A Review of Ethnoveterinary Knowledge, Biological Activities and Secondary Metabolites of Medicinal Woody Plants Used for Managing Animal Health in South Africa

Globally, the use of ethnoveterinary medicine as remedies for animal health among different ethnic groups justify the need for a systematic exploration to enhance their potential. In addition, the increasing popularity and utilisation of woody plants remain common in traditional medicine, which may be attributed to their inherent benefits. The current review was aimed at analysing ethnoveterinary surveys, biological activities, and secondary metabolites/phytochemical profiles of the woody plants of South Africa. Eligible literature (period: 2000 to 2020) were retrieved from different databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Sabinet, and Science Direct. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 20 ethnoveterinary surveys were eligible and were subjected to further analysis. We identified 104 woody plant species from 44 plant families that are used in the treatment of different diseases in animals, particularly cattle (70%) and goats (20%). The most mentioned (with six citations) woody plants were Terminalia sericea Burch. ex DC and Ziziphus mucronata Willd., which were followed by plants with five (Cussonia spicata Thunb., Pterocarpus angolensis DC and Vachellia karroo (Hayne) Banfi & Galasso) or four (Acokanthera oppositifolia (Lam.) Codd, Cassia abbreviata Oliv., and Strychnos henningsii Gilg) individual mentions. The most dominant families were Fabaceae (19%), Apocynaceae (5.8%), Rubiaceae (5.8%), Anacardiaceae (4.8%), Combretaceae (4.8%), Euphorbiaceae (4.8%), Malvaceae (4.8%), Rhamnaceae (4.8%), and Celastraceae (3.8%). Bark (33%), leaves (29%), and roots (19%) were the plant parts dominantly used to prepare remedies for ethnoveterinary medicine. An estimated 20% of woody plants have been screened for antimicrobial, anthelmintic, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity effects. Phytochemical profiles established a rich pool of valuable secondary metabolites (phenolic, flavonoids and condensed tannins) that may be responsible for the exerted biological activities. Overall, the significant portion of woody plants lacking empirical evidence on their biological effects indicates a major knowledge gap that requires more research efforts.

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Identification and documentation of Ethno-veterinary remedies used by Afar Pastoralists for the treatment of Camel diseases in Ethiopia

10.21203/rs.3.rs-454901/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Fikadu Gutema ◽

Weldegebrial G.Aregawi ◽

Juhar Tesfaye Bekele ◽

Abel sorsa Geletu

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plants ◽

Plant Species ◽

Animal Health ◽

Traditional Healers ◽

Herbal Remedies ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Ethnoveterinary Medicine ◽

Plant Parts ◽

Afar Region ◽

Plant Nursery

Abstract Background: Ethnoveterinary medicine is a scientific term for traditional animal health care that encompasses knowledge, belief, practice and skill of the community used for curing diseases and maintaining health of animals. A cross-sectional study was conducted using semi-structured questionnaires from September 2016 to August 2017 to gather information on the knowledge, practice and skill of the pastoralists and traditional healers about the importance and application of Ethno-veterinary medicine. Moreover, this study was conducted with the objectives of identification and documentation of major ethno-veterinary medicinal plants commonly used to treat camel aliments in Afar region.Result: A total of 146 traditional healers and pastoralists were interviewed for baseline and reliable information about Ethno-veterinary medicinal practice in Afar region. Accordingly, 99.3% of the respondents were men in which 66.44% of them were in the age range of 45-60. Majorities (76.02%) of the information’s concerning EVM were obtained from the elders among which 84.93% responded that the overall EVM practice and status in pastoral society of Afar is decreasing. A total of 710 plant species supposed to have medicinal property were recommended by pastoralists to be used for the treatment of 49 different animal diseases. Among 64 plants specimen collected, Balanites aegyptia, Cissus rotundifolia (Forssk.) Vahl, Cadaba rotundifolia Forssk, Solanum sp, Acalypha indica L and Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karsts were the commonly used plant species with high fidelity value. Concerned with plant parts used, leaf (20.5%) was the most frequently used plant parts followed by root (19.4%), fruit (14.4%), seed (10.8%) and entire plant (8.8%). These herbal remedies were administered orally, nasally, ocular and topically.Conclusion: pastoralists and traditional healers in Afar region have immense indigenous knowledge and practices of treating sick animals which should be supported by scientific techniques for analyzing the active ingredients contained in each plant species and for evaluating the safety, efficacy and dosage of the commonly used medicinal plants. In addition, on station establishment of commonly used medicinal plant nursery for conservation purpose and to conduct in-depth phytochemical analysis is paramount important.

