tested respectively; and there were no signs of toxicity in the subchronic test. The results of this study, in conjunction with further studies, pave the way for a potential topical treatment for skin and mucosal diseases, such as HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections

scholarly journals An in vitro study of an Artocarpus heterophyllus substance as a hepatitis C antiviral and its combination with current anti-HCV drugs

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adita Ayu Permanasari ◽  
Chie Aoki-Utsubo ◽  
Tutik Sri Wahyuni ◽  
Lidya Tumewu ◽  
Myrna Adianti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Protein Expression ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Crude Extract ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Hcv Rna ◽  
Artocarpus Heterophyllus ◽  
Antiviral Effects

Abstract Background Current therapy of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) has dramatically improved the sustained virologic response (SVR) of affected patients; however, treatment with DAAs remains expensive, and drug-resistant HCV variants remain a threat. As a result, there is still a need to continue to develop affordable and effective drugs for the treatment of HCV. Previously, we have demonstrated that a crude extract from Artocarpus heterophyllus leaves is a potential anti-HCV candidate. In this study, we have further purified this crude extract, examined which sub-fraction possesses the highest antiviral activity, and then explored its efficacy at different HCV life cycle stages. We also assessed synergistic antiviral effects between the A. heterophyllus extract and commercially available anti-HCV drugs. Methods We used vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to fractionate a dichloromethane extract of A. heterophyllus leaves. We then examined the anti-HCV activity of the fractions using HCV genotype 2a, JFH1a; the antiviral mode of action was determined by exploring adding the treatments at different times. We examined the antiviral effects on the viral entry stage through a virucidal activity test, viral adsorption examination, and pretreatment of cells with the drug. The effects on the post-viral entry stage were determined by the levels of HCV protein expression and HCV RNA expression in infected cells. Results Through activity guided purification, we identified the sub-fraction FR3T3 as possessing the most robust anti-HCV activity with an IC50 value of 4.7 ± 1.0 μg/mL. Mode-of-action analysis revealed that FR3T3 inhibited post-viral entry stages such as HCV NS3 protein expression and HCV RNA replication with marginal effects on the viral entry stage. Thin-layer Chromatography (TLC) indicated that FR3T3 contained terpenoids and chlorophyll-related compounds. We also found a synergistic antiviral activity when the DCM extract of A. heterohyllus was used in combination therapy with commercial anti-HCV drugs; Ribavirin, Simeprevir, Cyclosporin A. Conclusions The extract of A. heterophyllus and its sub-fraction, FR3T3, presented here have anti-HCV activities and could be candidate drugs for add-on-therapy for treatment of chronic HCV infections.

scholarly journals Tomatidine inhibits porcine epidemic diarrhea virus replication by targeting 3CL protease

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengcheng Wang ◽  
Juan Bai ◽  
Xuewei Liu ◽  
Mi Wang ◽  
Xianwei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Titration Calorimetry ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea ◽  
3Cl Protease

Abstract Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes lethal diarrhea in suckling piglets, leading to severe economic losses worldwide. There is an urgent need to find new therapeutic methods to prevent and control PEDV. Not only is there a shortage of commercial anti-PEDV drugs, but available commercial vaccines fail to protect against highly virulent PEDV variants. We screened an FDA-approved library of 911 natural products and found that tomatidine, a steroidal alkaloid extracted from the skin and leaves of tomatoes, demonstrates significant inhibition of PEDV replication in Vero and IPEC-J2 cells in vitro. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics analysis predicted interactions between tomatidine and the active pocket of PEDV 3CL protease, which were confirmed by fluorescence spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The inhibiting effect of tomatidine on 3CL protease was determined using cleavage visualization and FRET assay. Tomatidine-mediated blocking of 3CL protease activity in PEDV-infected cells was examined by western blot detection of the viral polyprotein in PEDV-infected cells. It indicates that tomatidine inhibits PEDV replication mainly by targeting 3CL protease. In addition, tomatidine also has antiviral activity against transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), encephalo myocarditis virus (EMCV) and seneca virus A (SVA) in vitro. These results may be helpful in developing a new prophylactic and therapeutic strategy against PEDV and other swine disease infections.

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