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Research on the Scientific Evolution of the Flavonoid Agathisflavone

Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.18433/jpps30103 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 21 ◽

pp. 376-385 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Vanessa Cristina Meira De Amorim ◽

Markley Silva Oliveira Júnior ◽

Eduardo Muniz Santana Bastos ◽

Victor Diogenes Amaral Da Silva ◽

Silvia Lima Costa

Keyword(s):

Experimental Design ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Plant Species ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Research Development ◽

Prospective Research ◽

Microsoft Office

Purpose: Flavonoids are a group of secondary metabolites of the polyphenols class present in several plant species. Among them, the biflavonoid agathisflavone is of interest since it bears several biological effects that include: antiviral, antitumoral, antiprotozoal and neurogenic actions. In this sense, this study aims to use the important tool of scientific prospecting to assess the level of research development concerning the flavonoid agathisflavone. Methods: The experimental design was carried out through strategic reach with keywords on the PubMed (National Center for Biotechnology Information - NCBI) and Science Direct platforms. The articles were compiled and exported to Microsoft Office Excel 2007, where they were analyzed, stored and distributed in charts organized as to different countries, year of publication of scientific articles and journals RESULTS: The prospective research resulted in the identification of 81 scientific productions, published in several journals, submitted by different countries, in several areas of medical domain and in different years of publication over the last 50 years (1965 - 2018). It was also possible to investigate the advances in the study of agathisflavone for the development of new therapeutics. Conclusion: Although agathisflavone has been known in the literature since at least 1969, only 23 of the eligible articles found evaluated its possible therapeutic effects. The demonstrated biological activities of agathisflavone range from antiprotozoal to neurogenesis and neuroprotection, however, the molecule needs to be better studied at the in vivo and human level.

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The use of propolis as an antimicrobial in livestock – an overview

Agricultural Science and Technology ◽

10.15547/ast.2020.03.032 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 205-209

Author(s):

S. Manav ◽

M. Yilmaz ◽

H. Baytekin ◽

K. Çelik ◽

A. Çağli

Keyword(s):

Honey Bees ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Animal Health ◽

Modern Science ◽

Animal Husbandry ◽

Over The Counter ◽

Plant Parts ◽

Antiviral Effects ◽

Key Factor ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Abstract. The purpose of the present study was to review scientific reports on propolis used in livestock, to analyze them and to make appropriate summaries and conclusions. Propolis is a natural resinous substance collected by honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) from different plant parts such as buds, branches, leaves and exudates. Propolis is a known source of polyphenols and the flavonoids which have been widely studied as biochemical markers for botanical origin and to explain their antioxidant capacity as a key factor in chemoprevention. Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anticancer biological activities of propolis are known. Propolis has been used as a remedy in traditional medicine systems all over the world, mainly to treat wounds, burns, sore throat and stomach ulcer, etc. Modern science has confirmed the antimicrobial and antiviral action of propolis and has discovered numerous other beneficial pharmacological properties of bee glue: immunomodulating, anti-inflammatory, antiobesity, antitumor, and many others. For this reason, a significant number of products containing propolis have been developed and commercialized: medical devices, over-the-counter preparations, health foods and beverages, cosmetics. Recently, studies on the effects of propolis on animal husbandry and animal health have increased due to many issues, such as organic animal breeding, feeding or treatment methods, reducing the use of antibiotics. One of these areas is the use of propolis to improve the growth performance and productivity of the livestock. Propolis has been determined to have antibacterial and antiviral effects in humans and animals.

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Insightful Valorization of the Biological Activities of Pani Heloch Leaves through Experimental and Computer-Aided Mechanisms

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25215153 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (21) ◽

pp. 5153

Author(s):

Naureen Banu ◽

Najmul Alam ◽

Mohammad Nazmul Islam ◽

Sanjida Islam ◽

Shahenur Alam Sakib ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Experimental Models ◽

Clot Lysis ◽

Control Group ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Pani heloch (Antidesma montanum) is traditionally used to treat innumerable diseases and is a source of wild vegetables for the management of different pathological conditions. The present study explored the qualitative phytochemicals; quantitative phenol and flavonoid contents; in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and thrombolytic effects; and in vivo antipyretic and analgesic properties of the methanol extract of A. montanum leaves in different experimental models. The extract exhibited secondary metabolites including alkaloids, flavonoids, flavanols, phytosterols, cholesterols, phenols, terpenoids, glycosides, fixed oils, emodines, coumarins, resins, and tannins. Besides, Pani heloch showed strong antioxidant activity (IC50 = 99.00 µg/mL), while a moderate percentage of clot lysis (31.56%) in human blood and significant anti-inflammatory activity (p < 0.001) was achieved with the standard. Moreover, the analgesic and antipyretic properties appeared to trigger a significant response (p < 0.001) relative to in the control group. Besides, an in silico study of carpusin revealed favorable protein-binding affinities. Furthermore, the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity analysis and toxicological properties of all isolated compounds adopted Lipinski’s rule of five for drug-like potential and level of toxicity. Our research unveiled that the methanol extract of A. montanum leaves exhibited secondary metabolites that are a good source for managing inflammation, pyrexia, pain, and cellular toxicity. Computational approaches and further studies are required to identify the possible mechanism which responsible for the biological effects.

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On the Active Principles of the Spurge Family (Euphorbiaceae) XI. [1] The Skin Irritant and Tumor Promoting Diterpene Esters of Euphorbia tirucalli L. Originating from South Africa

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C ◽

10.1515/znc-1985-9-1008 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 40 (9-10) ◽

pp. 631-646 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

G. Fürstenberger ◽

E. Hecker

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Biological Activities ◽

General Structure ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Specific Chemical ◽

Diterpene Esters ◽

Aliphatic Acids ◽

Plant Parts ◽

Experimental Cancer ◽

Risk Of Cancer

Abstract The irritant and tumor-promoting constituents of latex of Euphorbia urucalli L. originating from South Africa were isolated. They were identified as irritant ingenane and tiglianc type diterpene esters derived from unsaturated aliphatic acids and acetic acid and the polyfunctional diterpene parent alcohols 4-deoxyphorbol, phorbol and ingenol, respectively. The irritant and tumor-promoting esters of 4-deoxyphorbol are predominant and were fully characterized chemically and biologically. They are positionally isomeric 12,13-acylates, acetates e.g. Euphorbiafactors Ti1 -Ti4. As acyl groups they carry homologous, highly unsaturated aliphatic acids of the general structure CH3-(CH2)m-(CH = CH)n-COOH (m = 2,4; n =1,2,3,4,5; N = 2n + m + 2). Corresponding diesters of 4-deoxy-4α-phorbol are also present which are biologically inactive. Comparison of structures and biological activities of 12,13-diesters of 4-deoxyphorbol indicates that - for a distinct total number of C-atoms (N) in the acyl moiety - an increasing number of conjugated double bonds In} may increase the irritant but decrease the tumor-promoting activity. Replacement of the hydroxyl function at C-4 (phorbol-12,13-diesters) by hydrogen (corresponding 4-deoxyphorbol-12,13-diesters) does not essentially alter biological activities. Epimerization of 4-deoxyphorbol-12,13-diesters at C-4 abolishes biological activities. The specific chemical properties demonstrated for the diterpene ester irritants contained in the latex of E. tirucalli and hence in all plant parts may be useful in trials to abolish the potential risk of cancer involved especially in occupational mass production and handling of the plant. Some of the structure activity relations of the Euphorbia factors isolated made them excellent tools in experimental cancer research for the analysis of mechanisms of tumorigenesis.

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Bioactive Compounds and Biological Activity of Croton Species (Euphorbiaceae): An Overview

Current Bioactive Compounds ◽

10.2174/1573407215666181122103511 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 383-393

Author(s):

Fernanda W.F. Bezerra ◽

Priscila do N. Bezerra ◽

Mozaniel S. de Oliveira ◽

Wanessa A. da Costa ◽

Gracialda C. Ferreira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biological Activity ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Supercritical Fluids ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Plant Parts ◽

The World ◽

Varied Chemical

Background: Croton species are widely spread around the world, and present a varied chemical composition distributed in many classes of secondary metabolites, such as terpenoides, alkaloids, phenolic compounds and phenylpropanoids. These compounds can be obtained by different extraction methods, and more recently, with supercritical fluids. The crude and isolated extracts may have applications due to their biological activities in animals and humans. Methods: The text was written based on literature data from 1996 onwards. Results: The research showed in a concise way the botanical and taxonomic aspects of Croton and the success of its application is in studies related to the biological activities of the plant parts. It was also related to the chemical composition of its extracts and isolated compounds, obtained by many methods. Conclusion: In summary, the review feature studies reported the use of extracts and isolated Croton compounds due to their biological effects with antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antitumor, anticancer, cytotoxic, insecticidal and allelopathic activities, with potential application in food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals products.

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Neuroprotective Potential of Secondary Metabolites from Melicope lunu-ankenda (Rutaceae)

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24173109 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (17) ◽

pp. 3109 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Zeinab Abdulwanis Mohamed ◽

Enas Mohamed Eliaser ◽

Emanuela Mazzon ◽

Patrick Rollin ◽

Gwendoline Cheng Lian Ee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽

Protective Effect ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Neuroprotective Activity ◽

Alternative Medicines ◽

Health Disorders ◽

Phenolic Acid Derivatives ◽

Different Parts

Plant natural compounds have great potential as alternative medicines for preventing and treating diseases. Melicope lunu-ankenda is one Melicope species (family Rutaceae), which is widely used in traditional medicine, consumed as a salad and a food seasoning. Consumption of different parts of this plant has been reported to exert different biological activities such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory qualities, resulting in a protective effect against several health disorders including neurodegenerative diseases. Various secondary metabolites such as phenolic acid derivatives, flavonoids, coumarins and alkaloids, isolated from the M. lunu-ankenda plant, were demonstrated to have neuroprotective activities and also exert many other beneficial biological effects. A number of studies have revealed different neuroprotective mechanisms for these secondary metabolites. This review summarizes the most significant and recent studies for neuroprotective activity of M. lunu-ankenda major secondary metabolites in neurodegenerative diseases.

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Feedborne Mycotoxins Beauvericin and Enniatins and Livestock Animals

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins13010032 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 32

Author(s):

Ludmila Křížová ◽

Kateřina Dadáková ◽

Michaela Dvořáčková ◽

Tomáš Kašparovský

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Animal Health ◽

Cereal Grains ◽

Animal Tissues ◽

Penicillium Species ◽

And Performance ◽

Carry Over

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by several species of fungi, including the Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium species. Currently, more than 300 structurally diverse mycotoxins are known, including a group called minor mycotoxins, namely enniatins, beauvericin, and fusaproliferin. Beauvericin and enniatins possess a variety of biological activities. Their antimicrobial, antibiotic, or ionoforic activities have been proven and according to various bioassays, they are believed to be toxic. They are mainly found in cereal grains and their products, but they have also been detected in forage feedstuff. Mycotoxins in feedstuffs of livestock animals are of dual concern. First one relates to the safety of animal-derived food. Based on the available data, the carry-over of minor mycotoxins from feed to edible animal tissues is possible. The second concern relates to detrimental effects of mycotoxins on animal health and performance. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the relation of minor mycotoxins to livestock animals.

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Variable Secondary Metabolite Profiles Across Cultivars of Curcuma longa L. and C. aromatica Salisb.

Frontiers in Pharmacology ◽

10.3389/fphar.2021.659546 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Poonam Kulyal ◽

Satyabrata Acharya ◽

Aditya B. Ankari ◽

Praveen K. Kokkiripati ◽

Sarada D. Tetali ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Curcuma Longa ◽

Methanolic Extracts ◽

Cosmetic Industry ◽

Metabolite Profiles ◽

New Compounds ◽

Phytochemical Profiles

Background:Curcuma spp. (Zingiberaceae) are used as a spice and coloring agent. Their rhizomes and essential oils are known for medicinal properties, besides their use in the flavoring and cosmetic industry. Most of these biological activities were attributed to volatile and nonvolatile secondary metabolites present in the rhizomes of Curcuma spp. The metabolite variations among the species and even cultivars need to be established for optimized use of Curcuma spp.Objectives: We compared the phytochemical profiles of rhizomes and their essential oils to establish the variability among seven cultivars: five of Curcuma longa L. (Alleppey Supreme, Duggirala Red, Prathibha, Salem, Suguna) and two of C. aromatica Salisb. (Kasturi Araku, Kasturi Avidi). The GC-MS and LC-MS-based analyses were employed to profile secondary metabolites of these selected cultivars.Methods: Rhizomes of Curcuma spp. were subjected to hydro-distillation to collect essential oil and analyzed by GC-MS. The methanol extracts of fresh rhizomes were subjected to LC-MS analyses. The compounds were identified by using the relevant MS library databases as many compounds as possible.Results: The essential oil content of the cultivars was in the range of 0.74–1.62%. Several compounds were detected from the essential oils and rhizome extracts by GC-MS and LC-MS, respectively. Of these, 28 compounds (13 from GCMS and 15 from LCMS) were common in all seven cultivars, e.g., α-thujene, and diarylheptanoids like curcumin. Furthermore, a total of 39 new compounds were identified from C. longa L. and/or C. aromatica Salisb., most of them being cultivar-specific. Of these compounds, 35 were detected by GC-MS analyses of essential oils, 1,2-cyclohexanediol, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-, and santolina alcohol, to name a few. The other four compounds were detected by LC-MS of the methanolic extracts of the rhizomes, e.g., kaempferol-3,7-O-dimethyl ether and 5,7,8-trihydroxy-2′,5′-dimethoxy-3′,4′-methylene dioxyisoflavanone.Conclusions: We identified and recorded the variability in the metabolite profiles of essential oils and whole rhizome extracts from the seven cultivars of Curcuma longa L. and C. aromatica Salisb. As many as 39 new metabolites were detected in these seven Indian cultivars of Curcuma spp. Many of these compounds have health benefits.

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Piper Species: A Comprehensive Review on Their Phytochemistry, Biological Activities and Applications

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24071364 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (7) ◽

pp. 1364 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Bahare Salehi ◽

Zainul Amiruddin Zakaria ◽

Rabin Gyawali ◽

Salam A. Ibrahim ◽

Jovana Rajkovic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Traditional Medicine ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Food Preservation ◽

Piper Nigrum ◽

Piper Betle ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Piper species are aromatic plants used as spices in the kitchen, but their secondary metabolites have also shown biological effects on human health. These plants are rich in essential oils, which can be found in their fruits, seeds, leaves, branches, roots and stems. Some Piper species have simple chemical profiles, while others, such as Piper nigrum, Piper betle, and Piper auritum, contain very diverse suites of secondary metabolites. In traditional medicine, Piper species have been used worldwide to treat several diseases such as urological problems, skin, liver and stomach ailments, for wound healing, and as antipyretic and anti-inflammatory agents. In addition, Piper species could be used as natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents in food preservation. The phytochemicals and essential oils of Piper species have shown strong antioxidant activity, in comparison with synthetic antioxidants, and demonstrated antibacterial and antifungal activities against human pathogens. Moreover, Piper species possess therapeutic and preventive potential against several chronic disorders. Among the functional properties of Piper plants/extracts/active components the antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and neuropharmacological activities of the extracts and extract-derived bioactive constituents are thought to be key effects for the protection against chronic conditions, based on preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies, besides clinical studies. Habitats and cultivation of Piper species are also covered in this review. In this current work, available literature of chemical constituents of the essential oils Piper plants, their use in traditional medicine, their applications as a food preservative, their antiparasitic activities and other important biological activities are reviewed.

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